内蒙古巴彦淖尔地区向日葵螟的种群动态与生活史

为了制定科学、有效的向日葵螟Homoeosoma nebulellum Denis et Schiffermüller（鳞翅目：螟蛾科）测报和防治对策,通过野外调查和室内饲养观察对内蒙古巴彦淖尔地区向日葵螟的发生为害规律及生活史进行了研究。结果表明：当地向日葵螟的寄主有菊科的向日葵Helianthus annuus L.、茼蒿Chrysanthemum coronarium Mill.、刺儿菜Cephalanoplos segetum（Beg.） Kitam和苣荬菜Sonchus brachyotus DC.,其中苣荬菜作为向日葵螟的寄主在我国是首次报道。应用性信息素监测结合田间调查的结果表明,当地向日葵螟一年发生2代,其中越冬幼虫4月下旬开始化蛹,5月中旬开始羽化,但此时羽化的成虫由于缺乏开花寄主而无法产卵为害。第1代幼虫在6月末为害茼蒿、7月下旬开始为害开花的向日葵。第1代幼虫于7月下旬开始羽化产卵形成第2代,其中有9.2%的老熟幼虫直接滞育越冬。第2代幼虫自8月中旬起为害晚开花的向日葵,9月中旬老熟后陆续入土越冬,至10月上旬收获时仍有30.0%的幼虫未老熟而随收获的葵花盘转至筛选出的杂质中越冬。在24℃,RH 70%和L16∶D8光照条件下测定第2代向日葵螟卵、幼虫和蛹的发育历期分别为4.2、15.9和11.1 d,雌、雄蛾寿命分别为14.9 d和15.1 d.综合观察结果,绘制了巴彦淖尔地区向日葵螟的生活史表。     

河南信阳地区茶毛虫发生代数研究

通过连续4年的调查研究表明,茶毛虫Euproctis pseudoconspersa Strand在河南信阳茶区年发生3代,而不是过去认为的每年发生2代。第1、2、3代幼虫分别在4月中旬至5月下旬、6月下旬至7月下旬、8月中旬至9月下旬为害茶树。     

东方胎球蚧的生物学特性及防治

东方胎球蚧在长春年生1代,以2龄若虫固着在二年生枝条的芽腋、分枝和不光滑处群集越冬。3月末至4月初开始活动为害。越冬若虫为害盛期为4月下旬至6月初。此时虫体明显膨大。5月下旬至6月上旬为成虫期和卵盛期。7月初起当年若虫自介壳下爬出分散转移到叶片、叶炳和嫩枝上为害,老虫共2龄。调查未见雄虫,均行孤雌生殖。主要天敌有黑缘红飘虫和一种寄生性小峰。当前生产上可在若虫越冬后为害盛期前和当年若虫出壳分散期。因地制宜地用有机磷或合成菊酯类杀虫剂进行常规喷雾。防治效果均较好。     

茴香薄翅野螟生物学的研究

茴香薄翅野螟是黑龙江省油菜和十字花科蔬菜的一种害虫,幼虫蛀食果荚、籽粒。1年2代,以幼虫在土中结茧越冬。第二年5月中下旬开始化蛹,6月羽化。6月中旬至7月上旬是第一代幼虫危害期,第二代幼虫发生于8月。幼虫有吐丝结网习性,成虫羽化当天即可交配产卵,卵产在嫩角果或柄上。成虫有趋光性,寿命4—16天。     

祁连山林区云杉梢斑螟生物学特性及防治调查

云杉梢斑螟以幼虫危害青海云杉新生的树梢和嫩叶,以1龄幼虫在当年新梢基部和针叶中越冬。次年5月中旬开始活动并危害新梢,6月中旬化蛹,6月底始见成虫,7月上旬末、中旬初达羽化高峰。7月中旬为产卵盛期。7月下旬幼虫孵化,幼虫轻微危害后于9月中、下旬进入越冬状态。6月中旬,用3%高渗苯氧威喷雾,防治效果均在90%以上;用森得保可湿性粉剂喷雾,防治效果85%以上;羽化期可利用黑光灯诱杀成虫。     

