岩藻糖基化人乳低聚糖在新生儿无乳链球菌肺炎治疗中的作用

目的探讨岩藻糖基化人乳低聚糖在新生儿无乳链球菌肺炎中的治疗作用。方法收集本院2015年7月至2017年2月痰培养阳性新生儿无乳链球菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌感染性肺炎病例,分析不同喂养方式、不同病原类别肺炎在住院时间、炎症、并发症等指标差异,探讨岩藻糖基化人乳低聚糖对无乳链球菌感染的独特治疗作用;使用含有不同浓度岩藻糖基化人乳低聚糖的培养基对无乳链球菌进行培养,研究岩藻糖基化人乳低聚糖抑制无乳链球菌的最佳浓度;分别使用岩藻糖基化人乳低聚糖或酸性人乳低聚糖加入培养基中对无乳链球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌进行培养,进一步探讨岩藻糖基化人乳低聚糖对无乳链球菌的独特抑制作用。结果无乳链球菌肺炎患儿,母乳喂养组的住院时间较人工喂养组住院时间减少[(8.35±0.77)d vs(10.91±0.54)d,t=1.557 676,P<0.05)],PCT值较人工喂养组低[(2.38±0.63)ng/mL vs(8.69±2.23)ng/mL,t=1.419 964,P<0.05],白细胞计数较人工喂养组低[(13.28±1.08)×10^9/L vs(16.16±0.98)×10^9/L,t=1.878 447,P<0.05],脑膜炎发生率较人工喂养组低(5%vs 35%,χ^2=5.601 353,P<0.05),呼吸机使用率较人工喂养组低(10.0%vs 36.4%,χ^2=4.005 042,P<0.05);大肠埃希菌肺炎患儿、肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎患儿,母乳喂养组与人工喂养组比较,住院时间稍减少,PCT值、白细胞计数、脑膜炎发生率和呼吸机使用率均有所降低,差异无统计学意义;细菌培养实验发现岩藻糖基化人乳低聚糖在2.5 mg/L浓度的时候可以明显抑制无乳链球菌的生长,对大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌无明显抑制作用,酸性人乳低聚糖对3种细菌均无抑制作用。结论岩藻糖基化人乳低聚糖可以明显抑制无乳链球菌的生长,可能成为未来无乳链球菌感染性肺炎治疗中新的靶点,值得深入研究。     

四株鸡有益链球菌的分离鉴定

用厌氧菌增菌培养基（ＢＲ）、厌氧菌血琼脂（ＣＤＣ）、选择乳酸杆菌培养基（ＬＢＳ）从鸡直肠内容物中分离出四株革兰氏阳性链球菌,据分离菌的形态、染色和培养特性及生化试验结果,鉴定为牛粪链球菌两株（Ｓｂ１、Ｓｂ２）,尿链球菌两株（Ｓｆ１、Ｓｆ２）。四株菌对雏鸡安全,无致病性和副作用,对头孢三嗪、复方新诺明耐药。     

经验放大法对肺炎链球菌规模化发酵工艺条件的研究

目的应用经验放大法探索肺炎链球菌规模化基本发酵工艺条件。方法复苏肺炎链球菌菌种,传代培养,最后接种于30 L发酵罐中,以细菌发酵的培养时间、收获液菌浓度A600 nm值、荚膜多糖产率为指标评价发酵工艺;以纯化多糖的功能基团含量、相对分子质量大小(色谱分配系数KD值)、生物活性为指标评价多糖质量。以4型、19F型肺炎链球菌为首选菌株,用于筛选高产菌株、优化传代方法、培养基及30 L发酵罐的通气条件,并应用经验放大法至270 L及1 200 L发酵罐,并将发酵条件推演到其他血清型肺炎链球菌。结果筛选出肺炎链球菌4型和19F高产菌株,利用市售复合培养基,经3代种子液体-液体传代法,0.03 VVM通气条件下,4型和19F菌株在3 0 L发酵罐中获得良好的培养结果;并采用经验放大法至1 200 L发酵罐,获得良好结果。采用此发酵工艺条件,其他20个血清型肺炎链球菌在1 200 L发酵罐中也获得较理想结果。结论应用经验放大法初步探索了肺炎链球菌在1 200 L发酵罐中的发酵工艺条件。     

