Fe(Ⅲ)的微生物异化还原

异化Fe（Ⅲ）还原微生物是厌氧环境中广泛存在的一类主要微生物类群,它们的共同特征是可以利用Fe（Ⅲ）作为末端电子受体而获能。异化Fe（Ⅲ）还原微生物具有强大的代谢功能,可还原许多有毒重金属包括一些放射性核素,还可降解利用许多有机污染物,在污染环境的生物修复中具有重要的应用价值。本文对异化Fe（Ⅲ）还原微生物的分布、分类,代谢功能多样性以及异化Fe（Ⅲ）还原的意义做了评述,旨在加强相关领域的研究人员对此的了解和重视,通过学科的交叉和合作加快我国在这一领域的研究。     

异化金属还原菌的研究进展*

微生物利用金属氧化物作呼吸作用的最终电子受体是一种新的代谢途径。该过程微生物利用有机底物异化还原金属氧化物进行生长代谢。异化金属还原菌对于研究探索古生物呼吸形式、界定生命的上限温度等生命科学问题具有重要研究价值,同时在生物整治、微生物燃料电池等方面具有广阔的应用前景。对异化金属还原菌进行了综述,并对这类菌的研究应用给予评述和展望。     

异化金属还原菌的研究进展

微生物利用金属氧化物作呼吸作用的最终电子受体是一种新的代谢途径。该过程微生物利用有机底物异化还原金属氧化物进行生长代谢。异化金属还原菌对于研究探索古生物呼吸形式、界定生命的上限温度等生命科学问题具有重要研究价值,同时在生物整治、微生物燃料电池等方面具有广阔的应用前景。对异化金属还原菌进行了综述,并对这类菌的研究应用给了评述和展望。     

铁锰氧化物提高巴斯德梭菌电子输出率

[背景]发酵型异化金属还原菌通过发酵获取能量,同时也具有一定的异化还原变价金属氧化物的能力,关于变价金属氧化物对发酵型异化金属还原菌电子输出率的影响还知之甚少。[目的]探究铁锰氧化物(Fe2O3/MnO2)对发酵型异化金属还原菌Clostridium pasteurianum电子输出率的影响。[方法]将不同浓度Fe2O3/MnO2添加到以葡萄糖为底物并接种5%C.pasteurianum的发酵体系中,利用电化学工作站检测C.pasteurianum电化学特性;以菲啰嗪(Ferrozine)显色法和甲醛肟法分别测定发酵体系中Fe(Ⅱ)、Mn(Ⅱ)含量;气相色谱、高效液相色谱检测发酵底物葡萄糖及代谢产物(乙酸、丁酸、CO2和H2)随发酵时间的变化情况;最后计算发酵过程的电子输出率。[结果]研究表明,接种C.pasteurianum的微生物燃料电池可以检测到电流的产生,最大电流密度为0.93 mA/m^2;随着发酵时间的推移,反应体系中Fe(Ⅱ)和Mn(Ⅱ)的浓度逐渐增高;Fe2O3/MnO2的添加使发酵体系中葡萄糖消耗量提高了9.4%/7.7%,同时,乙酸产量提高了37.5%/25.0%,丁酸产量提高了22.7%/6.8%,氢气产量提高了21.6%/9.8%,而总的电子输出率则提高了24.27%/10.82%;添加铁锰氧化物的实验组pH值与对照组相比无显著差异。[结论]铁锰氧化物的添加可以提高C.pasteurianum的电子输出率,其原因可能是增加了葡萄糖消耗和缓冲pH值。研究结果为揭示变价金属氧化物影响发酵型异化金属还原菌电子输出的规律提供了证据,并进一步拓展了对变价金属氧化物与发酵型异化金属还原菌之间相互作用机制的认识。     

