对阴道炎主要致病菌有抑菌活性乳杆菌的筛选及特性

目的 从实验室保藏的乳杆菌中筛选出对阴道炎主要致病菌有抑菌活性的乳杆菌,研究其生物学特性从而作为防治阴道炎的潜在益生菌株.方法 采用琼脂扩散法检测乳杆菌对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和阴道加德纳菌的抑菌效果.采用共培养法探究乳杆菌在不同时间对白假丝酵母生长的抑制效果.检测乳杆菌产过氧化氢和产酸能力、对低pH环境的耐受性以...     

2010~2012年老年肺部感染患者病原菌分布及耐药监测

目的探讨肺部感染的老年患者病原菌分布变化及耐药状况,指导临床合理用药。方法对2010~2012年在呼吸内科住院的老年肺部感染患者痰培养阳性的4 709株病原菌及药敏结果进行回顾性分析。结果在4 709株病原菌中,革兰阴性杆菌2 469株,占52.4%,比例呈上升趋势(38.9%~59.7%);其中肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌分别占11.4%、11.8%和11.9%,比例也呈上升趋势。真菌1 904株,占40.4%,主要为白假丝酵母菌、光滑假丝酵母;革兰阳性球菌336株,占7.1%,金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌分别占3.7%、2.6%;革兰阴性杆菌对阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南耐药率较低;革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、替加环素、利奈唑胺、呋喃妥因100%敏感。结论老年肺部感染以革兰阴性杆菌为主,对抗菌药物出现了不同程度的耐药,临床应结合药敏结果合理使用抗生素     

阴道微生态评价在妇科门诊中的应用价值CSCD

目的探讨阴道微生态评价对妇科门诊患者的临床应用价值。方法选择上海交通大学附属第一人民医院妇科门诊352例患者的阴道分泌物标本进行常规白带检测,同时采用中华医学会妇产科学分会感染性疾病协作组推荐的阴道微生态评价方案进行评价,并对结果进行对比分析。结果经阴道微生态评价检测,352例标本中48例健康体检女性标本微生态评价正常,也未发现相关病原体;304例有阴道炎症状的患者其标本均存在微生态失衡,其中180例检测到相关病原体(假丝酵母感染112例、细菌性阴道病56例、滴虫感染8例、需氧菌感染44例、支原体感染8例,混合感染48例);其余124例标本无病原体,但存在阴道菌群密集度、多样性、优势菌、pH和乳杆菌功能等异常。112例假丝酵母感染标本中传统白带检测仅发现84例;304例有阴道炎症状的标本中常规白带检查判断清洁度正常(Ⅰ~Ⅱ度)者216例,但经阴道微生态评价发现其中120例应评定为Ⅲ~Ⅳ度。结论阴道微生态评价具有一定的优势,可为临床诊治提供更多信息。     

妇科住院患者酵母样真菌感染的菌株分布与药敏研究

目的对妇科住院患者阴道分泌物酵母样真菌隐性感染的菌群分布与药敏结果进行回顾性分析,为临床围手术期合理使用抗真菌药物提供依据。方法妇科住院患者5813例阴道分泌物中分离到396株酵母样真菌,采用API-20Aux和ATBFUNGUS进行鉴定和药敏试验。结果396株酵母样真菌中,分离率最高的前3位是白色假丝酵母菌（59.6%）、光滑假丝酵母菌（21.2%）和接合假丝酵母菌（6.6%）。酵母样真菌对5-氟胞嘧啶（5-FC）、两性霉素B（AMB）和制霉菌素（NYS）敏感率最高,达90.7%、92.7%和96.2%,咪康唑（MIC）、益康唑（ECO）和酮康唑（KET）分别为74.2%、61.6%和69.4%。结论住院妇科患者阴道分泌物酵母样真菌隐性感染主要以白色念珠菌和光滑念珠菌为主,感染的酵母样真菌对5-FC、AMB和NYS的药物敏感性较高,对唑类抗真菌药则有不同程度的耐药率。     

