火麻仁挥发油的化学成分研究

本文采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取传统中药火麻仁中的挥发油,用GC毛细管柱进行分析,面积归一化法测定其相对含量,并用GC-MS鉴定其化学成分.共检出90个色谱峰,鉴定其中62个化合物,占挥发油总量的89 25%.鉴定的成分包括44种烃类化合物、7种芳香族化合物和11种脂肪族化合物及其衍生物.烃类化合物中以萜类为主,占挥发油总量的32.01%,相对含量较高的单萜及其衍生物包括β-芳樟醇(1.66%)、β-顺式-罗勒烯(1.30%)、樟脑(0.93%)、冰片和薄荷醇(0.44%);相对含量较高的倍半萜及其衍生物包括大牦牛儿烯 D(8.20%)、α-芹子烯(5.23%)、β-丁香烯(3.65%)、氧化石竹烯(2.22%)、δ-愈创木烯(1.55%)和α-丁香烯(1.19%).     

柔毛路边青挥发性成分研究

目的：研究柔毛路边青(Herba gei)挥发油成分,为有效控制中成药蓝止安脑胶囊质量及中药二次开发提供理论依据。方法：利用水蒸气蒸馏法提取柔毛路边青挥发油,用GC／MS进行分离测定,结合计算机检索技术对分离的化合物进行结构鉴定,应用色谱峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对百分含量。结果：分离出59个成分,确定了43个化合物,占挥发油总量的87．51％。结论：柔毛路边青挥发油成分大于5％的为α-蒎烯10．73％,松金娘烷醇13．63％,松金娘烯醛7．19％,松金娘烯醇5．03％,二环[3,1,1,]-6,6-二甲基-3-亚甲基庚烷6．83％,丁子香酚15．82％。其中含量最高的物质为丁子香酚。     

芙蓉菊挥发油的成分分析

用水蒸气蒸馏法提取芙蓉菊全草中的挥发油,GC-MS分析其化学组成。共检测出232个成分,归一化法分析各成分的相对含量。联机检索鉴定了56个化合物,占挥发油总量的62.59%,主要成分异石竹烯(Isocaryophyllene)的含量高达14.94%。     

蛇苔挥发油化学成分的研究

利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对我国四川省峨嵋山地区蛇苔挥发油的化学成分进行了研究,共鉴定出38种成分,占挥发油成分总量的91．157％,其中单萜、倍半萜类成分较多,顺异丁子香酚的含量最高,占挥发油成分总量的14．4％,并且我们从乙醇浸膏中分离得到了化合物3,4-二甲氧基苯乙烯、β-谷甾醇和胡萝卜苷。     

滨海前胡不同部位挥发油化学成分GC-MS分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法分别提取滨海前胡Peucedanum japonicum根、茎叶、花及果实中挥发油,使用GC-MS分析挥发油并鉴定其化学成分,比较不同部位挥发油的化学成分及含量差异。结果显示,从根、茎叶、花和果实挥发油中分别鉴定出58、36、40和45种化学成分, 分别占各部位挥发油总量的95.60%、98.03%、95.82%和95.36%。四个部位共鉴定出79个化学成分, 其中有相同化合物20种,主要成分为α-侧柏烯、α-蒎烯、β-月桂烯、β-蒎烯等。     

石油菜挥发油和超临界流体萃取物化学成分的GC-MS分析

首次利用水蒸气蒸馏法和超临界流体萃取法(SFE)对石油菜地上部位进行提取,分别获得挥发油和SFE萃取物,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)结合计算机数据库检索对这两种提取物的化学成分进行了分析鉴定,采用峰面积归一化法测定了其中各个化学成分的相对含量。从挥发油中共分离出39个色谱峰,鉴定了其中28个化学成分,已鉴定出的成分的相对含量总和占化合物检出总量的91.90%,化合物类型均为萜类。从SFE萃取物中共分离出136个色谱峰,鉴定了其中65个化学成分,已鉴定出的成分的相对含量总和占化合物检出总量的58.17%,化合物类型包括萜类、芳香族类和脂肪族类。挥发油和SFE萃取物均含有α-蒎烯、石竹烯和桉油烯醇,其他成分则存在较大差异。     

醉香含笑叶挥发油化学成分

应用气相色谱一质谱联用技术对水蒸汽蒸馏法提取的醉香含笑(Michelia maccturei Dandy)叶挥发油的化学成分进行分析.共检出61个峰,鉴定丫其中45个化合物,占挥发油总量的91.41%.其中石竹烯(18.74%)、β-榄香烯(14.56%)、榄香醇(13.14%)、.γ-榄香烯(9.18%)、α-桉叶醇(7.22%)、α-石竹烯(5.20%)和.γ-桉叶醇(4.90%)为主要成分.     

