生态足迹理论方法的改进及应用

针对生态足迹理论关于耕地一年只耕种一次的假设,对生态足迹方法中的耕地类足迹用复种指数进行调整,使计算得到的耕地类足迹是人们所需要的耕地面积而不是复种面积.用改进的方法,对江苏省滨海县和阜宁县两个区域生态经济系统1995—2003年的情况进行了分析.结果表明:在1995—2003年,采用Wackernagel方法,滨海和阜宁的人均生态足迹分别由1.79hm2、1.38hm2增加为2.22hm2、2.81hm2,生态足迹中耕地足迹的比重分别由42.65%、45.73%下降为38.81%、38.85%;采用改进后的方法,滨海和阜宁的人均生态足迹则分别由1.43hm2、1.12hm2增加为1.88hm2、2.43hm2,生态足迹中耕地足迹的比重分别由28.45%、32.94%下降为22.89%、29.42%.表明采用改进后的方法所计算得到的生态足迹为土地面积,增强了生态足迹与生态承载力的可比性;使得生态足迹的大小及构成发生变化,更能准确表征人类对自然资源的利用程度.     

生态网络分析与模拟的软件系统ASSEN及其应用

生态网络分析是研究生态网络的理论和方法,ＡＳＳＥＮ（ｔｈｅＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓａｎｄｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎＳｙｓｔｅｍｆｏＥｃｏｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ）是生态网络分析和模拟的软件系统,本文在简述生态网络分析基本方法的基础上,介绍了ＡＳＳＥＮ的结构和功能,并利用ＡＳＳＥＮ对一个简单水流生态网络进行了分析和模拟。     

景观生态安全格局的算法改进与应用

景观安全格局是一种有效的生物保护途径, 其构建应以生物运动的生态过程为基础。本文基于最小累积阻力模型, 运用效用公式法对景观安全格局中的缓冲区识别方法进行探索, 运用梯度算法对生态廊道(源间联结和辐射道)的识别方法进行了改进。结果表明, 在缓冲边界外的低阻力区且与源有一定距离但适合目标保护物种生存的生境孤岛可作为源的潜在区, 缓冲区边界内的高阻力区且与源距离较近但不适合目标保护物种生存的区域则可划分为生态修复区, 在生态廊道上与高阻力点交叉部分可识别为生态修复关键点。以武陵源风景名胜区为例, 构建了以猕猴(Macaca mulatta)为目标保护物种的景观安全格局, 建立了以4个离散分布的猕猴栖息地为源及其3个潜在区为补充的核心保护区域, 划定了多条辐射道和源间联结以改善栖息地之间的连通性, 并识别出了多个生态修复关键点。本文对景观安全格局中缓冲区和生态廊道的识别方法进行了改进, 在武陵源风景名胜区猕猴保护中的运用也具有生物保护上的实践价值。     

千里香生长区的气候要素分析与分区——应用模糊相似优先比方法

千里香(Murraya paniculata)在中国分布于华南,西南地区。本文应用模糊相似优先比法,对千里香的33个生长区的7个气候要素进行分析,以各气候要素在主分量分析中负荷量作为权数,计算了各生长区对7个气候要素相似程序号与加权序号和、据此将33个生长区划分为三个区域。     

生态修复工程条件下污染河流水质模拟和应用

生态工程是改善河流水质的重要手段,利用数学模型可以有效模拟水环境治理和预测生态修复工程效益.本文根据实际河流资料,应用WASP水质模型进行建模和验证,模拟和评估了河流的主要化学参数,进而研究了人工湿地和曝气复氧对河流水质的生态改善作用.结果表明: WASP水质模拟结果与实测水质数据拟合良好,可以对不同生态修复情景方案进行预测分析.合理减排、人工湿地、曝气复氧均可以降低河流水体中的污染物浓度、有效改善水质.在人工湿地系统中增加曝气复氧装置,将进一步提升河流水体的生态修复效率.以吉林省伊通河曝气条件下的人工湿地工程为例,分析了其生态修复效率.结果表明: 夏季的污染物去除效果最好,可能的原因为夏季气温较高,水体中的微生物活性较强.本研究对于污染河流环境的生态修复工程设计和运行具有指导意义.     