海宁地区19519例女性生殖道感染情况分析及临床意义探讨

目的通过对19 519例门诊阴道分泌物标本的检测,探讨阴道炎病原体的分布情况和定期进行阴道分泌物检查的意义。方法通过显微镜镜检等方法检测19 519例阴道分泌物标本的清洁度、假丝酵母菌、线索细胞、滴虫等。结果 19 519例标本中,共检出阴道炎9 142例,占46.84%,病因不明的阴道炎占26.83%。假丝酵母菌、线索细胞及滴虫检出率分别为15.30%、3.84%、0.87%。各种病原体感染既可单独存在,也可混合感染。清洁度Ⅲ~Ⅳ度的患者中病原菌检出率明显高于Ⅰ~Ⅱ度(P0.05)。结论阴道炎在门诊病例中的比例非常高,女性应定期进行阴道分泌物检查,并对育龄妇女和老年女性开展阴道感染防治健康教育以降低生殖泌尿系感染风险。     

惰性乳杆菌对女性生殖道健康影响的研究进展

乳杆菌是维持女性阴道环境的重要菌群。惰性乳杆菌是发现最晚、基因组最小的一种乳杆菌,也是健康女性阴道内众多乳杆菌中的一种。惰性乳杆菌表现出的特性与以往认识的乳杆菌不同,其存在往往与阴道微生态紊乱有关。由于常能在细菌性阴道病（bacterial vaginosis,BV）或BV中间型患者阴道中检测到该菌,因此有研究认为惰性乳杆菌通过某种机制促进阴道内致病菌的定植和侵袭,从而间接参与BV的发病。以惰性乳杆菌为优势菌的阴道环境明显比以卷曲乳杆菌为优势菌的阴道环境更容易定植假丝酵母。复发性外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病（vulvovaginal candidiasis,VVC）患者阴道菌群丰富度明显降低,并以惰性乳杆菌为优势菌,而卷曲乳杆菌含量明显减少。惰性乳杆菌在HIV感染、HPV感染及沙眼衣原体感染女性的阴道中具有较高的定植率,有研究表明其存在率也与宫颈上皮内瘤变有关。     

8805例外科术后患者医院感染的调查与分析

目的探讨外科术后患者医院感染的发病情况及细菌分布、耐药性,为临床采取防范措施提供依据。方法以2006年1月1日至2006年12月31日全部手术患者为研究对象,前瞻性地调查患者的医院感染情况,并有样必采,进行微生物鉴定和药敏试验。结果外科术后患者医院感染人次发病率为2.2%,例次发病率为3.1%;鉴定出的226株病原体中,G 菌64株,占28.3%,G-菌126株,占55.8%,真菌36株,占15.9%。按分离菌株数排列,依序为大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、热带假丝酵母菌、表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲁氏不动杆菌、粪肠球菌、白假丝酵母菌、阴沟肠杆菌。MRSA和MRCNS检出率分别是66.7%和95.5%,大肠埃希菌等G-杆菌对3代头孢类等多种抗菌药物耐药率≥70%。结论该院外科术后患者医院感染发病率符合一般规律,其病原体以G-菌为主,且对3代头孢类等高档抗菌药物多重耐药。     

乳酸、乙酸及pH对嗜酸乳杆菌和 阴道加德纳菌的生长及交互作用影响

目的探讨乳酸、乙酸及pH值变化对嗜酸乳杆菌和阴道加德纳菌的生长及交互作用影响,为探究细菌性阴道病患者治疗失败的可能原因提供依据。方法 (1)两菌经不同浓度乳酸、乙酸作用后,检测其细菌浓度变化。(2)两菌经不同pH的SBHIG肉汤单独及混合培养,检测其细菌浓度变化并涂片观察生长情况。结果乳酸、乙酸浓度1.0%~5.0%时,均可抑制两菌的生长。0.1%乳酸对阴道加德纳菌生长的抑制能力较弱,但可促进嗜酸乳杆菌的生长。肉汤培养基在pH 3.5时,几乎只有嗜酸乳杆菌能生长;pH 8.5时,生长的细菌中阴道加德纳菌占绝大多数;pH 5.5和7.0时,两菌虽然共同生长,但嗜酸乳杆菌生长明显受抑制。结论嗜酸乳杆菌与阴道加德纳菌存在交互作用,但受细菌浓度、乳酸和乙酸浓度及pH的影响。细菌性阴道病患者需多疗程疗治疗或治疗失败可能与乳杆菌累积浓度未能达到抑制阴道加德纳菌生长的要求有关。     