甜菜夜蛾为害芦笋

<正> 甜菜夜蛾 Laphygma exigua(Hubner)是一种杂食性害虫。笔者自1987年以来在江西对芦笋病虫害发生情况进行了田间调查,发现甜菜夜蛾是芦笋最主要的害虫。该虫在临川县芦笋田约发生5代。第1代发生在5月下旬至6月中下旬,虫量少,为害轻。第2代在6月下旬     

梧桐木虱生物学及其防治

梧桐木虱ThysanogynaLimbtaEnddeyein又名青桐木虱,为单食性害虫,仅为害梧桐（青桐入近年来,此虫为害日趋严重,造成幼树落叶,花枝枯死,花蕾脱落。若虫分泌蜡丝,墙塞叶面气孔,同时污染环境,并招致寄生烟煤病。！生活史该由每年发生2代,少数可发生3代,以卵在枝端、鳞芽的苞叶上、幼树树干或疤痕及糙皮中越冬。越冬卵4月下旬至5月上旬孵化,低温年份可延至5月中下旬。5月下旬至6月上中旬是若虫为害高峰期。第一代成虫发生较为整齐,6月上旬始见,高峰为6月下旬至7月上旬。此期间,被害花蕾脱落达65％以上,花枝枯死,叶面烟煤病大…     

苏北盐海垦区稻飞虱种群的发生特点

<正> 稻飞虱在苏北盐海垦区,大发生频率高,为害严重,并具有独特的发生特点。本文根据1983～1991年的调查资料,简报如下。 一、田间种群消长动态 9年调查资料(如表1)表明,白背飞虱So-gatella furcifera(Horvath)成虫一般在6月中旬前后始见,特早年份5月下旬就有少量成虫迁入。主要迁入峰一般出现在6月下旬至7月下旬,迁入峰次较多,一般3～6个。白背飞虱若虫高峰期一般出现在7月底至8月15日     

襄北地区焦条丽夜蛾发生规律及防治初报

焦条丽夜蛾Aconti graellsi F.是襄阳专区近五年来新发展的一种棉花中后期的食叶大害虫。为了摸清该虫的发生规律,1962年我们在襄北地区进行了田间调查和室内饲养观察,现将部分结果初步整理报导如下。 一、发生规律 1.发生与为害 据1962午观察,焦条丽夜蛾在襄北地区一年可发生四代。第一代幼虫盛期在5月下旬及6月下旬;第二代在7月上旬至8月上旬;第三代在8月上旬至9月上旬;第四代在8月下旬至9月中旬。第一、四两代主要为害商麻;第二、三两代主要为害棉花;尤以第三代数量最多,为害甚巨。 2.消长规律初步分析 (1)与气象因子的关系:从调查结果可以看出,焦条丽夜蛾卵量消长与温度、湿度和雨量有着一定关系,尤以雨量关系较为密切。由     

向日葵螟成虫种群消长动态和空间分布型

为了科学指导应用播期避害、性诱剂诱捕成虫和田间释放天敌昆虫-赤眼蜂防治向日葵螟,确定最佳防治时期和选择最佳防治方法,2009—2011年,在内蒙古巴彦淖尔市利用向日葵螟Homoeosoma nebulellum(Denis et Schiffermüller)性诱剂进行了向日葵螟田间种群动态和空间分布型的研究。结果表明,向日葵螟成虫每年5月中旬始见,直到9月底,一年有两个明显的成虫蛾峰期,第1个蛾峰期出现在6月下旬至7月上旬,第2个蛾峰期在7月下旬至8月中旬,当地向日葵1年受到两代幼虫的危害,而且开花期与向日葵螟两个蛾峰期吻合度越高,向日葵受葵螟幼虫的危害越重;通过应用5种聚集度指数测定和Blackith种群聚集均数λ分析,向日葵螟成虫在田间呈聚集分布,聚集主要由向日葵螟自身行为及环境因素引起。根据成虫动态和空间分布型,可以科学指导应用播期避害、性诱剂诱捕器和释放天敌昆虫的最佳时期及方式。     

Anthropology and genetics of the caucasus peoples and the problem of the origin of the caucasoids