对氨基苯甲酸对牙龈卟啉单胞菌生长的影响

目的：测量不同浓度PABA对P.gingivalis生长的影响,以探讨血链球菌在龈下菌斑微生态平衡中的作用。方法：用1/2浓度的BHI培养基为实验培养基,分别加入不同浓度的PABA,对P.gingivalis行厌氧培养后测定培养物的A值。结果：PABA对P.gingivalis的生长有一定影响。结论：血链球菌产生的PABA影响P.ginivalis的生长,该结果提示血链球菌对龄下菌斑的微生态平衡具有调节作用。     

甲型链球菌SN-34和SN-35体外抑菌作用的研究

目的观察甲型链球菌SN-34和SN-35的抑菌效果。方法在固体培养基上用复层琼脂法观测甲型链球菌SN-34和SN-35对化脓性链球菌32309-2和金黄色葡萄球菌26001的抑菌环大小;在液体培养基中,甲型链球菌SN-34和SN-35分别与化脓性链球菌32309-2和金黄色葡萄球菌26001共同培养,然后观察一定间隔（2h）细菌的数量变化,并绘制生长曲线。结果化脓性链球菌32309-2的生长明显受到抑制。结论仅甲型链球菌SN-34具有抑菌作用。     

B群链球菌的培养及优化研究

为了研究B群链球菌的生长和荚膜多糖的合成规律,采用摇瓶试验,探讨不同的液体培养基、培养基的pH值、葡萄糖的含量、生长因子、种子菌的接种量和溶氧等因素对B群链球菌生长的影响,优化发酵参数。并放大到10 L发酵罐中培养,菌浓度最高可达到20亿/mL;荚膜多糖的含量在培养的5 h达到652μg/mL。经过多次试验,建立了稳定的GBS发酵工艺。     

肺炎链球菌LytR蛋白影响细菌生长和磷壁酸的合成

为了初步明确lytR基因的保守性以及探讨LytR蛋白在肺炎链球菌中的生物学功能。本研究利用PCR和测序方法分析lytR基因20种不同序列型肺炎链球菌临床分离株的保守性;利用Western blotting技术分析lytR在细菌不同生长阶段的表达情况;随后,利用红霉素片段替代lytR基因构建D39ΔlytR缺陷菌株,通过生长曲线分析、电镜下形态观察、以及磷壁酸含量测定揭示LytR蛋白在细菌生长、细菌形态以及磷壁酸合成中的作用。研究发现20种不同序列型肺炎链球菌临床菌株的lytR基因序列一致性99.3%;Western blotting结果显示lytR在细菌不同生长阶段稳定表达;D39ΔlytR缺陷株生长明显变缓,细菌表现为不成熟自溶;D39ΔlytR全菌磷壁酸含量显著减少,而培养基上清中的磷壁酸含量显著增多。本研究表明lytR基因非常保守,在肺炎链球菌不同生长阶段均有表达,并可能通过连接酶的作用影响细菌生长和参与肺炎链球菌磷壁酸的合成,有望成为一种新的抗生素和药物靶点。     

天然植物黄蜀葵提取物对变形链球菌生长及黏附抑制作用的实验研究

目的通过研究黄蜀葵花总黄酮对变形链球菌生长及黏附的影响,为临床龋病预防提供实验基础。方法采用二倍稀释法观察不同浓度的黄蜀葵花总黄酮对变形链球菌生长的影响,测定该药物的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）;以低于MIC的5个浓度梯度配置含药的TPY液体培养基,接种变形链球菌,厌氧培养24h,计算黄蜀葵花总黄酮对变形链球菌的黏附抑制率。结果一定浓度的黄蜀葵花总黄酮能够抑制变形链球菌的生长,MIC为2．5g／L;变形链球菌的黏附率随培养基中黄蜀葵花总黄酮浓度的升高而下降,且抑菌作用呈现明显的浓度依赖性。结论天然植物黄蜀葵提取物黄蜀葵花总黄酮对变形链球菌的生长和黏附都有一定的抑制作用。     