熵权模糊综合评价法在城市生态安全评价中的应用

为了拓新城市复合生态系统生态安全评价方法的研究,根据压力-状态-响应模型,构建了一个有3个要素和33项具体指标的城市生态安全水平度量的指标体系,并运用客观的熵权法赋权、模糊综合评价法以及划分的等级标准对我国5个经济发达城市的生态安全水平进行量化分析.结果表明,苏州市和北京市对“较安全”级别的隶属度最大,分别为0.376和0.286;深圳市、上海市和广州市则处于“临界安全”状态.另外,深圳市具有较大的系统压力,苏州市的系统状态和系统响应表现最优.与其它评价方法相比,该方法评价过程简易,结果定量和相对客观可信.     

生态足迹改进方法及其在区域可持续发展研究中的应用

生态足迹法是一种度量可持续发展程度的有效方法。本文选用传统生态足迹法及其改进方法——\"实际土地需求法\",结合遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术对岷江上游地区1982—2000年的可持续发展状况进行了时间动态分析。结果表明:研究区的人均消费生态足迹在研究时间段内呈缓慢上升趋势;实际土地需求法计算结果小于生态足迹法。1982—1998年,研究区每年向外输出大量木材,木材足迹与消费足迹计算结果相似。虽然生态承载力大于实际土地需求,但其呈明显下降趋势,表明研究区的资源利用方式并不合理,生态环境一直朝着不可持续的方向发展。1998年开始实施的\"天然林保护工程\"的生态作用对研究区生态承载力的作用尚未显现,应进行进一步的跟踪研究。     

神经电路广义模糊逻辑骨架及其在视皮层神经系统模拟中的应用

大规模神经系统的非线性动力学特性分析是一件十分困难的工作. 本研究试图通过对神经细胞的动力学方程的研究, 探讨神经细胞的模糊逻辑骨架, 再由细胞的模糊逻辑骨架探讨神经系统的动力学特性与系统功能. 模糊逻辑与神经系统有密切的联系, 已有大量的文章报道这方面研究, 但是这类研究主要针对如何把模糊逻辑与神经网络的功能相结合产生具有一定控制或分类能力的系统. 与这些研究不同, 本研究是想把模糊逻辑作为研究非线性动力学的工具. 本文提出了模糊逻辑骨架的概念, 这样架构一个具有某种功能的神经系统就变得非常简便. 用这种方式构建了模拟初级视皮层功能的系统, 这个系统比一些已知的类似系统具有更多的功能.     

加拿大的保护区系统

加拿大及其保护区系统在国际自然保护界居领先地位。这个世界第三大保护区系统[3] 具有 4个主要的层次 :国家级、省 /地区级、区域级和地方级。其子系统也有跨两个以上层次的 ,还有的成为国际遗产组织的成员。本文拟对这一庞大而有序的保护区系统进行分析研究。1　国家系统加拿大的国家级自然保护区系统主要有 :由加拿大文化遗产部的加拿大公园局管理的国家公园和国家海洋保护区 ,由加拿大环境部的加拿大野生动植物保护局管理的国家候鸟禁猎区和国家野生动植物保护区 ,由国家首都委员会管理的国家首都保护地。这些系统形成加拿大国家级保护…     

Simulation Performance of a Non-Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics Method Using Density Difference as Driving Force

Abstract

The simulation performance of two NEMD algorithms, the constant density difference (DD) and the constant chemical potential difference (CPD) methods, has been compared in fluctuations of molar flux for He and CH₄ permeation across the ZSM-5 membrane. The CPD method and the DD method are found to give almost the same performance; however, the former seems slightly superior to the latter in terms of low fluctuations of molar flux though the former needs more CPU time than the latter. An advantage of the DD method is that it can simulate the mixed-gas permeation through a membrane under the specification of high and low pressures and the composition of feed gas. It is shown that the density profile of permeating gas could provide important information about the relative resistance at the entrance, inside, and exit regions for permeation.     