The electrophoretical polymorphisms of some blood proteins were studied in the Talysh population of Pirasora situated in South-East Azerbaidjan. We calculated the gene frequencies of these polymorphisms and determined the genetic distances between the Talyshes and some Iranian populations of North, Central and South Iran, Afghans, and three populations of Azerbaijan. The Talyshes are very close to Iranians of Shiraz, whereas they are distant from the Azerbaijanians. Anthropological investigations showed that the Caucasoids and Mongoloids lived in the Aragvi Basin since the Eneolithic period. This was stated by Alexeev (1974), who emphasized the mixture of the Caucasus populations from ancient times on. We calculated the genetic distances between the Caucasus populations and numerous populations of other geographic regions, considering 28 alleles of 12 loci of blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms and constructed the dendrogram of these populations. The position of the Caucasus populations in the dendrogram corresponds on principle to the earlier anthropological observations. The clustering of the Caucasoid populations corresponds completely with anthropological and historical data, and supports our earlier hypothesis (Nazarova 1999) concerning the differentiation of Caucasoids, Northern Mongoloids and Amerinds from the populations, which inhabitated Asia in palaeolithic times.     

On the structure and dynamics of the complex of the nucleosome and the linker histone

Several different models of the linker histone (LH)–nucleosome complex have been proposed, but none of them has unambiguously revealed the position and binding sites of the LH on the nucleosome. Using Brownian dynamics-based docking together with normal mode analysis of the nucleosome to account for the flexibility of two flanking 10 bp long linker DNAs (L-DNA), we identified binding modes of the H5-LH globular domain (GH5) to the nucleosome. For a wide range of nucleosomal conformations with the L-DNA ends less than 65 Å apart, one dominant binding mode was identified for GH5 and found to be consistent with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments. GH5 binds asymmetrically with respect to the nucleosomal dyad axis, fitting between the nucleosomal DNA and one of the L-DNAs. For greater distances between L-DNA ends, docking of GH5 to the L-DNA that is more restrained and less open becomes favored. These results suggest a selection mechanism by which GH5 preferentially binds one of the L-DNAs and thereby affects DNA dynamics and accessibility and contributes to formation of a particular chromatin fiber structure. The two binding modes identified would, respectively, favor a tight zigzag chromatin structure or a loose solenoid chromatin fiber.     

Kinematics and dynamics of the temporomandibular joint and of the movements of the mandible

In order to analyze the complicated movements of the mandible as the open-closing movement and the protrusio are, it is useful to evaluate the basic kinematic principles and reduce them to simple technical constructions. Both the open-closing movement and the protrusio could be reduced to 4-bar links, which were used to simulate the movements with help of a computer. Besides, the polodes and the curves of points in the muscular attachments could be constructed. The 2 entirely different 4-bar links have 3 things in common: The resting system - cranium, the moving system - mandibula, and 1 of the 2 arms connecting these 2 systems - the ligamentum laterale. As this ligament is taut during movements it can be considered a "guiding ligament" representing 1 of the 3 determining components of the mandibular movements. The other of the 2 arms has no anatomical equivalent; this arm, however, is "replaced" by the 2 other determining components of the mandibular movements: the joint and the muscles. The curves, which the Caput mandibulae describes, are practically identical for the open-closing movement and the protrusio despite of the different 4-bar links and these curves exactly correspond to the Discus articularis, taut by the upper part of the M. pterygoideus lateralis. The muscles do not only just move the mandibula, but they are also the component, which can choose between the different mandibular movements. By means of the curves, which points in the muscular attachments describe, the function of the masticatory muscles could be analyzed exactly.     

Biophysics and Structure of the Patch and the Gigaseal

Interpreting channel behavior in patches requires an understanding of patch structure and dynamics, especially in studies of mechanosensitive channels. High resolution optical studies show that patch formation occurs via blebbing that disrupts normal membrane structure and redistributes in situ components including ion channels. There is a 1-2 μm region of the seal below the patch where proteins are excluded and this may consist of extracted lipids that form the gigaseal. Patch domes often have complex geometries with inhomogeneous stresses due to the membrane-glass adhesion energy (E_a), cytoskeletal forces, and possible lipid subdomains. The resting tension in the patch dome ranges from 1-4 mN/m, a significant fraction of the lytic tension of a bilayer (∼10 mN/m). Thus, all patch experiments are conducted under substantial, and uneven, resting tension that may alter the kinetics of many channels. E_a seems dominated by van der Waals attraction overlaid with a normally repulsive Coulombic force. High ionic strength pipette saline increased E_a and, surprisingly, increased cytoskeletal rigidity in cell-attached patches. Low pH pipette saline also increased E_a and reduced the seal selectivity for cations, presumably by neutralizing the membrane surface charge. The seal is a negatively charged, cation selective, space with a resistance of ∼7 gigohm/μm in 100 mM KCl, and the high resistivity of the space may result from the presence of high viscosity glycoproteins. Patches creep up the pipette over time with voltage independent and voltage dependent components. Voltage-independent creep is expected from the capillary attraction of E_a and the flow of fresh lipids from the cell. Voltage-dependent creep seems to arise from electroosmosis in the seal. Neutralization of negative charges on the seal membrane with low pH decreased the creep rate and reversed the direction of creep at positive pipette potentials.     

