流行性腮腺炎疫苗免后血清学效果及免疫方案探讨

选以往无流行性腮腺炎患病史和接种史的学龄及学龄前儿童２４３名,血清检测流腮ＨＩ抗体,阳性率为５５．６％,阳性率明显地随年龄增大而上升,而性别无差异。经用Ｓ生物所及Ｂ生物所生产的两种疫苗接种,免后ＨＩ抗体的跳高率及ＧＭＴ均较免前有明显上升。双份血清检测结果,免后ＨＩ抗体显著跳高率（≥４倍）为４４．８％;９８名免前阴性儿童免后ＨＩ阳转率５７．１％,ＧＭＴ为１１３．２９,两种疫苗均无显著差异,提示疫苗的质量和稳定性有待提高,笔者对当前免疫方案提出了改进意见。     

国产和美国产乙型肝炎血源疫苗五年效果比较

母亲ＨＢｓＡｇ和ＨＢｅＡｇ均阳性者所生之婴儿，随机接种国产和美国产乙肝疫苗，免疫后５年婴儿ＨＢｓＡｇ携带率分别为１５．４％和１８．２％；抗－ＨＢｓ阳性率各为７６．９％和７７．３％，两组均无显著性差别。     

进口、国产人用狂犬病疫苗免疫后中和抗体水平测定

应用间接免疫荧光法（ＩＦＡ）检测１６６例不同产地（国产、进口）人用狂犬病疫苗免后血清抗体水平,结果：国产苗抗体阳转率为９５．４２％,ＧＭＴ为９．４８,进口苗抗体阳转率为６２．８５％,ＧＭＴ为４．３５。经统计学处理,二者差异有非常显著性意义（Ｘ２＝２８．６１Ｐ＜０．００５）,初步提示了国产的（浓缩）原代地鼠肾组织培养狂犬病疫苗比某进口ＶＥＲＯ细胞狂犬病疫苗免疫效果要好,是一种高效、安全、价格便宜的预防狂犬病免疫制品     

新生儿HB免疫后抗体和Th2记忆应答高于成人

新生儿对大多数T细胞依赖性抗原可产生有限的抗体应答,但对疫苗的T淋巴细胞应答知之甚少。在本文研究中,作者比较了新生儿和初次接受试验的成人由乙型肝炎疫苗诱导的免疫应答。婴儿产生了比成人明显高的血清抗乙肝表面抗原(HBs)抗体效价,     

麻疹减毒活疫苗不同剂量初免及复种后的免疫效果研究

目的评价麻疹减毒活疫苗（Measles Attenuated Live Vaccine,MV）不同接种剂量在初免及复种后的免疫效果及差异性。方法在同一观察区域、不同时段对适龄儿童分成两组采用MV0.2 ml与0.5 ml接种剂量分别在初免和复种后进行麻疹IgG抗体滴度测定。结果初免后,0.5 ml组较0.2 ml组IgG抗体阳性率、保护率分别提高5.28%与9.79%,抗体几何平均滴度（GMT）由1：543.03提高至1：813.51;初免加复种后,0.5 ml组较0.2 ml组阳性率、保护率分别提高5.32%与3.98%,GMT由1：740.49提高至1：1098.30;初免加复种较单一初免的阳性率、GMT差异有统计学意义。结论初免接种剂量0.5 ml可提高IgG抗体阳转率;复种0.5 ml与0.2 ml组的保护率差异无统计学意义,但0.5 ml组抗体阳性率、GMT较高。     

