系统性红斑狼疮合并感染病原菌与降钙素原的相关性分析

目的探讨降钙素原（PCT）在判断系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）合并感染病原菌中临床价值。方法采用回顾性研究,选取2011年1月至2013年6月住院的SLE合并感染患者98例。研究各种病原菌与PCT浓度的相关性,计算SLE合并感染革兰阴性菌、革兰阳性菌、真菌及支原体、病毒患者的PCT浓度。结果SLE合并感染病原体的PCT浓度：革兰阴性菌组〉革兰阳性菌组〉真菌及支原体组〉病毒组。结论SLE合并感染病原菌与降钙素原水平有一定的相关性,定量检测PCT可辅助诊断SLE合并感染病原菌种。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎患者病原菌分布及血清sTREM 1和HMGB1的变化

目的探讨呼吸机相关性肺炎患者病原菌分布及血清高迁移率族蛋白1(HMGB1)和可溶性髓系细胞触发受体-1(sTREM-1)的变化。方法选取我院2016年3月至2019年5月收治的131例呼吸机相关性肺炎患者进行研究,检测入选患者病原菌感染情况,同时根据患者病情分为重症组与非重症组。另选取60例同期体检对象作为对照组,比较各组患者血清sTREM-1、HMGB1水平及临床肺部感染评分(CPIS),分析血清sTREM-1、HMGB1对呼吸机相关性肺炎的预测价值。结果 131例患者共检出病原菌415株,病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,其次是革兰阳性菌,真菌的占比最低。革兰阴性菌中以铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主,革兰阳性菌中以金黄色葡萄球菌为主。重症组、非重症组及对照组患者血清sTREM-1、HMGB1水平及CPIS评分依次递减,组间比较差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。Cochran Armitage趋势检验发现,血清sTREM-1、HMGB1水平及CPIS评分与呼吸机相关性肺炎严重程度呈线性增加趋势(Z=5.056、3.127、3.811,均P0.05)。诊断呼吸机相关性肺炎病情严重程度时,血清sTREM-1的AUC及敏感性、特异性最高,其次是CPIS和血清HMGB1,3个指标均对呼吸机相关性肺炎有一定诊断价值。结论革兰阴性菌是呼吸机相关性肺炎的主要致病菌,血清sTREM-1、HMGB1水平对呼吸机相关性肺炎的病情有一定诊断价值。     

内毒素和降钙素原在妇科术后尿路感染中的鉴别诊断价值

目的评价中段尿内毒素和血清降钙素原在妇科术后不同种类细菌尿路感染中的鉴别诊断价值。方法收集临床1205例妇科术后患者中段尿进行细菌培养及内毒素检测,同时对患者进行血清降钙素原检测,比较结果对尿路感染的鉴别诊断价值。结果1205份标本中尿培养出阳性350例,感染率为29．04％,其中298例为均存在留置导尿管,而在剩余400例尿培养阴性的患者中仅仅120例留置导尿管。两组之间差异有统计学意义（χ2=26．78,P〈0．05）。其中革兰阴性杆菌189例（54％）,革兰阳性菌112例（32％）,真菌49例（14％）。在三组患者中,中段尿内毒素在革兰阴性菌引起的术后尿路感染较革兰阳性菌和真菌的患者中明显升高,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。而对于血清降钙素原在革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌感染的患者明显高于真菌尿路感染的患者,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。而在革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌感染的患者中差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论妇科术后尿路感染与留置导尿管密切相关,革兰阴性菌是引起妇科术后尿路感染的主要致病菌,中段尿内毒素有助于鉴别诊断出革兰阴性菌引起尿路感染,而血清PCT升高时则有助于排除真菌尿路感染。     

脑出血患者血肿清除术后合并手术部位感染危险因素分析

目的分析脑出血患者血肿清除术后合并手术部位感染的病原菌分布与相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析2017年5月至2019年5月在我院接受血肿清除术治疗的109例脑出血患者的临床资料,依据术后是否并发感染分为感染组(n=45)与非感染组(n=64),分析感染组患者感染部位及病原菌分布情况,比较感染组与非感染组氧化应激指标[超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、高级氧化蛋白产物(AOPP)、丙二醛(MDA)]水平,同时采用多因素Logistic回归分析脑出血患者血肿清除术后感染的危险因素。结果 45例血肿清除术后感染患者感染部位以呼吸道为主(31.11%),共分离病原菌83株,其中革兰阴性菌57株(68.67%),革兰阳性菌17株(20.48%),真菌9株(10.84%)。感染组患者血清MDA、AOPP水平显著高于非感染组,而SOD水平显著低于非感染组(均P0.05)。Logistic分析显示MDA、SOD、AOPP水平是脑出血患者血肿清除术后感染的独立危险因素(均P0.05)。结论脑出血患者血肿清除术后以呼吸道感染为主,感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,且病原菌感染与氧化应激反应密切相关。临床治疗时应严格规范使用抗菌药物,同时针对其危险因素进行预防,以防止血肿清除术后感染,促进患者术后恢复。     