Serology and systematics of the Ebenales and the Theales

The systematic position ofthe Ebenaceae, Sapotaceae, Styracaceae, Ochnaceae, Stachyuraceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae has been investigated using serological comparisons of sets of antigenic determinants. The results show that the Sytracaceae and Sapotaceae are undoubtedly more closely associated with the Actinidiaeceae and Theaceae, respectively, than with each other. We found no corresponding determinants betnween antigen systems from the Ebenaceae and systems from any other family whose relations to this family have been proposed. As discovered previously, investigations of antigen systems from the Ochnaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Stachyuraceae, Clusiaceae and Hypericaceae are against the idea of a natural order “Theales” in which these families, or at least some of them, are combined with the Theaceae and Actinidiaceae. This paper completes our previous investigations which largely support a superorder Ericanae sensu Ehrendorfer and Takhtajan. We propose to include the Actinidiaceae and Theaceae in this superorder, assigning them a central position laong with the Sapotaceae and Sytracaeae on one side and the Primulales and Ericales on the other. Another most interesting finding is that there are corresponding determinants between antigen systems from the members of the Ericanae and representatives of the Polemoniaceae and Loasaceae.     

人类基因组及后基因组研究进展及其应用与开发研究现状

人类对自身基因组的研究,随着人类基因组工作草图的绘制完成和对基因功能研究的深入已加快进入了实质性、关键性的开发利用阶段。本文概述了人类基因组及后基因组的研究进展及依此开展基因治疗及基因（组）药物研制等应用开发研究的现状。     

Comparison of the Effects of Flexion and Extension of the Thumb and Fingers on the Position and Cross-Sectional Area of the Median Nerve

Objective

To assess the separate effects of thumb and finger extension/flexion on median nerve position and cross-sectional area.

Methods

Ultrasonography was used to assess median nerve transverse position and cross-sectional area within the carpal tunnel at rest and its movement during volitional flexion of the individual digits of the hand. Both wrists of 165 normal subjects (11 men, 4 women, mean age, 28.6, range, 22 to 38) were studied.

Results

Thumb flexion resulted in transverse movement of the median nerve in radial direction (1.2±0.6 mm), whereas flexion of the fingers produced transverse movement in ulnar direction, which was most pronounced during flexion of the index and middle fingers (3.2±0.9 and 3.1±1.0 mm, respectively). Lesser but still statistically significant movements were noted with flexion of the ring finger (2.0±0.8 mm) and little finger (1.2±0.5 mm). Flexion of the thumb or individual fingers did not change median nerve cross-sectional area (8.5±1.1 mm²).

Conclusions

Volitional flexion of the thumb and individual fingers, particularly the index and middle fingers, produced significant transverse movement of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel but did not alter the cross-sectional area of the nerve. The importance of these findings on the understanding of the pathogenesis of the carpal tunnel syndrome and its treatment remains to be investigated.     

On the Microanatomy of the Brain and the Innervation and Homologues of the Cephalic Appendages of Hesionidae and Syllidae (Polychaeta)

Abstract Earlier papers dealing with the anatomy of the hesionids and syllids were studied. Thereby it was found that information about the structure of the central nervous system was meagre. As a result, the anterior end appendages, especially the large, laterloventral ones of the Syllidae, have been differently interpreted. This prompted a re-investigation. The circum-oesophageal connectives, the brain commissures and the innervation of the alimentary canal and the cephalic appendages of a number of hesionid and syllid species were studied. The results, summarized in schematic diagrams, were compared with corresponding observations in other polychaete families. Among other things, it was concluded that not only the latero-ventral cephalic appendages of the hesionids but also those of the syllids are homologous with the palps of the nereids and of many other “errant” and “sedentary” families.