中国婴儿中脊灰母传抗体水平对两种疫苗免疫效果的影响

为了了解2月龄婴儿中针对脊髓灰质炎病毒的中和抗体水平,并探讨母传抗体对脊髓灰质炎减毒活疫苗(OPV)和灭活疫苗(IPV)免疫效果的影响。对416名2月龄婴儿分别接种OPV和IPV,采集免疫前后血清,用微量中和法检测血清中Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型脊髓灰质炎病毒中和抗体滴度,评价抗体GMT水平及4倍增长情况。检测结果显示,2月龄婴儿母传抗体Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型阳性率分别为45%、38.2%和17.5%,抗体GMT水平为9.0、8.1和5.2。经接种两组疫苗后,母传抗体阳性者与阴性者免后抗体GMT水平相比,OPV组无明显差异,IPV组阳性者略低于阴性者。在免前抗体滴度<1∶32人群中,OPV组免后抗体滴度4倍增长率及几何滴度增长倍数分别为:Ⅰ型93.6%、71.2;Ⅱ型98.2%、43.7;Ⅲ型91.7%、47.9;IPV组免后抗体滴度4倍增长率及几何滴度增长倍数分别为:Ⅰ型82%、9.4;Ⅱ型62.8%、5.1;Ⅲ型95.6%、11.7;在免前抗体滴度1∶32～1∶128人群中,OPV组Ⅰ型92.3%、23;Ⅱ型86.4%、13.9;Ⅲ型55.6%、4.1;IPV组Ⅰ型48%、2.5;Ⅱ型15%、0.9;Ⅲ型55.6%、2.7。目前中国2月龄婴儿免前脊灰抗体阳性率较高,尤其是Ⅰ、Ⅱ型。脊灰母传抗体对两种疫苗免疫效果有一定干扰,对IPV疫苗的影响较为明显。     

麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹三联减毒活疫苗的安全性和免疫原性研究

为了评价国产麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹三联减毒活疫苗(MMR)的安全性和免疫原性,按整体随机抽样原则,以进口同类疫苗和国产各单价疫苗作为对照,开展现场临床观察;比较不同疫苗组免疫后的反应率、抗体阳转率、保护率及几何平均滴度(GMT)。试验组与对照组接种后,除了试验疫苗的中、强发热反应率高于进口对照疫苗的发热反应率(8.60%与2.00%)外,未见其它有显著差异的不良反应。试验组麻疹免后抗体阳转率高于进口对照疫苗(99.5%与94.6%),麻疹抗体GMT也高于单价麻疹对照疫苗的GMT;试验疫苗与进口MMR疫苗的风疹抗体阳转率、腮腺炎抗体阳转率相比,均无显著性差异。实验研究结果显示,试验MMR疫苗与进口MMR疫苗具有相似的临床反应及良好的免疫原性。     

婴幼儿初免和加强免疫接种四价脑膜炎球菌蛋白结合疫苗后B淋巴细胞应答

<正>四价脑膜炎球菌多糖-CRM197蛋白结合疫苗对婴幼儿有免疫效果。我们评估了婴幼儿初免和加强免疫该疫苗后的记忆性B淋巴细胞应答和抗体应答水平。5个月龄的婴幼儿初免疫苗后,有25%的婴幼儿体内可以检测到血清特异性记忆性B淋巴细胞,69%的婴幼儿体内可检测到针对A群脑膜炎球菌的保护性抗体滴度(hSBA≥4),超过95%的婴幼儿体内可以检测到针对其他群脑膜炎球菌的保护性抗体滴度。12个月龄的婴幼儿在进行加强免疫前,针对A群脑膜炎球菌的保护性抗体滴度     

腮腺炎病毒抗血清的制备

以制备适用于疫苗生产检定中病毒鉴别试验和外源因子检查的高效价腮腺炎病毒抗血清为目的。用腮腺炎病毒接种SPF鸡胚尿囊腔,培养收取病毒尿液免疫SPF鸡,采集抗血清。腮腺炎病毒接种Vero细胞,培养病毒抗原经PEG沉淀,超速离心法纯化后免疫家兔采集抗血清。比较两种免疫方法所得病毒抗血清效价。结果显示SPF鸡抗腮腺炎病毒血清中和抗体GMT为1:1716,兔抗腮腺炎病毒血清中和抗体GMT为1:732。两种动物抗血清均适用于疫苗生产相关检定。免疫SPF鸡制备的病毒抗血清无特定病原及抗体污染,是毒种外源因子检测和疫苗鉴别试验的理想试剂。免疫SPF鸡制备病毒抗血清的程序简单,结果易于验证,有利于生物试剂标准化。     

Effect of prior vaccination with a seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine on the antibody response to the influenza pandemic H1N1 2009 vaccine: a randomized controlled trial