血清PCT、CRP及IL-6联合检测诊断细菌性血流感染的临床价值分析

目的:探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)及白介素-6(IL-6)联合检测诊断细菌性血流感染(BSI)的临床价值。方法:选取我院2015年8月到2016年10月收治的疑似细菌性BSI患者216例,入院后均送检血培养,根据培养结果将其分为阳性组(102例)和阴性组(114例)。统计细菌性BSI阳性率、革兰阳性菌感染率和革兰阴性菌感染率;检测血清PCT、CRP、IL-6水平,并比较两组患者的差异,同时绘制ROC曲线并计算出各指标及联合检测的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及约登指数值。结果:所有疑似BSI患者的细菌阳性检出率为47.22%,革兰阳性菌感染率与革兰阴性菌感染率对比无差异(P0.05);阳性组的血清PCT、CRP、IL-6水平均明显高于阴性组(P0.05);血清IL-6的AUC明显大于PCT和CRP(P0.05);PCT、CRP及IL-6联合检测的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及约登指数均明显高于单项检测(P0.05)。结论:血清PCT、CRP及IL-6对于BSI均有着一定诊断价值,而各指标联合检测诊断BSI的临床价值更高。     

血清降钙素原水平对血流感染患者病原菌的诊断价值

探讨血清降钙素原(PCT)水平对不同病原菌血流感染的诊断价值。选取2015年7月~2016年7月我院收治的血培养阳性的血流感染患者77例,其中革兰氏阳性菌感染41例(53.25%),革兰氏阴性菌感染36例(46.75%)。检测患者的PCT水平,绘制ROC曲线,计算曲线下面积(AUC)。革兰氏阳性菌组的血清PCT水平明显低于革兰氏阴性菌组,(0.62±0.17)ng/m L vs(12.87±3.43)ng/m L,差异具有统计学意义(t=2.193,p0.05);血清PCT区分革兰氏阳性和阴性菌的诊断价值较高(ACU=0.759),最佳阈值为4.45 ng/L。当血清PCT水平4.45 ng/L时诊断革兰氏阴性菌感染的敏感度、特异度和准确度分别为80.34%、86.91%、88.14%,阳性预测值92.1%,阴性预测值84.9%。在革兰氏阴性菌中,大肠埃希菌组的血清PCT水平明显高于鲍氏不动杆菌组,鲍氏不动杆菌组明显高于肺炎克雷伯菌组,差异具有统计学意义(p0.05);在革兰氏阳性菌中,金黄色葡萄球菌组的血清PCT水平明显高于肠球菌属组,肠球菌属组明显高于酿脓链球菌组,差异具有统计学意义(p0.05)。不同病原菌血流感染患者的血清PCT水平存在差异,血清PCT水平对早期区分革兰氏阳性菌和阴性菌感染具有较高的诊断价值。     

血清降钙素原在开颅手术后颅内感染诊断及预后中的诊断价值

目的探讨血清降钙素原（PCT）在开颅手术后并发颅内感染患者诊断中的价值及预后评估应用。方法回顾性分析五年来我院神经外科开颅手术后并发颅内感染患者115例,根据颅内感染的病原体学诊断和临床诊断标准分为细菌性感染组45例和非细菌性感染组70例,分别对两组患者进行血清检测PCT,C反应蛋白（CRP）值及预后分析,采用成组T检验比较两组数据的差异。结果开颅手术后并发颅内细菌感染患者血清PCT值显著高于非细菌性感染组,差异有统计学意义（t=15．43,P〈0．01）;而CRP的增高在两组之间差异无统计学意义（t=1．83,P〉0．05）。细菌性颅内感染的PCT浓度主要分布在2＋区域,即2—10ng／mL,而在非细菌性感染中,主要分布在阴性区域,即〈0．5ng／mL。而在细菌感染组的预后上,PCT〉10ng／mL患者死亡率显著高于PCT〈10ng／mL的感染患者（X2=7．2,P〈0．01）。结论监测PCT对开颅手术后并发颅内感染患者具有明显的临床诊断价值。此外,PCT值的高低有助于评估颅内细菌感染的预后。     