金属蛋白质组学研究锌离子匮乏对肺炎链球菌的影响

【目的】研究锌离子缺乏对肺炎链球菌的影响,找到其适应性生长机制。【方法】以肺炎链球菌为模型,利用加锌和不加锌的培养基对细菌进行培养,收集细胞蛋白,采用双向凝胶电泳,结合金属亲和层析和质谱技术鉴定差异表达蛋白,进而通过生物信息学分析蛋白质相互关系,从中找到细菌适应锌离子匮乏条件的关键代谢通路和蛋白。【结果】测定了在限制培养条件下肺炎链球菌的最适生长浓度,建立了锌离子调控蛋白双向凝胶电泳图谱,鉴定到了96个差异表达蛋白斑点,共67个差异蛋白,其中32个表达下调,35个表达上调,锌离子调控蛋白的作用可能主要体现在糖代谢、核酸代谢、氧化还原作用、辅助蛋白质翻译、合成及折叠等方面。建立了锌结合蛋白的差异表达图谱,鉴定到了10个差异表达蛋白斑点,共7个差异蛋白,其中1个表达下调,6个表达上调。锌离子结合蛋白的作用可能主要体现在应对压力、蛋白质折叠和转运、氨基酸代谢等方面。【结论】肺炎链球菌主要通过调控碳水化合物代谢和核酸代谢等多个代谢通路来应对宿主锌金属离子匮乏的环境,从而使自身能够存活并对宿主形成感染。本研究为揭示细菌在宿主环境,特别是金属离子匮乏条件下的适应性生长机制提供理论基础。     

影响肺炎链球菌感受态形成的双组分系统

肺炎链球菌在生长过程中可自发形成感受态,从而改变自身的毒力和生存能力,以适应环境的变化。肺炎链球菌的部分双组分系统与其感受态形成密切相关,对相关双组分系统的研究可为进一步探索肺炎链球菌感受态形成机制、深入理解肺炎链球菌的致病机制和耐药机制提供理论依据。     

小儿细菌性肺炎痰培养物病原菌构成及耐药性分析

目的 分析肺炎患儿痰培养物中细菌构成及其耐药情况,为小儿细菌性肺炎治疗提供合理使用抗感染药物的依据。 方法 对2019年11月至2020年12月济宁市第一人民医院临床送检的肺炎患儿痰液标本进行病原菌的分离鉴定和药敏试验,收集相关资料,并对小儿肺炎病原菌在临床上的分布特点及其耐药情况进一步分析。 结果 痰液培养阳性患儿183例,其中多重细菌感染患儿16例,共培养出199株细菌(剔除同一患儿的重复菌株),其中革兰阴性菌128株(64.32%),革兰阳性菌71株(35.68%)。主流细菌为肺炎链球菌(19.60%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(16.08%)、卡他莫拉菌(13.57%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(11.06%)和大肠埃希菌(10.05%)。多重细菌感染主要以金黄色葡萄球菌+肺炎克雷伯菌、金黄色葡萄球菌+大肠埃希菌混合为主(共5例,31.25%)。肺炎链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌对利奈唑胺、万古霉素绝对敏感。卡他莫拉菌对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、米诺环素等绝对敏感。肠杆菌科中肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌药敏结果相似,对阿米卡星、厄他培南、头孢替坦敏感率在95%~100%,对氨苄西林耐药率在95%~100%。肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、卡他莫拉菌对左氧氟沙星敏感率均大于90%,大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对左氧氟沙星不够敏感,但中敏率达到75%以上。 结论 肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、卡他莫拉菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌感染是本地肺炎患儿痰液中常见菌,抗生素耐药状况比较严重,亚胺培南对革兰阴性菌混合感染的效果较好,利奈唑胺对阳性菌效果较好;左氧氟沙星可用于革兰阴性和阳性菌混合感染,合理使用抗生素应注意针对性和用药时间,杀灭致病菌的同时尽可能维护正常菌群的平衡。     

Mutualistic dialysis culture of Streptococcus lactis and Candida utilis

Mutualistic dialysis culture of Streptococcus lactis, which is valuable as a dairy starter, and Candida utilis, which is valuable as single cell protein, was investigated in a batch fermentation system. The bacterium and the yeast were inoculated into separate fermentors connected by an intermediate dialyzer, the membranes of which allowed diffusional exchange of solutes. Lactose fed into the bacterial culture was fermented to lactic acid, which was dialyzed into the yeast culture and consumed so as to relieve product inhibition of the bacterial culture. Consequently, the bacterial cell concentration more than doubled in comparison with a nondialysis control, and yeast cells were produced as byproduct. Although the acid production rate by the bacterium was much faster than the acid consumption rate by the yeast, the primary limiting factor of the process apparently was the solute exchange rate across the membrane.     