樟树叶挥发性成分研究

通过GC/MS方法,对湖南樟树嫩叶、老叶以及枯叶挥发油的成分和抗氧化性能进行了研究,分析鉴定了其中含量占95%以上的31个化合物.结果表明:嫩叶中以Copaene(28.55%)、石竹烯(25.81%)和α-石竹烯(12.69%)为主要成分;老叶挥发油以芳樟醇含量最高(78.30%);枯叶挥发油主含石竹烯(38.64%...     

湘西辣蓼挥发油化学成分的研究

利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对湘西辣蓼草中的挥发油化学成分进行了研究,共鉴定出53种组分.其主要成分为1-菲兰烯、1-异丙烯基-?-甲基苯、姜烯、α-苎烯、β-石竹烯、α-蒎烯、γ-松油烯、香柠檬烯、律草烯、红没药烯等.其中1-菲兰烯含量最高.约占挥发油总量的14%.     

肿柄菊挥发油的化学成分分析及其化感作用

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取肿柄菊地上部分的挥发油,利用GC-MS技术对肿柄菊地上部分的挥发油进行分析,以假臭草、巴西含羞草、含羞草、蝶豆和鬼针草5种肿柄菊伴生植物为供试植物,用半密闭容器法对肿柄菊挥发油的化感效应进行生物测定。GC-MS分析结果显示,从肿柄菊挥发油中鉴定出50个化合物,占总出峰面积的94.79%,肿柄菊挥发油中主要含有α-蒎烯(63.81%)、柠檬烯(7.07%)、β-石竹烯(4.85%)、双环大香烯(2.95%)、香桧烯(2.78%)、斯巴醇(2.70%)等萜类和醇类化合物,占挥发油总量的94.15%,其中萜类化合物含量占总挥发油的86.01%。生测结果显示,肿柄菊挥发油对5种受试植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长均产生抑制作用,其中对巴西含羞草的抑制作用最为显著,而对含羞草和蝶豆影响较小。说明肿柄菊挥发油在其入侵扩散中发挥一定的化感作用。     

Chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of two Helichrysum species from Tanzania

The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from the aerial parts of Helichrysum cymosum and H. fulgidum, from Tanzania, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. A total of sixty-five compounds, representing 92.4% and 88.2% of the two oils, respectively, were identified. trans-Caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, beta-pinene, p-cymene, spathulenol and beta-bourbonene were found to be the main components. Furthermore, the oils were tested against six gram (+/-) bacteria and three pathogenic fungi. It was found that the oil of H. fulgidum exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, while the oil of H. cymosum was not active at all.     

Chemical composition and larvicidal activity of edible plant‐derived essential oils against the pyrethroid‐susceptible and ‐resistant strains of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

The chemical compositions and larvicidal potential against mosquito vectors of selected essential oils obtained from five edible plants were investigated in this study. Using a GC/MS, 24, 17, 20, 21, and 12 compounds were determined from essential oils of Citrus hystrix, Citrus reticulata, Zingiber zerumbet, Kaempferia galanga, and Syzygium aromaticum, respectively. The principal constituents found in peel oil of C. hystrix were β‐pinene (22.54%) and d‐limonene (22.03%), followed by terpinene‐4‐ol (17.37%). Compounds in C. reticulata peel oil consisted mostly of d‐limonene (62.39%) and γ‐terpinene (14.06%). The oils obtained from Z. zerumbet rhizome had α‐humulene (31.93%) and zerumbone (31.67%) as major components. The most abundant compounds in K. galanga rhizome oil were 2‐propeonic acid (35.54%), pentadecane (26.08%), and ethyl‐p‐methoxycinnamate (25.96%). The main component of S. aromaticum bud oil was eugenol (77.37%), with minor amounts of trans‐caryophyllene (13.66%). Assessment of larvicidal efficacy demonstrated that all essential oils were toxic against both pyrethroid‐susceptible and resistant Ae. aegypti laboratory strains at LC₅₀, LC₉₅, and LC₉₉ levels. In conclusion, we have documented the promising larvicidal potential of essential oils from edible herbs, which could be considered as a potentially alternative source for developing novel larvicides to be used in controlling vectors of mosquito‐borne disease.     

