2921株大肠埃希菌的临床分布与耐药分析

目的了解近五年来本院分离的大肠埃希菌(ECO)的临床分布和耐药性变化,为临床合理治疗大肠埃希菌引起的感染提供参考。方法采用VITEK-32全自动微生物分析系统,对2009-2013年分离的大肠埃希菌进行菌株鉴定和药物敏感试验,用WHONET 5.4软件进行耐药统计分析。结果 2009-2013年本院共分离出2 921株ECO,2009-2012年大肠埃希菌主要分离自尿液,平均占29.4%,2013年大肠埃希菌主要分离自血液,占27.6%;2011-2013年产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌平均检出率为70.1%,高于2009-2010年的平均检出率64.1%(P0.05);主要来源于普外科和ICU,分别占22.1%、18.4%;非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对头孢替坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南的耐药率高于产ESBLs大肠埃希菌(P0.05),对本研究其他药物的耐药率,非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌低于产ESBLs大肠埃希菌(P0.05);产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢唑啉、头孢曲松、氨苄西林/舒巴坦的耐药率均90%,非产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林的耐药率70%。结论大肠埃希菌是临床常见致病菌,本市产ESBLs大肠埃希菌的分离率非常高,耐药问题十分严重,应加强合理使用抗菌药物管理,定期监测,控制耐药菌的产生,预防医院感染暴发流行。     

泌尿外科住院患者泌尿系感染病原菌分布及其耐药性分析

了解泌尿外科住院患者泌尿系感染病原菌的分布及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况。对泌尿外科泌尿系感染住院患者的消毒中段尿培养结果进行回顾性分析,尿培养菌株的鉴定、药敏分析和统计分析采用VITEK2全自动微生物仪。3 a中泌尿外科泌尿系感染住院患者共分离到细菌1 233株,其中革兰阴性杆菌772株,占62.61%,革兰阳性球菌353株,占28.63%,真菌82株,占6.65%。菌株数居前5位的细菌依次为:大肠埃希菌、肠球菌属、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌、假丝酵母菌属和变形杆菌。分离大肠埃希菌产ESBLs率为66.18%,粪肠球菌中未发现VRE菌株,屎肠球菌VRE为0.8%。未发现对美洛培南耐药的大肠埃希菌,对肠埃希菌耐药率在10%以下的有亚胺培南、阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和呋喃妥因。洋葱伯克霍尔德菌和铜绿假单胞菌对所监测的抗菌药物均有不同程度的耐药。未发现对万古霉素、替考拉宁及氨苄西林耐药的粪肠球菌。泌尿系感染的病原菌以大肠埃希菌和肠球菌为主,非发酵革兰阴性杆菌及假丝酵母菌所占比例超过20%,不容忽视,病原菌的耐药率较高,临床医生应根据尿培养和药敏试验结果合理使用抗菌药物。     

佳木斯地区女性泌尿系统感染大肠埃希菌耐药性分析

目的分析女性患者泌尿系统感染大肠埃希菌的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法采用全自动微生物鉴定系统对女性泌尿系统感染患者分离出的病原菌进行鉴定和药敏分析。结果大肠埃希菌非产ESBLs株对氨苄西林、第一、二代头孢菌素类药品高度耐药。大肠埃希菌非产ESBLs株对碳青霉烯类药物美罗培南无耐药,对第三代头孢菌素敏感率高,耐药率低。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌,仅碳青霉烯类抗生素美罗培南敏感。结论女性泌尿系统感染大肠埃希菌的多重耐药性日趋严重,需加强对抗生素使用的规范化管理,合理使用抗菌药物,控制耐药菌的传播和流行。     

合肥地区动物源性大肠埃希菌的血清型分布与耐药性分析

目的了解安徽省合肥地区动物源性大肠埃希菌的血清型分布和耐药状况,以期筛选出菌苗株和指导临床合理用药。方法对46份疑似大肠埃希菌病病料进行细菌分离培养、生化编码鉴定和致病性测定。采用玻片凝集试验对分离到的46株致病性大肠埃希菌进行血清型鉴定。同时分别采用K-B纸片琼脂扩散法和双纸片增效法检测致病性大肠埃希菌的耐药性和ESBLs阳性菌株。结果46株致病性大肠埃希菌中,除7株细菌未能定型外,其余39株细菌分布于10个血清型,O127：K63血清型为优势血清型,占定型菌株的33．33％。46株致病性大肠埃希菌对21种抗菌药物均呈现不同程度的耐药性,15个ESBLs阳性菌株表现为多重耐药,对各种抗菌药物的耐药率均高于ESBLs阴性菌株。结论O127：K63血清型为优势血清型,可作为菌苗株。合肥地区动物源性大肠埃希菌耐药性较为严重,尤其是产ESBLs大肠埃希菌多重耐药更为突出。     