131例住院肺炎患儿细菌感染现况及耐药谱分析

目的：分析住院肺炎惠儿的病原菌分布及其耐药性。方法：选择2009年6月至2010年5月,新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院儿科住院的791例肺炎患儿,采取下呼吸道痰液标本,进行细菌培养及药敏试验。结果：16．56％（131／791）患儿被确诊为细菌性肺炎并且有明确的病原,其中,革兰阴性菌感染为75．57％（99／131）,且以肺炎克雷伯氏菌、大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌多见;革兰阳性菌感染为21．37％（28／131）,以肺炎链球菌多见;真菌感染为6．87％（9／131）,均为白色假丝酵母;9．92％（13／131）的患儿存在两种及以两种上病原菌感染。鲍曼不动杆菌和肠杆菌对头孢类抗生素耐药严重,部分肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌产伊内酰胺酶（BLA）,葡萄球菌属耐青霉素G,肠球菌对氯洁霉素、红霉素和复方新诺明耐药率100％,而肺炎链球菌对红霉素耐药率100％。真菌对常用抗菌药的耐药率为0。结论：我院住院肺炎患儿细菌性为16．56％。病原菌构成以革兰阴性菌为主,并且大多数病原菌耐药。临床应根据痰液细菌培养和药敏结果,合理选择抗菌药物,以减少细菌耐药性,防止滥用抗生素。     

Repertoire of intensive care unit pneumonia microbiota

Despite the considerable number of studies reported to date, the causative agents of pneumonia are not completely identified. We comprehensively applied modern and traditional laboratory diagnostic techniques to identify microbiota in patients who were admitted to or developed pneumonia in intensive care units (ICUs). During a three-year period, we tested the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia, community-acquired pneumonia, non-ventilator ICU pneumonia and aspiration pneumonia, and compared the results with those from patients without pneumonia (controls). Samples were tested by amplification of 16S rDNA, 18S rDNA genes followed by cloning and sequencing and by PCR to target specific pathogens. We also included culture, amoeba co-culture, detection of antibodies to selected agents and urinary antigen tests. Based on molecular testing, we identified a wide repertoire of 160 bacterial species of which 73 have not been previously reported in pneumonia. Moreover, we found 37 putative new bacterial phylotypes with a 16S rDNA gene divergence ≥ 98% from known phylotypes. We also identified 24 fungal species of which 6 have not been previously reported in pneumonia and 7 viruses. Patients can present up to 16 different microorganisms in a single BAL (mean ± SD; 3.77 ± 2.93). Some pathogens considered to be typical for ICU pneumonia such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus species can be detected as commonly in controls as in pneumonia patients which strikingly highlights the existence of a core pulmonary microbiota. Differences in the microbiota of different forms of pneumonia were documented.     

Studies on a murine model for evaluation of virulence of Streptococcus suis capsular type 2 isolates

Five different parameters, time of incubation of the culture, type of culture medium, inoculum, strain of inbred mice, and age of mice, were tested using the LD50 technique to standardize a murine model for the evaluation of the virulence of Streptococcus suis capsular type 2 isolates. A model using 28 day-old mice belonging to CF1 strain appeared to give the best results. The inoculum size was the parameter most influencing the 50% lethal dose obtained with mice. Inoculation with 1-ml volume of a bacterial suspension instead of 0.1 or 0.5 ml decreased the LD50. The standardized model was used to evaluate the virulence of some isolates of known pathogenicity for pigs. The minimum lethal dose was used in the model and it appeared that the virulence of Streptococcus suis capsular type 2 isolates can be measured from highly virulent to totally avirulent.     

A method for the selective enumeration and isolation of ruminal Lactobacillus and Streptococcus

Ruminal lactic acid-producing bacteria were selectively isolated and enumerated using a one hour aerobic exposure prior to incubation on a semi-selective Lactobacillus medium, MRS, under anaerobic conditions. The technique allowed growth of pure cultures of ruminal Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus bovis without supporting the growth of pure cultures of any of the prominent ruminal bacterial species. In mixed cultures, the one hour aerobic pre-incubation inhibited the growth of the obligate anaerobic ruminal bacteria which can otherwise grow on the MRS medium, and the subsequent anaerobic incubation permitted maximal recovery of the weakly aerotolerant ruminal lactic acid-producing Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus spp. The efficacy of this technique in selecting exclusively for the lactic acid-producing bacteria was also demonstrated from populations of rumen bacteria from mixed culture end-point in vitro fermentation, continuous in vitro culture and isolations from fresh ruminal samples.     