开放性骨折患者创面感染病原菌的分布及药物敏感性

目的分析开放性骨折患者创面感染病原菌的分布及药物敏感性,为此类患者的治疗提供参考。方法回顾性分析2016年8月至2019年8月我院收治的81例开放性骨折创面感染患者的临床资料,收集其创面感染病原菌培养鉴定及药物敏感试验结果,分析其病原菌分布及药物敏感性特点。结果 81例开放性骨折创面感染患者共分离病原菌113株,其中革兰阴性菌68株(60.18%),以铜绿假单胞菌(33株,29.20%)为主;革兰阳性菌30株(26.55%),以金黄色葡萄球菌(18株,15.93%)为主;真菌15株(13.27%),以白假丝酵母(10株,8.85%)为主。铜绿假单胞菌对氨曲南耐药率最高,对美洛培南不耐药。金黄色葡萄球菌对头孢西丁耐药率最高,对万古霉素耐药率最低。白假丝酵母对两性霉素耐药率最高,对伊曲康唑耐药率最低。结论开放性骨折患者创面感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,病原菌对临床常用抗菌药物耐药性较高,应根据病原菌药敏特点合理选用抗菌药物。     

2016-2018年医院血培养病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的:分析2016-2018年医院血培养病原菌的分布及其耐药性。方法:对2016年1月至2018年12月遵义医科大学附属医院各科室送检的血标本进行培养、鉴定和药敏试验,并对主要病原菌的分布和药敏结果进行统计分析。结果:2016-2018年分别分离出病原菌1459、1647、1711株,其中革兰氏阴性杆菌分别为占57.78%、55.43%、54.24%,革兰氏阳性球菌分别占37.97%、39.34%、43.25%,真菌分别占4.25%、5.22%、2.51%。2016-2018年,大肠埃希菌对头孢呋辛、头孢曲松的耐药率逐年降低,对厄他培南耐药率呈明显的升高趋势;肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢呋辛、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟的耐药率逐年降低,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、氨苄西林/舒巴坦耐药率上升;凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对左氧氟沙星、苯唑西林、庆大霉素的耐药率明显降低,对环丙沙星、克林霉素的耐药率有明显的上升趋势;金黄色葡萄球菌对环丙沙星、克林霉素的耐药率明显升高,对左氧氟沙星的耐药率明显降低,对呋喃妥因、万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替加环素均不耐药;白色假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌对两性霉素B均不耐药,白色假丝酵母菌对氟康唑、伏立康唑不耐药,热带假丝酵母菌对氟康唑、伊曲康唑均高度耐药。结论:造成血流感染(BSI)的主要病原菌为革兰氏阴性杆菌,病原菌对常用的抗菌药物都有不同程度的耐药,临床应合理使用抗菌药物,以降低耐药性,并加强医院感染控制措施减少耐药菌的传播。     

Study of acute vulvovaginitis in sexually active adult women, with special reference to candidosis, in patients of the Francisco J. Muñiz Infectious Diseases Hospital