老年危重症患者尿路感染的病原菌分布及大肠埃希菌耐药性分析

目的 探讨老年危重症患者尿路感染的病原菌分布及其耐药特点。方法 选取2014年6月至2016年6月我院收治的老年危重症并发尿路感染患者360例作为研究对象,采集患者清洁中段尿液标本,进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验,筛选大肠埃希菌产ESBLs菌株。结果 共分离出病原菌218株,主要为大肠埃希菌（58.26%）;产ESBLs菌株对头孢呋辛完全耐药,对环丙沙星、头孢曲松、哌拉西林耐药率均在90%以上,对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率在10%以下,对亚胺培南完全敏感,非产ESBLs菌株对绝大多数药物的耐药率显著低于产ESBLs菌株（P<0.05）。结论 老年危重症患者尿路感染病原菌以大肠埃希菌为主,产ESBLs是大肠埃希菌耐药的重要原因之一,医务人员应根据药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

女性2型糖尿病患者尿路感染病原菌的分布及耐药性监测

目的探讨女性2型糖尿病患者尿路感染病原菌的种类及耐药性,为临床合理用药提供科学依据。方法对2009年1月至2011年1月在绍兴市人民医院住院的女性2型糖尿病患者尿路感染病原菌的分布及耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果分离的112株病原菌,以大肠埃希菌为主,占58.9%,其次为肺炎克雷伯菌和真菌,分别为10.7%和8.9%;其中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的大肠埃希菌株检出率为40.9%,产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌株检出率为8.3%;大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类、头霉素类、丁胺卡那和呋喃妥因的耐药率较低,而肺炎克雷伯菌对多种抗菌药物具有较好的敏感性。结论女性2型糖尿病患者易患尿路感染,病原菌以大肠埃希菌为主,且对多种抗菌药物的耐药率较高,临床应根据药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

外科手术切口感染大肠埃希菌的耐药性分析

目的分析外科手术切口中大肠埃希菌的感染率及耐药性,为临床合理用药提供科学依据。方法对2009年6月至2010年9月外科患者手术切口标本中分离的大肠埃希菌耐药情况进行分析,并对产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）菌株进行表型确证试验。结果 140株大肠埃希菌中,产ESBLs菌株的检出率为42.14%;产ESBLs菌株对一～四代头孢菌素、广谱青霉素、氟哇诺酮类及氨基糖苷类抗菌药物具有较高的耐药率;非产ESBLs菌株对青霉素类以外的抗菌药物具有较高的敏感率;产ESBLs菌株对大多数抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌株（P〈0.05）。结论外科手术切口术后大肠埃希菌的感染较严重,且产ESBLs菌株多药耐药明显,临床应加强监测与控制。     

血流感染患者大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶及耐药性分析

目的分析血流感染患者大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（Extended—Spectrum Beta Lactamases,ESBLs）的现状及其耐药特征,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对浙江省上虞市人民医院2011年1月至2012年12月住院患者血培养分离的96株大肠埃希菌,采用纸片扩散表型确证试验进行ESBLs检测,用K．B法做药敏试验。结果血培养的大肠埃希菌分离率2011年、2012年分别为19．48％、17．47％。大肠埃希菌产ESBLs的检出率2011年、2012年分别为60．00％、60．78％。产ESBLs菌株对多种抗菌药物的耐药率显著高于不产ESBLs菌株。无论大肠埃希菌是否产ESBLs,碳青霉烯类抗生素均具有很高的敏感率。结论血流感染患者分离的大肠埃希菌产ESBLs比率高,产ESBLs菌株对多种抗菌药物耐药性高。可经验性使用碳青霉烯类抗生素治疗大肠埃希菌所致的血流感染。     