Spatial Distribution and Uncertainty Assessment of Potential Ecological Risks of Heavy Metals in Soil Using Sequential Gaussian Simulation

The objective of this study is to assess the spatial distribution and uncertainty of the potential ecological risks of heavy metals in soil using sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) and the Hakanson potential ecological risk index (PERI). We collected 130 soil samples in an area of 150 km² in the High-Tech Park of Wuhan, China, and measured the concentrations of five heavy metals in soil (i.e., Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn). We then simulated the spatial distribution of each heavy metal using SGS, and calculated Hakanson PERIs for individual metals and multiple metals based on the simulated realizations. The spatial uncertainty of the Cd PERI and its occurrence probabilities in different risk grades were further assessed. Results show that the potential ecological risks of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn are relatively low in the study area, but Cd indeed reaches a serious level that deserves much attention and essential treatment. The total PERI of multiple heavy metals indicates a moderate grade in most of the study area. In general, combining SGS and the Hakanson PERI appears to be an effective method for evaluating the potential ecological risks of heavy metals in soil and the priority areas for remediation.     

用AHP方法筛选最优林-胶-椒模式

一、引言海南地处热带北缘,阳光充足,热量丰富,雨量充沛,发展热带作物多层栽培,具有得天独厚的自然条件。近年来,立体农业在海南垦区有了较大的发展。在橡胶园内间种胡椒已成为立体农业主要模式之一。与其它间种模式比较,该模式具有投资大、见效快、经济效益高、劳动容量大的特点,目前全垦区间种胡     

Simulation Studies of Vestibular Macular Afferent-Discharge Patterns Using a New, Quasi-3-D Finite Volume Method

A quasi-three-dimensional finite-volume numerical simulator was developed to study passive voltage spread in vestibular macular afferents. The method, borrowed from computational fluid dynamics, discretizes events transpiring in small volumes over time. The afferent simulated had three calyces with processes. The number of processes and synapses, and direction and timing of synapse activation, were varied. Simultaneous synapse activation resulted in shortest latency, while directional activation (proximal to distal and distal to proximal) yielded most regular discharges. Color-coded visualizations showed that the simulator discretized events and demonstrated that discharge produced a distal spread of voltage from the spike initiator into the ending. The simulations indicate that directional input, morphology, and timing of synapse activation can affect discharge properties, as must also distal spread of voltage from the spike initiator. The finite volume method has generality and can be applied to more complex neurons to explore discrete synaptic effects in four dimensions.     

北方农家屋顶养绿萍技术及生态经济效益

北方农家屋顶养绿萍技术及生态经济效益安淑苹（中国科学院石家庄农业现代化研究所,０５００２１）ＴｈｅＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌａｎｄＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃａｌＢｅｎｅｆｉｔｓｏｆＣｕｌｔｉｖａｔｉｎｇＡｚｏｌａｆｉｌｉｃｕｌｏｉｄｅｓｏｎｔｈｅＲｏｏｆｔｏｐｉｎｔ...     

鼢鼠阴道内异物与种群自然调节研究初报

鼢鼠阴道内异物与种群自然调节研究初报曹志东（甘肃省定西地区种草养畜中心,７４３０００）ＡＰｒｅｌｉｍｉｎａｒｙＲｅｐｏｒｔｏｆｔｈｅＦｏｒｅｉｇｎＢｏｄｙｉｎｔｈｅＶａｇｉｎａｏｆＭｙｏｓｐａｌａｘａｎｄｔｈｅＮａｔｕｒａｌＲｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔ...     

Bioaccessibility-Based Risk Assessment of PAHs in Soils from Sites of Different Anthropogenic Activities in Lagos,Nigeria Using the Fed Organic Estimation Human Simulation Test Method

The aim of this study was to carry out a bioaccessibility-based risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils from sites of different anthropogenic activities in Lagos, Nigeria. Using an in vitro gastrointestinal model—Fed Organic Estimation Human Simulation Test method (FOREShT), the concentration of bioaccessible 16 priority US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) PAHs in soils were determined. Total concentration of 16 priority USEPA PAHs was also determined. The concentration range was 702–253,922 ng g^?1 and 92–760 ng g^?1 for total and bioaccessible PAHs, respectively. For persons involved with activities at these sites no health risks were observed, based on bioaccessibility values of PAHs. Mean daily intake of PAHs from these soils were below the oral mean daily intake threshold for PAHs in food. Also, overall estimated theoretical cancer risk (2.5 × 10^?09, 6.5 × 10^?07, 5.5 × 10^?10, 2.7 × 10^?09, 6.5 × 10^?10, 9.5 × 10^?10, 2.0 × 10^?09, and 4.1 × 10^?07 for the eight sites based on their bioaccessible concentration) for exposure to PAHs in surface soils were below the health guidelines for extreme (1 × 10^?04) and normal (1 × 10^?06) exposures.     