The results of microbiological vaginal secretions samples obtained from 749 women (from July 2001 to July 2002) were studied in the Bacteriology Unit of the Francisco Javier Mu?iz Hospital from Buenos Aires. All patients suffered acute vulvovaginitis were child bearing and sexually active women, 334 of them were HIV-positive. The following are the results of the microbiological studies: Lactobacillus spp 50.6%, Gardnerella vaginalis 25.6%, Candida spp 17.4%, Trichomonas vaginalis 5.3%, Neisseria gonorrhoeae 0.3% and B group Streptococcus 0.8%. Candida vaginitis was significantly more frequent in HIV-positive patients, (21.6% vs 14%; p = 0.0086); meanwhile, trichomoniasis was less common although the difference was not statistically significant (3.6 vs 6.7%, p = 0.0810). The following Candida species were isolated in this study: Candida albicans 76.8%, Candida glabrata 15.6%, Candida parapsilosis 2.9%, Candida tropicalis 1.5% and Candida krusei 0.7%. Eight cases (6.2%) of vaginitis were produced by two Candida species (C. albicans and C. glabrata), and in three cases (2.17%) Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated. Five women suffering acute vaginitis with Candida spp presented another etiologic agent of vaginal infection, three cases T. vaginalis and two cases G. vaginalis. The following are some of the most important findings of this study: 1) Half of the patients presented a normal microbial biota; 2) Candida spp vaginitis was significantly more frequent among HIV-positive women; 3) we observed a high incidence of Candida glabrata infections (15.9%), 4) 6.2% of vaginal candidiasis were caused by more than one Candida species and, 5) the susceptibility pattern of C. albicans and C. glabrata isolates against fluconazole was similar to the one observed in other studies. The majority of C. albicans isolates were susceptible to fluconazole (MIC90 = 0.5 microg/ml) meanwhile C. glabrata strains were much less susceptible to this drug (MIC50 and MIC90 = 32 microg/ml).     

不同年龄组阴道炎患者阴道分泌物检查结果分析

目的对比分析不同年龄组女性阴道炎患者阴道清洁度和霉菌、滴虫、纤毛菌、线索细胞检出情况。方法对2 295例女性阴道炎患者按照年龄分组进行阴道分泌物涂片染色检查。结果 2 295例中阴道清洁度为Ⅲ～Ⅳ度占66.19%,霉菌、线索细胞、滴虫和纤毛菌的检出率分别为25.22%、15.69%、0.74%和0.48%;50岁以上年龄组阴道清洁度Ⅲ度检出率较高;20岁以下年龄组Ⅳ度检出率较高;21～30年龄组霉菌检出率较高,41～50年龄组线索细胞和滴虫检出率较高,纤毛菌检出率在各组之间差异无统计学意义。结论大连地区女性阴道炎患者防治形势不容乐观;与年龄相关的生理原因及个人行为因素导致不同年龄组患者阴道感染病因的差异性。     

Real-time PCR分析滴虫性阴道炎患者微生物组成的变化

目的探寻滴虫性阴道炎患者阴道微生物组成的特点,为临床诊治及减少疾病的复发提供参考依据。方法选取2016年5-6月复旦大学附属华东医院妇科门诊45岁以下确诊为滴虫性阴道炎的育龄期患者16例,以同期18例45岁以下育龄期健康女性为对照,采集患者和健康人上阴道壁1/3处的分泌物,进行常规临床分析和革兰染色,并以21种常见的阴道细菌的特异引物进行Real-time PCR检测,分析并比较这些细菌在滴虫性阴道炎患者和健康人阴道内的组成及变化。结果在18例健康人中,其中13例的阴道微生物组成以乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus)为优势菌,3例的阴道微生物组成无明显优势菌群或者优势菌不为检测的21种常见阴道微生物,2例的阴道微生物组成以加德纳菌为优势菌;在16例滴虫性阴道炎患者中,只有2例患者的阴道微生物菌群以乳酸杆菌为优势菌,14例以厌氧菌如普雷沃属(Prevotella)、纤毛菌(Leptotrichia)和斯尼思菌(Sneathia)为优势菌。经Metastats进行组间差异分析,结果表明Lactobacillus crispatus、Leptotrichia amnionii、Eggerthella sp.和Peptostreptococcus sp.在两组之间差异有统计学意义(P≤0.05)。PCoA主成分析结果亦显示滴虫性阴道炎患者的阴道常见21种微生物组成与健康人有显著差别。结论滴虫性阴道炎患者阴道内微生物组成的多样性增加,普雷沃属、纤毛菌及斯尼思菌的明显增高可能滴虫性阴道炎的炎症发生有关,此结果对于临床治疗滴虫性阴道炎的及减少复发提供新的方向,具有一定的指导意义。     