Vaccination with the non-adjuvanted split-virion A/California/7/2009 influenza vaccine (pandemic H1N1 2009 vaccine) began in October 2009 in Japan. The present study was designed to assess the effect of prior vaccination with a seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine on the antibody response to the pandemic H1N1 2009 vaccine in healthy adult volunteers. One hundred and seventeen participants aged 22 to 62 were randomly assigned to two study groups. In Group 1 (the priming group), participants were first vaccinated with the seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine followed by two separate one-dose vaccinations of the pandemic H1N1 2009 vaccine, whereas in Group 2 (the non-priming group), the participants were first vaccinated with one dose of the pandemic H1N1 2009 vaccine, followed by simultaneous vaccination of the seasonal trivalent vaccine and the second dose of the pandemic H1N1 2009 vaccine. The participants in Group 2 had a seroprotection rate (SPR) of 79.7% and a seroconversion rate (SCR) of 79.7% in the hemagglutination-inhibition test after the first dose of the pandemic H1N1 2009 vaccine, indicating that the pandemic H1N1 2009 vaccine is sufficiently immunogenic. On the other hand, the participants of Group 1 had a significantly weaker antibody response, with a SPR of 60.8% and a SCR of 58.5%. These results indicate that prior vaccination with the seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine inhibits the antibody response to the pandemic H1N1 2009 vaccine. Therefore, the pandemic H1N1 2009 vaccine should be administered prior to vaccination with the seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine.     

用15L转瓶大规模生产腮腺炎疫苗的研究

细胞与病毒同时接种于33℃培养5天,其病毒滴度平均为6.25 LogCCID50/ml,但细胞成片后再感染,其病毒滴度平均为4.85 LogCCID50/ml.在鸡胚细胞感染2.3×10-3病毒剂量时,滴度可达≥6.5 LogCCID50/ml,病毒高峰期于100小时和120小时分二次收获,其滴度分别达到6.0和≥6.5 LogCCID50/ml.每瓶产疫苗量4500ml和9000ml,病毒滴度没有影响.液体疫苗于2～8℃保存14天,滴度由5.75降至4.75 LogCCID50/ml,而将疫苗保存在-18℃至18周,其滴度由6.38缓慢下降至5.0 logCCID50/ml.     

Benefits and risks of antibody and vaccine production in transgenic plants

Phytopharming, the production of protein biologicals in recombinant plant systems, has shown great promise in studies performed over the past 13 years. A secretory antibody purified from transgenic tobacco was tested successfully in humans, and prevented bacterial re-colonization after topical application in the mouth. Rapid production of patient-tailored anti-lymphoma antibodies in recombinant Tobamovirus-infected tobacco may provide effective cancer therapy. Many different candidate vaccines from bacterial and viral sources have been expressed in transgenic plants, and three human clinical trials with oral delivery of transgenic plant tissues have shown exciting results. The use of crop plants with agricultural practice could allow cheap production of valuable proteins, while providing enhanced safety by avoidance of animal viruses or other contaminants. However development of this technology must carefully consider the means to ensure the separation of food and medicinal products when crop plants are used for phytopharming.     

呼吸道合胞病毒疫苗及其抗体制剂的研究进展

呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory syncytial virus,RSV)感染是一个全球性的健康问题,目前临床上仍缺乏特异的治疗手段。接种疫苗主动免疫预防或使用抗体制剂被动免疫预防是避免重症感染和减少死亡的重要措施。针对不同的人群,须研制不同类型的RSV疫苗：减毒活疫苗对婴儿来说,可能是最佳选择;亚单位疫苗有引起增强型呼吸道疾病的风险,不适合RSV血清学阴性的婴幼儿接种,主要适用于老年人和孕妇。研发安全且有效的RSV疫苗难度大,虽然已有30余种RSV疫苗进入临床研究阶段,并显示出应用潜力,其中F纳米颗粒疫苗已率先进入III期临床试验,但在老年人和孕妇中未达预期效果。在RSV流行季节前,使用特异性抗体制剂也是预防高危人群严重RSV感染性疾病的有效手段。长效单克隆抗体MEDI8897比帕利珠单抗更具成本效益,已进入III期临床试验,且获得优先研发资格。多克隆免疫球蛋白RI-002已在免疫缺陷人群中显示出较好的预防效果,具有进一步研发的现实意义。本综述针对近年来RSV疫苗及其抗体的研究进展进行阐述,期望为RSV的预防提供参考。     