普外科患者术后切口感染病原菌分布情况及影响因素logistic回归分析

目的:探讨普外科患者术后切口感染的病原菌分布情况及影响因素。方法:回顾性分析2017年9月-2019年1月河北省秦皇岛市第一医院普通外科一病区接受手术治疗的150例患者的临床资料,术后发生切口感染的75例患者作为感染组,术后未发生切口感染的75例患者作为对照组,分析术后切口感染的病原菌分布情况,并比较两组患者的临床资料,对普外科患者术后切口感染的影响因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果:感染组分离出病原菌75株,包括43株革兰阴性菌(57.33%)、28株革兰阳性菌(27.33%)、4株真菌(5.33%),经单因素分析显示,年龄、手术时间、有无合并糖尿病、有无植入性器械、住院时间与普外科患者术后切口感染有关(P0.05);经多因素Logistic分析显示,年龄≥60岁、合并糖尿病、手术时间≥2 h、有植入性器械、住院时间≥1月为普外科患者术后切口感染的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论:普外科患者术后切口感染病原菌株以革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌为主,针对术后切口感染的危险因素实施干预措施,可以降低术后切口感染率,保证患者手术效果和改善预后。     

危重患者感染病原菌的分布及血清降钙素原水平的研究

目的探讨危重患者感染病原菌的分布及血清降钙素原(PCT)的水平,为临床诊断与治疗提供依据。方法对167例ICU危重感染患者同时送检的微生物培养和PCT检测的结果进行分析,比较两者间的关系。将微生物培养结果分为阴性组、单一标本阳性组、两种标本阳性组和三种及以上标本阳性组,进一步比较四组间PCT检测结果的差异并分析革兰阴性菌、革兰阳性菌和真菌感染后患者体内PCT的水平。结果 167例危重感染患者微生物培养阳性102例,阳性率为61.1%。PCT检测阳性103例,阳性率为61.7%。两者间无统计学差异(χ~2=0.01,P0.05)。两者联合检测的总阳性率为79.6%。102例微生物培养阳性患者中,PCT为0.57(0.10~131.50)μg/L,高于培养阴性患者[PCT为0.33(0.10~21.85)μg/L,U=8.52,P0.05]。培养阳性患者中,单一标本阳性的PCT水平相对较低,两种及以上标本阳性的PCT水平相对较高。革兰阴性菌、革兰阳性菌和真菌感染组PCT阳性率分别为70.0%、64.7%和66.7%,混合感染组最高,为87.5%。结论 PCT可用于危重患者感染性疾病的早期预测。加强微生物培养和PCT的联合检测,可促进危重患者感染后的精准诊治。     

急性阑尾炎患者术后切口感染的病原菌分析及NLR、PCT、CRP联合检测的预测价值研究

摘要 目的：分析急性阑尾炎（AA）患者术后切口感染的病原菌并探讨中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值（NLR）、降钙素原（PCT）、C反应蛋白（CRP）联合检测的预测价值。方法：选取2020年1月～2022年9月青岛大学附属医院收治的379例接受腹腔镜或开腹手术的AA患者,根据是否发生术后切口感染分为感染组和非感染组,收集AA患者临床资料并检测NLR、PCT、CRP水平。分析术后切口感染AA患者病原菌分布情况,采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析AA患者术后切口感染的影响因素,采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析NLR、PCT、CRP对AA患者术后切口感染的预测价值。结果：379例AA患者术后切口感染发生率为12.40%（47/379）,47例术后切口感染AA患者切口分泌物共检测出75株病原菌,革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌分别占比42.67%（32/75）、57.33%（43/75）。感染组NLR、PCT、CRP水平高于非感染组（P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥60岁、病程≥24 h、阑尾化脓或坏疽及穿孔、开腹手术、留置引流管和血清NLR、PCT、CRP升高为AA患者术后切口感染的独立危险因素,预防性应用抗菌药物为其独立保护因素（P＜0.05）。ROC曲线分析显示,NLR、PCT、CRP联合预测AA患者术后切口感染的曲线下面积大于NLR、PCT、CRP单独预测。结论：术后切口感染AA患者病原菌以革兰氏阴性菌为主,术前NLR、PCT、CRP水平升高与AA患者术后切口感染密切相关,三者联合预测AA患者术后切口感染的价值较高。     

On the origin of the Hirudinea and the demise of the Oligochaeta

The phylogenetic relationships of the Clitellata were investigated with a data set of published and new complete 18S rRNA gene sequences of 51 species representing 41 families. Sequences were aligned on the basis of a secondary structure model and analysed with maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood. In contrast to the latter method, parsimony did not recover the monophyly of Clitellata. However, a close scrutiny of the data suggested a spurious attraction between some polychaetes and clitellates. As a rule, molecular trees are closely aligned with morphology-based phylogenies. Acanthobdellida and Euhirudinea were reconciled in their traditional Hirudinea clade and were included in the Oligochaeta with the Branchiobdellida via the Lumbriculidae as a possible link between the two assemblages. While the 18S gene yielded a meaningful historical signal for determining relationships within clitellates, the exact position of Hirudinea and Branchiobdellida within oligochaetes remained unresolved. The lack of phylogenetic signal is interpreted as evidence for a rapid radiation of these taxa. The placement of Clitellata within the Polychaeta remained unresolved. The biological reality of polytomies within annelids is suggested and supports the hypothesis of an extremely ancient radiation of polychaetes and emergence of clitellates.     