Bacterial vaginosis among a group of married Jordanian women: occurrence and laboratory diagnosis

A total of 310 vaginal swabs collected from a group of married Jordanian women complaining of vaginal discharge were examined for bacterial vaginosis. The scoring system of Nugent for the interpretation of Gram staining was employed. This system revealed the presence of the condition in 29.7% of patients. Results obtained using the scoring system correlated significantly with the detection of clue cells and the scarcity of white blood cells in the vaginal discharge. An inverse relationship was found between bacterial vaginosis and Lactobacillus morphotypes determined by Gram staining. No definite relationship was detected between bacterial vaginosis and the recovery of Gardnerella vaginalis by culture as this organism was isolated from swabs which according to the Nugent criterion were negative for bacterial vaginosis. Bacterial vaginosis among the women investigated was more prevalent than vaginitis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis or yeasts.     

Contribution of Gardnerella vaginalis to vaginitis in a general practice.

In a study of 154 adult women who presented to their general practitioner with vaginal symptoms 30 (20%) had Gardnerella vaginalis on its own and 51 (33%) had G vaginalis in combination with anaerobes or known pathogens. Thirty one (20%) patients were culture negative. Those who were culture negative had fewer symptoms and signs of vaginitis than those with G vaginalis alone or G vaginalis plus anaerobes. Those with known pathogens had more symptoms and signs than those with G vaginalis alone or G vaginalis plus anaerobes. Those with known pathogens plus G vaginalis had the most severe signs and symptoms of vaginitis. It is concluded that G vaginalis can cause vaginitis on its own, and it makes vaginitis worse when present with other organisms. G vaginalis was also found in 30 (21%) of the 138 control patients who, although they presented "asymptomatically," had worse signs than control patients without G vaginalis. It seems that G vaginalis can occur in a spectrum ranging from the uncomplaining patient to those with severe vaginitis.     

The role of fomites in the transmission of vaginitis.

A role for fomites such as toilet seats in the transmission of vaginitis has never been proved or disproved. A compilation of clinical data from a university community showed that the organisms found in vaginal cultures of patients with vaginitis were, in order of frequency. Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, beta-hemolytic streptococci, Hemophilus vaginalis and Trichomonas vaginalis. In a concurrent bacteriologic survey of washroom fixtures, staphylococci and other micrococci were isolated most frequently. The overt pathogens associated with vaginitis were never found, and gram-negative organisms appeared to be suppressed by the disinfectant used by the cleaning staff. It is clear that fomites are not an important mode of transmission in vaginitis, although a search for specific pathogens on toilets is to be continued.     

Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women with urogenital symptoms.

Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 30 to 100 women attending a family physician''s office with dysuria, frequency or vaginal discharge, compared with 2 of 30 asymptomatic women. Multiple infections were common: C. trachomatis coexisted with Gardnerella vaginalis, Candida albicans, Trichomonas vaginalis or a bacterial cause of urinary tract infection in 15 patients. C. trachomatis was isolated alone from 15 symptomatic women. The source of the positive culture was not always the site of symptoms. C. trachomatis was isolated from both the cervix and the urine of 9 patients, either simultaneously or sequentially. The probability of finding a chlamydial infection was 30% in young women with vaginal discharge alone, 33% in those with dysuria and frequency alone and 53% in those with abdominal or pelvic pain in addition to lower urogenital tract symptoms.     