产ESBLs肠杆菌科细菌的检测及耐药性

目的对产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的病原菌分布及耐药性进行分析,进而为临床合理用药提供依据。方法应用西门子MicroScan autoSCAN4全自动细菌鉴定及药敏分析仪对2014年1月-12月在大连市妇幼保健院住院患者送检的标本进行菌株鉴定及药敏分析,对提示产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌进行纸片扩散法确认,统计分析其分布情况及耐药情况。采用ERIC-PCR法检测同源性。结果检测出125株产ESBLs的肠杆菌,包括大肠埃希菌88株,肺炎克雷伯菌37株。其病区分布情况:肺炎克雷伯菌主要分布在新生儿科,占67.6%,且存在流行感染。大肠埃希菌主要分布在各个产科病房,占48.9%。产ESBLs的肠杆菌对18种抗菌药物的分析表明对β-内酰胺类及第三代头孢菌素类抗生素耐药率达100.0%,对氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类、四环素类和磺胺类药物出现不同程度的耐药,对碳青霉烯类抗生素敏感率较高。结论临床分离的产ESBLs的肠杆菌主要以大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主,且为多重耐药,甚至广泛耐药,因此临床治疗上应严格合理选用抗生素。     

粪便分离大肠埃希菌CRISPR系统在耐药及毒力中的作用

目的 探索粪便分离大肠埃希菌成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats,CRISPR)在耐药及毒力中的作用。 方法 收集某院2018年8-12月分离自慢性腹泻患者及健康体检者粪便样本的大肠埃希菌。采用纸片扩散法检测其药物敏感性,PCR法检测并比较分析腹泻患者及健康体检者粪便样本分离大肠埃希菌的系统发育群、耐药基因及CRISPR系统。 结果 共收集到142株大肠埃希菌,源于63例慢性腹泻患者(疾病组)和79例健康体检者(健康组)。药敏结果显示,氨苄西林耐药率为48.0%,其余抗菌药物敏感率为73.1%～100.0%。63株源于慢性腹泻患者粪便样本分离大肠埃希菌中CRISPR系统的检出率显著低于79株源于健康体检者(3.2% vs 46.8%,χ2=33.538,P2=8.656,P=0.003)。 结论 粪便分离大肠埃希菌对常用抗菌药物仍保持较高敏感性。CRISPR系统可能在粪便分离大肠埃希菌毒力及耐药基因的传播方面发挥重要作用。     

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains may carry virulence properties of diarrhoeagenic E. coli

To analyze whether Escherichia coli strains that cause urinary tract infections (UPEC) share virulence characteristics with the diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) pathotypes and to recognize their genetic diversity, 225 UPEC strains were examined for the presence of various properties of DEC and UPEC (type of interaction with HeLa cells, serogroups and presence of 30 virulence genes). No correlation between adherence patterns and serogroups was observed. Forty-five serogroups were found, but 64% of the strains belonged to one of the 12 serogroups (O1, O2, O4, O6, O7, O14, O15, O18, O21, O25, O75, and O175) and carried UPEC virulence genes (pap, hly, aer, sfa, cnf). The DEC genes found were: aap, aatA, aggC, agg3C, aggR, astA, eae, ehly, iha, irp2, lpfA(O113), pet, pic, pilS, and shf. Sixteen strains presented aggregative adherence and/or the aatA sequence, which are characteristics of enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), one of the DEC pathotypes. In summary, certain UPEC strains may carry DEC virulence properties, mostly associated to the EAEC pathotype. This finding raises the possibility that at least some faecal EAEC strains might represent potential uropathogens. Alternatively, certain UPEC strains may have acquired EAEC properties, becoming a potential cause of diarrhoea.     

Detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli from children with and without diarrhea in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

We identified different diarrheagenic (DEC) Escherichia coli pathotypes isolated from 1,207 children with and without acute endemic diarrhea in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil collected as part of a case-control study. Since the identification of DEC cannot be based on only biochemical and culture criteria, we used a multiplex polymerase chain reaction developed by combining five specific primer pairs for Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), Shiga toxin-producing E. coli/ Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (STEC/EHEC), Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) to detect these pathotypes simultaneously in a single-step reaction. In order to distinguish typical and atypical EPEC strains, these were tested for the presence of EAF plasmid. The prevalence of diarrheagenic E. coli in this sample of a global case-control study was 25.4% (259 patients) and 18.7% (35 patients) in the diarrhea group (1,020 patients) and the control group (187 patients), respectively. The most frequently isolated pathotype was EAEC (10.7%), followed by atypical EPEC (9.4%), ETEC (3.7%), and STEC (0.6%). Typical EPEC was detected only in one sample. The prevalence of the pathotypes studied in children with diarrhea was not significantly different from that in children without diarrhea.     