On the ontogeny of the haptor and the evolution of the Monogenea

Data on the ontogeny of the posterior haptor of monogeneans were obtained from more than 150 publications and summarised. These data were plotted into diagrams showing evolutionary capacity levels based on the theory of a progressive evolution of marginal hooks, anchors and other attachment components of the posterior haptor in the Monogenea (Malmberg, 1986). 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks are assumed to be the most primitive monogenean haptoral condition. Thus the diagrams were founded on a 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hook evolutionary capacity level, and the evolutionary capacity levels of anchors and other haptoral attachement components were arranged according to haptoral ontogenetical sequences. In the final plotting diagram data on hosts, type of spermatozoa, oncomiracidial ciliation, sensilla pattern and protonephridial systems were also included. In this way a number of correlations were revealed. Thus, for example, the number of 5 + 5 marginal hooks correlates with the most primitive monogenean type of spermatozoon and with few sensillae, many ciliated cells and a simple protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium. On the basis of the reviewed data it is concluded that the ancient monogeneans with 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks were divided into two main lines, one retaining unhinged marginal hooks and the other evolving hinged marginal hooks. Both main lines have recent representatives at different marginal hook evolutionary capacity levels, i.e. monogeneans retaining a haptor with only marginal hooks. For the main line with hinged marginal hooks the name Articulon-choinea n. subclass is proposed. Members with 8 + 8 hinged marginal hooks only are here called Proanchorea n. superord. Monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks only are here called Ananchorea n. superord. and three new families are erected for its recent members: Anonchohapteridae n. fam., Acolpentronidae n. fam. and Anacanthoridae n. fam. (with 7 + 7, 8 + 8 and 9 + 9 unhinged marginal hooks, respectively). Except for the families of Articulonchoinea (e.g. Acanthocotylidae, Gyrodactylidae, Tetraonchoididae) Bychowsky's (1957) division of the Monogenea into the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea fits the proposed scheme, i.e. monogeneans with unhinged marginal hooks form one old group, the Oligonchoinea, which have 5 + 5 unhinged marginal hooks, and the other group form the Polyonchoinea, which (with the exception of the Hexabothriidae) has a greater number (7 + 7, 8 + 8 or 9 + 9) of unhinged marginal hooks. It is proposed that both these names, Oligonchoinea (sensu mihi) and Polyonchoinea (sensu mihi), will be retained on one side and Articulonchoinea placed on the other side, which reflects the early monogenean evolution. Except for the members of Ananchorea [Polyonchoinea], all members of the Oligonchoinea and Polyonchoinea have anchors, which imply that they are further evolved, i.e. have passed the 5 + 5 marginal hook evolutionary capacity level (Malmberg, 1986). There are two main types of anchors in the Monogenea: haptoral anchors, with anlages appearing in the haptor, and peduncular anchors, with anlages in the peduncle. There are two types of haptoral anchors: peripheral haptoral anchors, ontogenetically the oldest, and central haptoral anchors. Peduncular anchors, in turn, are ontogenetically younger than peripheral haptoral anchors. There may be two pairs of peduncular anchors: medial peduncular anchors, ontogentically the oldest, and lateral peduncular anchors. Only peduncular (not haptoral) anchors have anchor bars. Monogeneans with haptoral anchors are here called Mediohaptanchorea n. superord. and Laterohaptanchorea n. superord. or haptanchoreans. All oligonchoineans and the oldest polyonchoineans are haptanchoreans. Certain members of Calceostomatidae [Polyonchoinea] are the only monogeneans with both (peripheral) haptoral and peduncular anchors (one pair). These monogeneans are here called Mixanchorea n. superord. Polyonchoineans with peduncular anchors and unhinged marginal hooks are here called the Pedunculanchorea n. superord. The most primitive pedunculanchoreans have only one pair of peduncular anchors with an anchor bar, while the most advanced have both medial and lateral peduncular anchors; each pair having an anchor bar. Certain families of the Articulonchoinea, the Anchorea n. superord., also have peduncular anchors (parallel evolution): only one family, the Sundanonchidae n. fam., has both medial and lateral peduncular anchors, each anchor pair with an anchor bar. Evolutionary lines from different monogenean evolutionary capacity levels are discussed and a new system of classification for the Monogenea is proposed.In agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. EditorIn agreeing to publish this article, I recognise that its contents are controversial and contrary to generally accepted views on monogenean systematics and evolution. I have anticipated a reaction to the article by inviting senior workers in the field to comment upon it: their views will be reported in a future issue of this journal. Editor