中老年阴道炎患者阴道毛滴虫感染状况调查分析

目的:分析中老年阴道炎患者阴道毛滴虫感染情况,为中老年阴道炎的防治提供依据。方法:对2016年9月～2019年9月来我院就诊的中老年阴道炎患者的阴道分泌物进行阴道毛滴虫检查,同时通过问卷调查方法收集患者的病历资料,回收有效问卷200份,分析不同年龄、季节、职业、生活习惯、性生活情况患者的阴道毛滴虫感染状况。结果:中老年阴道炎患者阴道毛滴虫感染率为10.50%,其中45～50岁年龄段阴道炎患者阴道毛滴虫感染率最高,占19.15%,71～80岁年龄段阴道炎患者阴道毛滴虫感染率最低,占2.78%,不同年龄段阴道炎患者阴道毛滴虫感染率比较有统计学差异(P0.05)。春季、夏季阴道毛滴虫感染率显著高于秋季、冬季(P0.05)。牧民、农民阴道炎患者阴道毛滴虫感染率显著高于工人和公职人员的感染率(P0.05),牧民、农民阴道炎患者阴道毛滴虫感染率无明显差异(P0.05)。经常性清洁外阴的阴道炎患者阴道毛滴虫感染率显著低于非经常性清洁外阴的患者(P0.05)。有性生活阴道炎患者阴道毛滴虫感染率显著高于无性生活患者(P0.05),有性生活应用避孕套的阴道炎患者阴道毛滴虫感染率显著低于不应用避孕套患者(P0.05)。结论:中老年阴道炎患者阴道毛滴虫感染率较高,春季、夏季是阴道毛滴虫感染的高峰期,中年患者感染率高于老年患者,农民、牧民、服务人员和非经常性清洁外阴的患者阴道毛滴虫感染率较高,且有性生活没有应用避孕套者感染率更高,应做好以上高危人群的防治工作,以降低阴道毛滴虫的感染率。     

Prevalence of Candida albicans and Trichomonas vaginalis in pregnant women in Havana City by an immunologic latex agglutination test

We aimed to estimate the prevalence of Candida albicans and Trichomonas vaginalis in immunocompetent pregnant women living in Havana City, Cuba, with or without symptoms of vaginitis, using a sample of 640 women from 6 Gyneco-obstetrics hospitals, which represents 2.5% of total yearly pregnant women. Diagnosis was made using a new latex agglutination kit (Newvagin C-Kure, La Habana, Cuba). Clinical sensitivity and specificity of this assay were validated against culture method, with 467 and 489 clinical specimens for Candida albicans and Trichomonas vaginalis, respectively. Results showed that the kit clinical sensitivity was 100% for Candida albicans and 86.7% for Trichomonas vaginalis compared with a clinical specificity of 93.3% for Candida albicans and 95.1% for Trichomonas vaginalis by culture. The prevalence of candidiasis was determined to be 42.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.8%); the prevalence of trichomoniasis was 9.84% (95% CI 2.3%). In our sample, 48.7% of the women tested negative with respect to both candidiasis and trichomoniasis. Only 6.41% of the cases yielded inconclusive results. The test has high sensitivity, and our results indicate a relatively high prevalence of both infections. However, a significant difference (P < .001) was also observed in candidiasis and trichomoniasis prevalence among hospitals corresponding to the quantity of women with clinical vaginitis. No difference was observed between diabetics and nondiabetics, probably due to the special care of diabetic pregnant women. We conclude that the method is useful for this kind of vaginitis prevalence study and that candidiasis and trichomoniasis prevalences in pregnant women of Havana are 38.5% to 46.2 % (95% CI) and 7.5% to 12.1% (95% CI), respectively.     

First characterization of Candida albicans by random amplified polymorphic DNA method in Nicaragua and comparison of the diagnosis methods for vaginal candidiasis in Nicaraguan women

A total of 106 women with vaginitis in Nicaragua were studied. The positive rate for the identification of Candida species was 41% (44 positive cultures out of 106 women with vaginitis). The sensitivity of microscopic examination of wet mount with the potassium hydroxide (KOH) was 61% and 70% with Gram's stain when using the culture of vaginal fluid as gold standard for diagnosis of candidiasis. Among the 44 positives cultures, isolated species of yeast from vaginal swabs were C. albicans (59%), C. tropicalis (23%), C. glabrata (14%) and C. krusei (4%). This study reports the first characterization of 26 C. albicans stocks from Nicaragua by the random amplified polymorphic DNA method. The genetic analysis in this small C. albicans population showed the existence of linkage disequilibrium, which is consistent with the hypothesis that C. albicans undergoes a clonal propagation.