土壤Fe(Ⅲ)异化还原机理及影响因素研究进展

微生物的异化Fe(Ⅲ)还原指以Fe(Ⅲ)为末端电子受体在厌氧条件下氧化有机物的产能过程,在生物地球化学循环中起着重要的作用,异化还原的产物为Fe(Ⅱ)。目前对Fe(Ⅲ)微生物还原的物理、生物化学特性的认识还十分有限。本文系统介绍了异化Fe(Ⅲ)还原的机理及影响因素,包括还原不溶性Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物的机制及与Fe(Ⅲ)还原相关的分子生物学的研究进展。分析了目前研究中存在的问题,并从分子生物学及生物地球化学角度对异化Fe(Ⅲ)还原研究方向进行了评述与展望。旨在加强相关领域研究人员对该科学问题的了解和重视,通过学科交叉和合作加快我国在这一领域的研究。     

Fe(III)的微生物异化还原

异化Fe(III)还原微生物是厌氧环境中广泛存在的一类主要微生物类群,它们的共同特征是可以利用Fe(III)作为末端电子受体而获能。异化Fe(III)还原微生物具有强大的代谢功能,可还原许多有毒重金属包括一些放射性核素,还可降解利用许多有机污染物,在污染环境的生物修复中具有重要的应用价值。本文对异化Fe(III)还原微生物的分布、分类,代谢功能多样性以及异化Fe(III)还原的意义做了评述,旨在加强相关领域的研究人员对此的了解和重视,通过学科的交叉和合作加快我国在这一领域的研究。     

Fe(III)的微生物异化还原*

异化Fe(III)还原微生物是厌氧环境中广泛存在的一类主要微生物类群,它们的共同特片是可以利用Fe(III)作为末端电子受体而获能。异化Fe(III)还原微生物具有强大的代谢功能;可还原许多有毒重金属包括一些放射性核素,还可降解利用许多有机污染物,在污酒女环境的生物修复中具有重要的应用价值。本文对异化Fe(III)还原微生物的分布、分类、代谢功能多样性以及异化Fe(III)还原的意义做了评述,旨在加强相关领域的研究人同对此的了解和重视,通过学科和交叉和合作加快我国在这一领域的研究。     

异化Fe(Ⅲ)还原酶促反应及调控机制的研究进展

异化Fe(Ⅲ)还原菌不是分类学上的概念,它具有系统发育及环境来源多样性的特点。与其他大多数的电子受体不同,在近中性pH值条件下,Fe(Ⅲ)的溶解度很低,通常以不溶性的Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物的形式存在。目前,对微生物如何获得和还原不溶性Fe(Ⅲ)的机理仍缺乏系统的了解。以希瓦氏菌和地杆菌为例,本文综述了3种异化Fe(Ⅲ)还原的酶促反应机制及其分子调控机理：异化Fe(Ⅲ)还原菌与Fe(Ⅲ)氧化物直接接触机制、电子穿梭体的作用机制、铁载体作用机制,多种膜蛋白特别是多血红素的细胞色素蛋白参与微生物的异化Fe(Ⅲ)还原过程,并形成复杂的调控网络。此外,本文也对异化Fe(Ⅲ)还原酶促反应及其分子调控机理将来的研究方向进行了展望,以期对这一重要的生化过程有更为全面的认识。     

铁还原菌降解石油烃的研究进展

铁还原菌是指能够利用细胞外Fe(III)作为末端电子受体,通过氧化有机物将Fe(III)还原为Fe(II)微生物的总称。铁还原作用广泛存在于土壤、河流、海洋、地表含水层以及高温高压的地下深部油藏。在厌氧或兼性厌氧条件下,Fe(III)还原耦合有机物的降解,对铁、碳元素的生物地球化学循环具有重要意义。本文介绍了铁还原菌的多样性和铁还原作用机理,综述了铁还原菌在石油烃降解方面的研究进展。此外,还总结了铁还原菌在生物修复中的潜在作用,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

异化Fe(Ⅲ)还原微生物研究进展

铁是地壳中含量第四丰富的元素,微生物介导的异化铁还原是自然界中Fe(Ⅲ)还原的主要途径。介绍了Fe(Ⅲ)还原菌的分类及多样性,总结了Fe(Ⅲ)还原菌还原铁氧化物机制及其产能代谢机制,概述了Fe(Ⅲ)还原菌的生态环境意义,并对未来Fe(Ⅲ)还原菌的分子生态学研究方向提出了探索性的建议。     