Effects of essential oils on Aedes aegypti larvae: alternatives to environmentally safe insecticides

The essential oils from leaves of Hyptis fruticosa (Lamiaceae) Salzm., H. pectinata (Lamiaceae) Poit., and Lippia gracilis (Verbenaceae) HBK were investigated for their larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti and analyzed by GC/MS. Fifty-nine compounds, representing 91.28-98.39% of the essential oils, have been identified. A standard solution was used to make 20 mL solutions ranging from 30 to 2000 ppm. Twenty larvae between third and fourth stages were added to the essential oil solution. A mortality count was conducted 24 h after treatment. Essential oils LC50 and their confidence limits at 95% probability were calculated by the methods of Reed-Muench and Pizzi, respectively. The essential oil of Lippia gracilis showed potent insecticidal effect against Aedes aegypti larvae, the vector of dengue fever. Carvacrol and caryophyllene oxide were the main responsible for the activity of L. gracilis and H. pectinata. Minor compounds are probably acting synergistically to achieve H. fruticosa activity.     

Essential oils as spatial repellents for the brown marmorated stink bug,Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Stål), native to Northeastern Asia, is a serious invasive pest in the United States, Canada, Switzerland, Germany and France. Several common essential oils and their compositions were tested against BMSBs as potential repellents. All the tested individual essential oils and a ternary oil blend showed significant repellency to both BMSB nymphs and adults. Clove oil, lemongrass oil, spearmint oil, ylang‐ylang oil, and the ternary oil mixture (clove, lemongrass and spearmint) almost completely blocked attraction of BMSBs to the stink bug attractant‐baited traps; whereas wintergreen oil, geranium oil, pennyroyal oil and rosemary oil resulted in 60–85% trap catch reductions. Over 20 BMSB antennally active compounds were identified from SPME headspace samples of the eight repellent essential oils using GC‐EAD and GC‐MS techniques. Among the synthetic EAD‐active compounds tested in the field, eugenol, l‐carvone, p/l‐menthone, pulegone, methyl salicylate, trans/cis‐citral, methyl benzoate and β‐caryophyllene significantly reduced trap catches of BMSBs by 72–99%; these compounds are likely responsible for the repellency of their corresponding essential oils. Surprisingly, a synthetic mixture of the predacious spined soldier bug (SSB) [Podisus maculiventris (Say)] aggregation pheromone (trans‐2‐hexenal, α‐terpineol and benzyl alcohol) also showed a significant inhibition of BMSB response to its attractants. These repellent essential oils and their active compounds, as well as the synthetic SSB pheromone, are potentially useful as part of an efficient, environmentally sound semiochemical‐based IPM programme to combat this serious invasive stink bug.     

Chemical Composition and Phytotoxic Effects of Essential Oils Obtained from Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Cultivated in Tunisia

Ailanthus altissima Mill. Swingle (Simaroubaceae), also known as tree of heaven, is used in the Chinese traditional medicine as a bitter aromatic drug for the treatment of colds and gastric diseases. In Tunisia, Ailanthus altissima is an exotic tree, which was introduced many years ago and used particularly as a street ornamental tree. Here, the essential oils of different plant parts of this tree, viz., roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and samaras (ripe fruits), were obtained by hydrodistillation. In total, 69 compounds, representing 91.0–97.2% of the whole oil composition, were identified in these oils by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. The root essential oil was clearly distinguishable for its high content in aldehydes (hexadecanal ( 1 ); 22.6%), while those obtained from flowers and leaves were dominated by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (74.8 and 42.1%, resp.), with caryophyllene oxide ( 4 ) as the major component (42.5 and 22.7%, resp.). The samara oil was rich in the apocarotenoid derivative hexahydrofarnesyl acetone ( 6 ; 58.0%), and the oil obtained from stems was characterized by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (54.1%), mainly β‐caryophyllene (18.9%). Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses separated the five essential oils into four groups, each characterized by the major oil constituents. Contact tests showed that the germination of lettuce seeds was totally inhibited by all the essential oils except of the samara oil at a dose of 1 mg/ml. The flower oil also showed a significant phytotoxic effect against lettuce germination at 0.04 and 0.4 mg/ml (?55.0±3.5 and ?85.0±0.7%, resp.). Moreover, the root and shoot elongation was even more affected by the oils than germination. The inhibitory effect of the shoot and root elongation varied from ?9.8 to ?100% and from ?38.6 to ?100%, respectively. Total inhibition of the elongation (?100%) at 1 mg/ml was detected for all the oils, with the exception of the samara oil (?74.7 and ?75.1% for roots and shoots, resp.).     

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils and Methanol Extracts of Different Parts from Juniperus rigida Siebold & Zucc.