Ecological compensation of the impacts of a road. Preliminary method for the A50 road link (Eindhoven-Oss, The Netherlands)

After years of efforts to avoid or reduce the impact of infrastructure projects on nature, the principle of ecological compensation has been incorporated in Dutch governmental policy. Ecological compensation aims to recover those ecological functions and natural values that still remain affected after maximum effort has been made to reduce the impact of the intervention (mitigation). The accepted aim of current policy is thus no-net-loss of area and quality by means of mitigative and compensatory measures. As part of the planning process for construction of a stretch of road in The Netherlands, viz., the A50 road link in the province of North Brabant, a Nature Compensation Plan (NCP) was required to be drawn up. This work has recently been completed by the Regional Directorate of Public Works and Water Management, the initiator of the intervention. The NCP, initially presented as a Draft Plan, was drawn up by the Regional Directorate using a preliminary method designed by the Centre of Environmental Science of Leiden University for deriving compensatory measures. After an opportunity for public comment, the Draft Plan was revised to form a Final NCP. This article describes, firstly, the preliminary method for deriving ecological compensatory measures. The method starts by quantifying the effects of habitat loss, habitat disturbance (by changes in noise emissions, in the water table and in outdoor recreational patterns), barrier action and fauna casualties. Following mitigation of impacts on nature, compensation for non-mitigable effects focuses successively on area size, derived from the impacts on breeding birds, and on area quality, derived from the habitat requirements of the vegetation and fauna groups affected by the road. Guidelines for identifying appropriate locations for compensation are also formulated. Secondly, the compensation method is applied to calculate the mitigative and compensatory measures for the A50 trajectory between Eindhoven and Oss. Thirdly, two comparisons are made: the Draft NCP is compared with the results of the preliminary method, and the Draft and the Final NCP are compared with one another in order to identify the role of the interest groups that played a major role in commenting on the Draft Plan. Finally, realization of the compensatory measures and development of the preliminary method itself are discussed. On the basis of the experience with the A50 case study, a more robust compensation method for road projects is to be developed.     

An Efficient Transformation Method to Regenerate a High Number of Transgenic Plants Using a New Embryogenic Line of Medicago truncatula cv. Jemalong

A simple and efficient regeneration–transformation method was established to obtain transgenic plants of the model legume Medicago truncatula cv. Jemalong. This method takes advantage of a new highly embryogenic line (M9-10a) isolated in our laboratory. Leaflets of in vitro grown M9-10a plants were co-cultured with Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105. Plasmid constructs containing the oat arginine decarboxylase gene, Adc and the GUS reporter gene (p35SAdc–Gus) or ELIP-like drought stress protein 22 (DSP22) encoding gene from Craterostigma plantagineum (p35SDsp22) were used. Both constructs include the nptII gene as selection marker. Embryogenic calli (100–97%) were obtained on embryo induction medium containing 100 mg l ^–1 kanamycin and 500 mg l^–1 carbenicillin. Using a two-fold increase in kanamycin concentration, instead of 50 mg l^–1 usually used, we reduced the number of emerging false kanamycin-resistant (Kan^R) embryos, which is an important improvement to the method, making it less laborious and very efficient. Isolation of late torpedo/cotyledonary-stage embryos to lower carbenicillin/agar media reduced secondary embryogenesis and prevents hyperhydricity, improving embryo conversion. Primary transformants (T₀) were regenerated within 3–4 months and those that were able to root in a 50 mg l^–1 kanamycin medium were transferred to the greenhouse to produce seeds. Southern blot hybridisation analysis confirmed the integration of either the Adc or Dsp22 transgenes in the genome of the T₀ transformants. Detection of -glucuronidase (GUS) activity in Adc–Gus T₀ plants demonstrated the expression of the inserted transgene. In average, 1–2 independent transgenic lines are obtained per Kan^R embryogenic callus, independently of the plasmid construct used for transformation. Inheritance of the transgenes is shown to be stable in the T₁ generation.Both authors contributed equally to this work.