Research of Iron Reduction and the Iron Reductase Localization of Anammox Bacteria

The iron-reducing capability of anammox bacteria was examined in this study using Percoll purified anammox bacteria. Anammox bacteria could reduce Fe(III) to Fe(II) with organic matters as the electron donor. The activity of anammox iron-reducing process was dependent on different electron donor, acceptor and pH. The highest iron-reducing activity of anammox bacteria was achieved with Fe(III)-NTA (nitrilotriacetic acid) as electron acceptor and formate as the electron donor at pH7. Similar to other iron reducers, 80 % of the iron reductase in anammox bacteria was located in the membrane fraction. Due to the chemical oxidant of NO₂ ^? and the NO₃ ^? dependent ferrous iron oxidation by anammox bacteria, the iron-reducing activity of anammox bacteria could be severely inhibited when iron-reducing pathway and the anammox process were coupled. However, the total nitrogen removal efficiency was not significantly affected in the presence of Fe(III). The iron-reducing capability of anammox bacteria could influence both N and Fe cycle on earth, and it is a potential way for wastewater treatment.     

Iron metabolism in anoxic environments at near neutral pH

Anaerobic dissimilatory ferric iron-reducing and ferrous iron-oxidizing bacteria gain energy through reduction or oxidation of iron minerals and presumably play an important role in catalyzing iron transformations in anoxic environments. Numerous ferric iron-reducing bacteria have been isolated from a great diversity of anoxic environments, including sediments, soils, deep terrestrial subsurfaces, and hot springs. In contrast, only few ferrous iron-oxidizing bacteria are known so far. At neutral pH, iron minerals are barely soluble, and the mechanisms of electron transfer to or from iron minerals are still only poorly understood. In natural habitats, humic substances may act as electron carriers for ferric iron-reducing bacteria. Also fermenting bacteria were shown to channel electrons to ferric iron via humic acids. Whether quinones or cytochromes released from cells act as electron transfer components in ferric iron reduction is still a matter of debate. Anaerobic ferrous iron-oxidizing phototrophic bacteria, on the other hand, appear to excrete complexing agents to prevent precipitation of ferric iron oxides at their cell surfaces. The present review evaluates recent findings on the physiology of ferric iron-reducing and ferrous iron-oxidizing bacteria with respect to their relevance to microbial iron transformations in nature.     

Evidence for microbial iron reduction in a landfill leachate-polluted aquifer (Vejen, Denmark).

Aquifer sediment samples obtained from the anaerobic part of a landfill leachate plume in Vejen, Denmark, were suspended in groundwater or in an artificial medium and incubated. The strictly anaerobic suspensions were tested for reduction of ferric iron [Fe(III)] oxides, which was measured as an increase in the concentration of dissolved Fe(II). Iron reduction did not occur when the medium was inoculated with inactive sediment and when the organisms in the inoculated medium were killed by formaldehyde, by chloroform, or by pasteurization, whereas the level of iron reduction was significant when living bacteria were present. Mixed cultures were obtained from the sediment samples, and differences in apparent iron reduction rates among the different cultures were maintained during several transfers. In addition, iron reduction was observed in unamended incubation mixtures containing whole sediment and groundwater. Synthetic amorphous Fe(III) oxides, as well as naturally occurring sediment-bound Fe(III) oxides, could be reduced by the cultures. Together, our results provide evidence that iron-reducing bacteria are present and microbial iron reduction occurs in the polluted aquifer sediments which we studied.     

强化产电微生物与电极间电子传递速率的研究进展

产电微生物是微生物燃料电池、电解池和电合成等微生物电化学技术(Microbial electrochemical technologies,METs)的研究基础.产电微生物与电极界面间的胞外电子传递(Extracellular electron transfer,EET)效率低以及生物被膜形成能力弱限制了METs在有机...     