Identification of unconventional intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates expressing intermediate virulence factor profiles by using a novel single-step multiplex PCR

Intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli represents a global health problem for mammals, including humans. At present, diarrheagenic E. coli bacteria are grouped into seven major pathotypes that differ in their virulence factor profiles, severity of clinical manifestations, and prognosis. In this study, we developed and evaluated a one-step multiplex PCR (MPCR) for the straightforward differential identification of intestinal pathotypes of E. coli. The specificity of this novel MPCR was validated by using a subset of reference strains and further confirmed by PCR-independent pheno- and genotypic characterization. Moreover, we tested 246 clinical E. coli isolates derived from diarrhea patients from several distinct geographic regions. Interestingly, besides strains belonging to the defined and well-described pathotypes, we identified five unconventional strains expressing intermediate virulence factor profiles. These strains have been further characterized and appear to represent intermediate strains carrying genes and expressing factors associated with enteropathogenic E. coli, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli, and enteroaggregative E. coli alike. These strains represent further examples of the extraordinary plasticity of the E. coli genome. Moreover, this implies that the important identification of specific pathotypes has to be based on a broad matrix of indicator genes. In addition, the presence of intermediate strains needs to be accounted for.     

Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli genomic background allows the acquisition of non-EPEC virulence factors

Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) has been associated with infantile diarrhea in many countries. The clonal structure of aEPEC is the object of active investigation but few works have dealt with its genetic relationship with other diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC). This study aimed to evaluate the genetic relationship of aEPEC with other DEC pathotypes. The phylogenetic relationships of DEC strains were evaluated by multilocus sequence typing. Genetic diversity was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The phylogram showed that aEPEC strains were distributed in four major phylogenetic groups (A, B1, B2 and D). Cluster I (group B1) contains the majority of the strains and other pathotypes [enteroaggregative, enterotoxigenic and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)]; cluster II (group A) also contains enteroaggregative and diffusely adherent E. coli ; cluster III (group B2) has atypical and typical EPEC possessing H6 or H34 antigen; and cluster IV (group D) contains aEPEC O55:H7 strains and EHEC O157:H7 strains. PFGE analysis confirmed that these strains encompass a great genetic diversity. These results indicate that aEPEC clonal groups have a particular genomic background – especially the strains of phylogenetic group B1 – that probably made possible the acquisition and expression of virulence factors derived from non-EPEC pathotypes.     

Biotyping and virulence factors in clinical and environmental isolates of Aeromonas species.

Biochemical characteristics and virulence factors were compared in 147 Aeromonas spp. isolated from patients with diarrhea and in 94 strains isolated from metropolitan water supplies in the same area during the same period. Fermentation of arabinose occurred with 58.5% of the environmental strains and 15% of the clinical isolates; 39.4% of the strains from water and 6.8% of the fecal isolates fermented salicin. The frequency of esculin hydrolysis was the same in both groups. Ninety-one percent of clinical isolates and 70.2% of environmental strains were enterotoxigenic and, except for four clinical isolates, all of these strains also produced hemolysins. Hemagglutination that was inhibited by fucose and mannose but not by galactose was found in 67% of the water isolates and 10.2% of the clinical strains. Although the distribution of several characteristics differs in clinical and environmental strains, many of the strains found in water have properties identical with those of the clinical isolates. We suggest that such strains may be potential enteric pathogens.     

Virulence gene profiling of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1-harboring E. coli (EAST1EC) derived from sporadic diarrheal patients

Between 2007 and 2009, a total of 2168 Escherichia coli strains derived from diarrheal patients, defined as putative diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC), were collected from medical institutions in Akita prefecture, Japan. Thirty five of the strains lacked typical pathogenic determinants of DEC other than astA, which encodes enteroaggregative E. coli (EAggEC) heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1). These E. coli strains are referred to as EAST1EC. Several studies have suggested a role of EAST1 in diarrhea; however, the correlation between diarrhea and the presence of astA remains inconclusive. To investigate whether EAST1EC strains derived from diarrheal patients shared pathogenic factors other than EAST1, virulence gene profiling of 12 virulence genes - iha, lpfA, ldaG, pilS, pic, pet, irp2, daa, aah, aid, cdtB and hlyA - was carried out. PCR analysis revealed that four of the 35 EAST1EC strains harbored only astA, 24 harbored genes associated with adhesins and intestinal colonization, three strains harbored the gene for α-hemolysin, and 24 strains harbored the gene for a siderophore. These results indicated that some EAST1EC strains harbor various virulence genes associated with distinct E. coli pathotypes, primarily enterohemorrhagic E. coli and EAggEC, which may represent additional pathogenic determinants of EAST1EC.     