The chemical composition and antioxidant activity of essential oils and MeOH extracts of stems, needles, and berries from Juniperus rigida were studied. The results indicated that the yield of essential oil from stems (2.5%) was higher than from needles (0.8%) and berries (1.0%). The gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) analysis indicated that 21, 17, and 14 compounds were identified from stems, needles, and berries essential oils, respectively. Caryophyllene, α‐caryophyllene, and caryophyllene oxide were primary compounds in both stems and needles essential oils. However, α‐pinene and β‐myrcene mainly existed in berries essential oils and α‐ionone only in needles essential oils. The high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis indicated that the phenolic profiles of three parts exhibited significant differences. Needles extracts had the highest content of chlorogenic acid, catechin, podophyllotoxin, and amentoflavone, and for berries extracts, the content of those compounds was the lowest. Meanwhile, three in vitro methods (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. Stems essential oil and needles extracts exhibited the powerful antioxidant activity than other parts. This is the first comprehensive study on the different parts of J. rigida. The results suggested that stems and needles of J. rigida are useful supplements for healthy products as new resources.     

Composition and anti-plasmodial activities of essential oils from some Cameroonian medicinal plants

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, five essential oils extracted from the Cameroonian plants Xylopia phloiodora, Pachypodanthium confine, Antidesma laciniatum, Xylopia aethiopica, and Hexalobus crispiflorus were evaluated in regard to their anti-plasmodial activity against the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. The oils were obtained from the plants with 0.12, 0.13, 0.18, 0.6 and 0.1% yields (relatively to dried material weight) respectively. Analysis by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry identified mainly terpenoids, among which alpha-copaene, gamma-cadinene, delta-cadinene, alpha-cadinol, spathulenol and caryophyllene oxide were most commonly found. The five oils were active against Plasmodium falciparum in culture. The most effective was the oil of Hexalobus crispiflorus, with an IC50 of 2 microg/ml.     

Antimicrobial activity of some Satureja essential oils

The genus Satureja is represented by fifteen species of which five are endemic and Satureja pilosa and S. icarica have recently been found as new records for Turkey. Aerial parts of the Satureja pilosa, S. icarica, S. boissieri and S. coerulea collected from different localities in Turkey were subjected to hydrodistillation to yield essential oils which were subsequently analysed by GC and GC/MS. The main constituents of the oils were identified, and both antibacterial and antifungal bioassays were applied. Carvacrol (59.2%, 44.8%, 42.1%) was the main component in the oils of S. icarica, S. boissieri and S. pilosa, respectively. The oil of S. coerulea contained beta-caryophyllene (10.6%) and caryophyllene oxide (8.0%) as main constituents.     

Antibacterial Potent of Acetylated and Non-Acetylated Clove Bud Essential Oils and Their Main Compounds

Clove bud is a medicinal plant used traditionally in Asia for the treatment of various disease. Previously, Clove oil is a potential source of an antimicrobial compounds especially vis-a-vis bacterial pathogens. However, the compound responsible for this activity remains to be investigated. Essential oil (EO) clove, acetylated essential oil clove, eugenol, and acetyleugenol were evaluate as an antibacterial potential agent against Staphyloccocus aureus (SE), Escherichia coli (EC) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). Essential oil containing eugenol was extracted from buds of Eugenia caryophyllata commonly named clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) (Family Myrtaceae) by a simple hydrodistillation. The analysis of the essential oils (EOs) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) shows eugenol as the major constituent with 70.14 % of the total. The Eugenol was isolated from the EO using chemical treatment. Afterwards, the EO and eugenol were converted to acetylated EO and acetyleugenol, respectively using acetic anhydride. The antibacterial result revealed that all compounds showed a strong activity against the three strains. The Staphyloccocus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were extremely sensitive against eugenol with an inhibition diameters of 25 mm. The MIC values of eugenol versus S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were 0.58 and 2.32 mg/mL, respectively, while the MIB values were 2.32 mg/mL and 9.28 mg/mL.     

Essential oil of trees of the genus Ocotea (Lauraceae) in Costa Rica. I. Ocotea brenesii

The chemical composition of the essential oils from leaves and wood of Ocotea brenesii Standl. growing wild in Costa Rica was determined by capillary GC/FID and GC/MS. From the leaves, 64 compounds were identified, corresponding to 85.9% of the oil, and from the wood 57 compounds were identified corresponding to 69.0% of the oil. The major constituents identified in the leaf oil were alpha-copaene (21. 1%), 8-cadinene (9.2%), spathulenol (7.3%), globulol (5.6%) and beta-caryophyllene (5.2%). The major constituents of the wood oil were alpha-copaene (6.6%), caryophyllene oxide (6.3%). beta-caryophyllene (6.1%) and humulene epoxide (4.6%).