益生菌对不同年龄人群功能性便秘治疗效果的研究进展

功能性便秘是一种常见的功能性胃肠道疾病。患者通常伴有腹痛、腹胀等现象,严重影响患者生活质量,其治疗仍具有挑战性。近年来研究发现肠道菌群紊乱与功能性便秘的发生发展密切相关。益生菌能够调节肠道菌群平衡,加强肠道生物的屏障功能,参与免疫系统发挥作用,为治疗功能性便秘提供了新思路。本文对益生菌治疗功能性便秘的现状进行综述,阐明功能性便秘的发生机制、功能性便秘患者的肠道菌群变化及益生菌治疗不同年龄人群功能性便秘的效果,为益生菌在功能性便秘患者中的应用提供参考。     

便秘相关肠道微生物研究进展

随着生活水平的提高、生活节奏的加快、年龄的增长及饮食结构的改变等,便秘的发生率与日俱增。便秘严重危害患者的身心健康,并带来诸多并发症。便秘造成肠道的微生态改变,总的来说是益生菌的种类和数目减少,而有害菌或条件治病菌却显著增加。以活的益生菌作为微生态制剂,对缓解症状、治愈便秘和恢复肠道正常菌群有十分显著的作用,其应用前景也相当广阔。本研究对便秘相关肠道微生物的研究进展进行综述。     

益生菌粉治疗和缓解便秘的机制研究分析

文章致力于研究益生菌粉治疗和缓解便秘的效果，并分析其治疗机制。汉臣氏（沈阳）儿童制品有限公司收集了2021年03月—2022年03月内共52例便秘患儿的基线资料，用益生菌粉对其进行治疗，评价治疗效果。52例便秘患儿经过益生菌粉治疗后，排便正常，平均每日1次，大便可轻松排出，患儿无痛苦感，大便不燥结，便秘症状于两周后消失；患儿均未出现用药不良反应，其中有31例患儿治愈，有19例患儿的症状得到缓解，缓解率达到了（96.15%/50%/52%），疗效显著。经分析益生菌粉治疗和缓解便秘的效果显著，主要与益生菌调节肠道屏障、免疫系统等机制作用相关。     

肠道益生菌预防和治疗食物过敏的研究进展

目前 ,食物过敏的发生率在人群 ,尤其是婴幼儿中逐年增高。其治疗策略仍是以排除致敏食物为主 ,但效果欠佳。由于益生菌所独有的生物学特点和肠道粘膜免疫反应的特异性 ,使肠道益生菌疗法作为治疗食物过敏的一种新兴疗法 ,日益受到人体的重视。本文就其临床疗效、作用机制、选菌原则、使用安全性等问题作一综述 ,以期加强对益生菌的研究和应用。1　益生菌治疗食物过敏的疗效研究进展益生菌在人体中主要以双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌为主 ,具有粘附肠粘膜、稳定胆汁酸、使用安全 ,是人类肠道共生细菌等共同特点。作为肠道微生态的平衡者和肠道粘膜免…     

益生菌制剂在防治艰难梭菌相关性腹泻上的应用及前景

益生菌制剂(probiotics)通过各种机制调节肠道微生态环境,在维持肠道微生态平衡及防治艰难梭菌相关性腹泻(Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea,CDAD)上有着巨大的潜力。目前各国均有相关产品推出,但其防治CDAD的效果参差不齐。本文就益生菌制剂防治CDAD作一知识性回顾,并对益生菌制剂防治CDAD的前景进行展望。     

益生菌的治疗现状与前景以及 对呼吸道有益菌探索的研究进展

益生菌是调节机体微生态失衡的有效途径。肝功能异常影响肠道微生物,慢性肝衰竭、2型糖尿病、动脉粥样硬化相关心血管疾病等与肠道微生态失衡密切相关。同时肠道菌群亦受环境、遗传等复合条件影响,改变菌群组成可能导致疾病的发生发展。提倡益生菌对疾病的预防、治疗、预后,改善机体微环境,提高生命质量。近年来,益生菌、益生元、合生元三方面的研究飞速发展,对肠道益生菌研发已经取得一定成果。呼吸道作为与外界相通的腔道其优势菌群已经有相关报道,但对呼吸道益生菌的探索尚不明确,呼吸道内的优势菌是否可以制成益生菌制剂尚有待研究。     

微生态制剂对化疗不良反应的影响

化疗是恶性肿瘤治疗的重要组成部分,是提高患者的生活质量和生存率的一种治疗手段。目前化疗的不良反应并不局限于恶心呕吐、腹痛、腹泻、乏力和贫血等常见的反应,更主要的是化疗药物会对胃肠道、肠黏膜以及肠道菌群等产生影响。微生态制剂包括益生菌、益生元和合生元等。微生态制剂作为一种能够促进机体正常生长的微生态调节剂,可以通过维持肠道微生态平衡来保持机体健康,微生态制剂还具有调节免疫和消除炎症等功能,从而减少宿主因化疗而产生的不良反应。

     

微生态制剂的作用机制及其在动物生产中的应用

近年来,微生态制剂的开发与应用受到社会各界的普遍关注。微生态制剂是一类优质饲料添加剂,具有安全性高、无致病性、毒副作用小和生物功能齐全的特点,包括益生菌、益生元和合生元三类物质,其在维持肠道菌群平衡、促进免疫系统发育及提高机体抗氧化性能等方面具有显著作用,可改善生产性能和健康状况,有利于动物生产优质产品。详细论述了微生态制剂的种类和益生菌、益生元和合生元的作用机制以及国内外关于微生态制剂在动物生产中的应用现状和对喀斯特地区健康养殖的应用潜力,从而为微生态制剂的研究方向及生产应用提供参考。     

益生菌在结直肠癌患者中的应用

结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)的发病率及病死率在多国多年居高不下,肠道微生态的失衡在CRC的发生发展中所起的作用被许多学者所证实。专家一致认为,积极纠正肠道微生态失衡是可取的。CRC患者术前肠道菌群已经出现改变,术后肠道菌群失衡加重,化疗会进一步加重这种失衡状态。肠道微生态的稳态对机体肠道功能和免疫功能等起着重要作用。益生菌作为一种可调节肠道菌群的微生态制剂,已显现出在CRC患者治疗中的应用价值,现对益生菌在CRC患者中的应用进展作一综述。     

肠道微生态失调所导致的疾病

肠道微生态失调会导致人体以消化系统疾病为主的许多疾病的发生。许多研究涉及两者之间的相互影响及可能的机制。文章综述了肠道微生态失调所导致的疾病及益生菌与其他微生态制剂在消化道肿瘤及其他消化病的预防和治疗中的相关问题。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.