IL-10 is an important mediator of the enhanced susceptibility to pneumococcal pneumonia after influenza infection

Secondary pneumococcal pneumonia is a serious complication during and shortly after influenza infection. We established a mouse model to study postinfluenza pneumococcal pneumonia and evaluated the role of IL-10 in host defense against Streptococcus pneumoniae after recovery from influenza infection. C57BL/6 mice were intranasally inoculated with 10 median tissue culture infective doses of influenza A (A/PR/8/34) or PBS (control) on day 0. By day 14 mice had regained their normal body weight and had cleared influenza virus from the lungs, as determined by real-time quantitative PCR. On day 14 after viral infection, mice received 10(4) CFU of S. pneumoniae (serotype 3) intranasally. Mice recovered from influenza infection were highly susceptible to subsequent pneumococcal pneumonia, as reflected by a 100% lethality on day 3 after bacterial infection, whereas control mice showed 17% lethality on day 3 and 83% lethality on day 6 after pneumococcal infection. Furthermore, 1000-fold higher bacterial counts at 48 h after infection with S. pneumoniae and, particularly, 50-fold higher pulmonary levels of IL-10 were observed in influenza-recovered mice than in control mice. Treatment with an anti-IL-10 mAb 1 h before bacterial inoculation resulted in reduced bacterial outgrowth and markedly reduced lethality during secondary bacterial pneumonia compared with those in IgG1 control mice. In conclusion, mild self-limiting influenza A infection renders normal immunocompetent mice highly susceptible to pneumococcal pneumonia. This increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial pneumonia is at least in part caused by excessive IL-10 production and reduced neutrophil function in the lungs.     

Abscess forming ability of streptococcus milleri group: synergistic effect with Fusobacterium nucleatum.

The abscess forming abilities of "Streptococcus milleri" strains (Streptococcus constellatus, Streptococcus anginiosus, and Streptococcus intermedius) isolated from dentoalveolar abscesses and the synergistic effect of Fusobacterium nucleatum co-inoculated with the isolates were examined on a mouse subcutaneous abscess model. Five days after inoculation, all S. milleri strains formed abscesses, which showed less pathological spread to surrounding connective tissues than those formed by Staphylococcus aureus 209P strain and were similar to those by F. nucleatum ATCC25586. When each S. milleri strain and F. nucleatum were co-inoculated, abscess sizes and each bacterial number recovered from abscesses increased in comparison to those treated by bacterial mono-inoculation of each S. milleri strain or F. nucleatum alone. The strongest synergistic effect was observed in the combination of S. constellatus and F. nucleatum. In a time course experiment with this combination, the recovery of S. constellatus subsequently decreased after the decrement of F. nucleatum, and it appeared that the association with F. nucleatum maintained the bacterial number of S. constellatus in the abscess. The cell-free supernatant of F. nucleatum had a tendency to increase the abscess size caused by S. constellatus in this model. When S. constellatus was cultured with F. nucleatum culture supernatant in vitro, growth enhancement in the early phase was observed. Furthermore, the phagocytic killing of S. constellatus by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) was significantly suppressed and the PMN membranes appeared to be injured by addition of the F. nucleatum culture supernatant. These results suggest that the pathogenicity of S. milleri strains in odontogenic infections may be enhanced by the co-existence of F. nucleatum.     

Bacterial Alginate Produced by a Mutant of Azotobacter vinelandii

The optimum conditions in shaken flasks for production of bacterial alginate by mutant C-14 of Azotobacter vinelandii NCIB 9068 and a comparison of the properties of bacterial and algal alginates were investigated. The largest amount of bacterial alginate was obtained in about 110 h by a culture grown on optimum medium at 34°C and 170-rpm shaking speed. The viscosity of the culture broth was 18,400 cps and the alginate concentration reached 6.22 g/liter. The viscosity of the purified bacterial alginate was as high as 11,200 cps at a low concentration (0.6%). A greater than fivefold concentration of algal alginate was required to reach the same viscosity at a low shear rate. A solution of bacterial alginate was more pseudoplastic than that of algal alginate was. No significant differences were observed in other properties of bacterial and algal alginates such as gel formation with calcium ion, thermostability, and effect of temperature, pH, and sodium chloride on viscosity.