Phylogenetic groups,virulence genes and quinolone resistance of integron-bearing <Emphasis Type="Italic">Escherichia coli</Emphasis> strains isolated from a wastewater treatment plant

We investigated phylogenetic affiliation, occurrence of virulence genes and quinolone resistance in 109 integron-containing strains of Escherichia coli isolated from a wastewater treatment plant. Selection for integron-bearing strains caused a shift toward phylogroup D, which was most numerous, followed by A, B1 and B2. Phylogroups D and B2, both of which are reported to include virulent extraintestinal pathotypes, made up 50.5% of all isolates and were present in every stage of wastewater treatment, including final effluent. Diarrheagenic pathotypes made up 21% of the strains. The average virulence factor genes score was low (1.40) and the range was from 0 to 5. Quinolone and fluoroquinolone resistance was observed in 56.0% and 50.4% of the strains, respectively; however, it was not associated with virulence factor score. Although the average virulence factor score was low, 17.4% of strains had three and more virulence genes. They were isolated mostly from raw sewage, but 30% of them were cultured from final effluent. Release of multiresistant integron-bearing E. coli strains with virulence traits into the environment may create potential threat and be of public health concern.     

新生儿医院感染产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌流行状况及耐药性分析

目的了解新生儿医院感染中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）细菌流行状况及耐药性,为预防和控制感染提供依据。方法对2011年1月至2013年12月间新生儿医院感染病原菌分布及耐药性进行回顾性分析;用VITEK-2 Compact微生物鉴定系统鉴定菌种和药敏试验。结果共检出病原菌192株,105株为肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌,占54.7%;检出产ESBLs菌58株,全部来自肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌;产ESBLs菌对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、单内酰环类抗菌药物高度耐药,耐药率〉80.0%,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦耐药率较低,耐药率〈20.0%,未检测到亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药株。结论产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌是新生儿医院感染中主要的病原菌,且对常用抗菌药物耐药率较高,临床应加强病原菌的耐药性监测,合理使用抗菌药物。     

Identification of Unconventional Intestinal Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates Expressing Intermediate Virulence Factor Profiles by Using a Novel Single-Step Multiplex PCR

Intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli represents a global health problem for mammals, including humans. At present, diarrheagenic E. coli bacteria are grouped into seven major pathotypes that differ in their virulence factor profiles, severity of clinical manifestations, and prognosis. In this study, we developed and evaluated a one-step multiplex PCR (MPCR) for the straightforward differential identification of intestinal pathotypes of E. coli. The specificity of this novel MPCR was validated by using a subset of reference strains and further confirmed by PCR-independent pheno- and genotypic characterization. Moreover, we tested 246 clinical E. coli isolates derived from diarrhea patients from several distinct geographic regions. Interestingly, besides strains belonging to the defined and well-described pathotypes, we identified five unconventional strains expressing intermediate virulence factor profiles. These strains have been further characterized and appear to represent intermediate strains carrying genes and expressing factors associated with enteropathogenic E. coli, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, enterotoxigenic E. coli, and enteroaggregative E. coli alike. These strains represent further examples of the extraordinary plasticity of the E. coli genome. Moreover, this implies that the important identification of specific pathotypes has to be based on a broad matrix of indicator genes. In addition, the presence of intermediate strains needs to be accounted for.     

Shiga toxin 2e-producing Escherichia coli isolates from humans and pigs differ in their virulence profiles and interactions with intestinal epithelial cells

Thirteen Escherichia coli strains harboring stx2e were isolated from 11,056 human stools. This frequency corresponded to the presence of the stx2e allele in 1.7% of all Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) strains. The strains harboring stx2e were associated with mild diarrhea (n = 9) or asymptomatic infections (n = 4). Because STEC isolates possessing stx2e are porcine pathogens, we compared the human STEC isolates with stx2e-harboring E. coli isolated from piglets with edema disease and postweaning diarrhea. All pig isolates possessed the gene encoding the F18 adhesin, and the majority possessed adhesin involved in diffuse adherence; these adhesins were absent from all the human STEC isolates. In contrast, the high-pathogenicity island encoding an iron uptake system was found only in human isolates. Host-specific patterns of interaction with intestinal epithelial cells were observed. All human isolates adhered to human intestinal epithelial cell lines T84 and HCT-8 but not to pig intestinal epithelial cell line IPEC-J2. In contrast, the pig isolates completely lysed human epithelial cells but not IPEC-J2 cells, to which most of them adhered. Our data demonstrate that E. coli isolates producing Shiga toxin 2e have imported specific virulence and fitness determinants which allow them to adapt to the specific hosts in which they cause various forms of disease.