Dissimilatory Iron [Fe(III)] Reduction by a Novel Fermentative,Piezophilic Bacterium Anoxybacter fermentans DY22613T Isolated from East Pacific Rise Hydrothermal Sulfides

Dissimilatory iron-reducing microorganisms play an important role in the biogeochemical cycle of iron and influence iron mineral formation and transformation. However, studies on microbial iron-reducing processes in deep-sea hydrothermal fields are limited. A novel piezophilic, thermophilic, anaerobic, fermentative iron-reducing bacteria of class Clostridia, named Anoxybacter fermentans DY22613^T, was isolated from East Pacific Rise hydrothermal sulfides. In this report, we examined its cell growth, fermentative metabolites, and biomineralization coupled with dissimilatory iron reduction. Both soluble ferric citrate (FC) and solid amorphous Fe(III) oxyhydroxide (FO) could promote cell growth of this strain, accompanied by increased peptone consumption. More acetate, butyrate, and CO₂ were produced than without adding FO or FC in the media. The highest yield of H₂ was observed in the Fe(III)-absent control. Coupled to fermentation, magnetite particles, and iron-sulfur complexes were respectively formed by the strain during FO and FC reduction. Under experimental conditions mimicking the pressure prevailing at the deep-sea habitat of DY22613^T (20?MPa), Fe(III)-reduction rates were enhanced resulting in relatively larger magnetite nanoparticles with more crystal faces. These results implied that the potential role of A. fermentans DY22613^T in situ in deep-sea hydrothermal sediments is coupling iron reduction and mineral transformation to fermentation of biomolecules. This bacterium likely contributes to the complex biogeochemical iron cycling in deep-sea hydrothermal fields.     

Abundance and phylogenetic affiliation of iron reducers in activated sludge as assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and microautoradiography

Microautoradiography (MAR) was used to enumerate acetate-consuming bacteria under Fe(III)-reducing conditions in activated sludge. This population is believed to consist of dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria, because the applied incubation conditions and the use of specific inhibitors excluded consumption of radiolabeled acetate by other physiological groups such as sulfate reducers. By use of this approach, dissimilatory iron reducers were found in a concentration of 1.1 x 10(8) cells per ml, corresponding to approximately 3% of the total cell count as determined by DAPI (4',6'-diamino-2-phenylindoledihydrochloride-dilactate) staining. The MAR enumeration method was compared to the traditional most-probable-number (MPN) method (FeOOH-MPN) and a modified MPN method, which contains Ferrozine directly within the MPN dilutions to determine the production of small amounts of ferrous iron (Ferrozine-MPN). The Ferrozine-MPN method yielded values 6 to 10 times higher than those obtained by the FeOOH-MPN method. Nevertheless, the MAR approach yielded counts that were 100 to 1,000 times higher than those obtained by the Ferrozine-MPN method. Specific in situ Fe(III) reduction rates per cell (enumerated by the MAR method) were calculated and found to be comparable to the respective rates for pure cultures of dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria, suggesting that the new MAR method is most reliable. A combination of MAR and fluorescence in situ hybridization was used for phylogenetic characterization of the putative iron-reducing bacteria. All activated-sludge cells able to consume acetate under iron-reducing conditions were targeted by the bacterial oligonucleotide probe EUB338. Around 20% were identified as gamma Proteobacteria, and 10% were assigned to the delta subclass of Proteobacteria.     

Microorganisms pumping iron: anaerobic microbial iron oxidation and reduction

Iron (Fe) has long been a recognized physiological requirement for life, yet for many microorganisms that persist in water, soils and sediments, its role extends well beyond that of a nutritional necessity. Fe(II) can function as an electron source for iron-oxidizing microorganisms under both oxic and anoxic conditions and Fe(III) can function as a terminal electron acceptor under anoxic conditions for iron-reducing microorganisms. Given that iron is the fourth most abundant element in the Earth's crust, iron redox reactions have the potential to support substantial microbial populations in soil and sedimentary environments. As such, biological iron apportionment has been described as one of the most ancient forms of microbial metabolism on Earth, and as a conceivable extraterrestrial metabolism on other iron-mineral-rich planets such as Mars. Furthermore, the metabolic versatility of the microorganisms involved in these reactions has resulted in the development of biotechnological applications to remediate contaminated environments and harvest energy.     

Interactions Between Fe(III)-Oxides and Fe(III)-Phyllosilicates During Microbial Reduction 1: Synthetic Sediments

Fe(III)-oxides and Fe(III)-bearing phyllosilicates are the two major iron sources utilized as electron acceptors by dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria (DIRB) in anoxic soils and sediments. Although there have been many studies on microbial Fe(III)-oxide and Fe(III)-phyllosilicate reduction with both natural and specimen materials, no controlled experimental information is available on the interaction between these two phases when both are available for microbial reduction. In this study, the model DIRB Geobacter sulfurreducens was used to examine the pathways of Fe(III) reduction in Fe(III)-oxide stripped subsurface sediment that was coated with different amounts of synthetic high surface area (HSA) goethite. Cryogenic (12K) ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy was used to determine changes in the relative abundances of Fe(III)-oxide, Fe(III)-phyllosilicate, and phyllosilicate-associated Fe(II) [Fe(II)-phyllosilicate] in bioreduced samples. Analogous Mössbauer analyses were performed on samples from abiotic Fe(II) sorption experiments in which sediments were exposed to a quantity of exogenous soluble Fe(II) (FeCl₂?2H₂O) comparable to the amount of Fe(II) produced during microbial reduction. A Fe partitioning model was developed to analyze the fate of Fe(II) and assess the potential for abiotic Fe(II)-catalyzed reduction of Fe(III)-phyllosilicates. The microbial reduction experiments indicated that although reduction of Fe(III)-oxide accounted for virtually all of the observed bulk Fe(III) reduction activity, there was no significant abiotic electron transfer between oxide-derived Fe(II) and Fe(III)-phyllosilicatesilicates, with 26–87% of biogenic Fe(II) appearing as sorbed Fe(II) in the Fe(II)-phyllosilicate pool. In contrast, the abiotic Fe(II) sorption experiments showed that 41 and 24% of the added Fe(II) engaged in electron transfer to Fe(III)-phyllosilicate surfaces in synthetic goethite-coated and uncoated sediment. Differences in the rate of Fe(II) addition and system redox potential may account for the microbial and abiotic reaction systems. Our experiments provide new insight into pathways for Fe(III) reduction in mixed Fe(III)-oxide/Fe(III)-phyllosilicate assemblages, and provide key mechanistic insight for interpreting microbial reduction experiments and field data from complex natural soils and sediments.     

Evaluation of Fe(III)EDTA and Fe(II)EDTA-NO reduction in a NO x scrubber solution by magnetic Fe3O4-chitosan microspheres immobilized microorganisms

A two-stage bioreduction system containing magnetic-microsphere-immobilized denitrifying bacteria and iron-reducing bacteria was developed for the regeneration of scrubbing solutions for NO _x removal. In this process, a higher bioreduction rate and a better tolerance of inhibition of bacteria were achieved with immobilized bacteria than with free bacteria. This work focused on evaluation of the effects of the main components in the scrubbing solution on Fe(III)EDTA (EDTA: ethylenediaminetetraacetate) and Fe(II)EDTA-NO reduction, with an emphasis on mass transfer and the kinetic model of Fe(III)EDTA and Fe(II)EDTA-NO reduction by immobilized bacteria. It was found that Fe(II)EDTA-NO had a strong inhibiting effect, but Fe(II)EDTA had no effect, on Fe(III)EDTA reduction. Fe(II)EDTA accelerated Fe(II)EDTA-NO reduction, whereas Fe(III)EDTA had no effect. This showed that the use of the two stages of regeneration was necessary. Moreover, the effect of internal diffusion on Fe(III)EDTA and Fe(II)EDTANO reduction could be neglected, and the rate-limiting step was the bioreduction process. The reduction of Fe(III)EDTA and Fe(II)EDTA-NO using immobilized bacteria was described by a first-order kinetic model. Bioreduction can therefore be enhanced by increasing the cell density in the magnetic chitosan microspheres.