大连市15岁以下儿童流行性腮腺炎感染状况及其疫苗免疫效果观察

为了解儿童中流行性腮腺炎(腮腺炎)的免疫情况,观察腮腺炎减毒活疫苗的安全性和免疫原性。选取353名1~15岁儿童进行血清流行病学调查;对157名城、乡3~5岁儿童进行疫苗效果观察,并将其随机分成实验组和对照组;采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血清IgG。接种疫苗24h、48h、72h、96h后观察人体不良副反应;并分别在接种前及接种后1个月,分别采集免疫对象静脉血测定抗体。353名1~15岁儿童中腮腺炎抗体阳性179人,总阳性率为50.71%;0~1岁、2~6岁、7~12岁和13~15岁4组的抗体阳性率分别为21.84%、36.17%、69.41%和77.01%。实验组44名抗体阴性儿童接种了腮腺炎减毒活疫苗,1个月后抗体阳转率为93.18%,IgG呈4倍增长者23人,4倍增长率为52.27%。无一例出现严重的不良副反应。     

Immune response to the mumps component of the MMR vaccine in the routine of immunisation services in the Brazilian National Immunisation Program

A non-controlled longitudinal study was conducted to evaluate the combined vaccineagainst measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) immunogenicity in 150 children vaccinated inthe routine of three health units in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2008-2009,without other vaccines administered during the period from 30 days before to 30 daysafter vaccination. A previous study conducted in Brazil in 2007, in 1,769 childrenranging from 12-15 months of age vaccinated against yellow fever and MMRsimultaneously or at intervals of 30 days or more between doses, had shown lowseroconversion for mumps regardless of the interval between administration of the twovaccines. The current study showed 89.5% (95% confidence interval: 83.3; 94.0)seroconversion rate for mumps. All children seroconverted for measles and rubella.After revaccination, high antibody titres and seroconversion rates were achievedagainst mumps. The results of this study and others suggest that two MMR doses conferoptimal immunoresponses for all three antigens and the possible need for additionaldoses should be studied taking into account not only serological, but alsoepidemiological data, as there is no serological correlate of protection formumps.     

伤寒Vi多糖结合疫苗免疫小鼠后的抗体类型及动态分析

伤寒Vi多糖结合疫苗和Vi多糖疫苗分别免疫小鼠,分离血清,采用间接ELISA法测定不同时点血清中特异性IgA、IgM、IgG及其亚类(IgG1、IgG2a、IgG3)的抗体滴度。结果显示,免疫一针后,Vi多糖结合疫苗组的IgG抗体GMT值明显升高,第二针有加强效应(P<0.01);所测3种IgG亚型中IgG2a抗体滴度升高明显;Vi多糖和结合疫苗免疫小鼠后,血清中IgA和IgM抗体滴度均有显著升高,但无加强应答。显示Vi多糖结合疫苗在诱导小鼠血清IgG应答方面有加强效应。     

Duration of neutralizing antibody titer after Japanese encephalitis vaccination

In paired serum samples collected from 17 children, we measured neutralizing antibody (NTAb) titers after the second series of routine Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccination in Japan to estimate the duration of NTAb titer when children did not receive the third series of routine vaccination by applying a random coefficient model. We also measured NTAb titers in adult serum samples to confirm the duration of NTAb titer estimated in the analysis of pediatric serum samples. In the absence of the third series of routine vaccination, 18% (3/17), 47% (8/17), 82% (14/17) and 100% (17/17) of children were estimated to become NTAb negative at 5, 10, 15, and 20 years after the second series of routine vaccination, respectively. Of 38 adults, 39.5% (15/38) became NTAb negative; the percentage was somewhat lower than that of antibody-negative children. The results suggested that JE vaccination schedule should be reevaluated in the future.     

潍坊市健康人群麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎抗体水平调查

目的了解潍坊市健康人群麻疹、风疹、流行性腮腺炎血清抗体水平,为消除麻疹、控制风疹及腮腺炎疫情提供依据。方法 2011年8月,采集昌乐、潍城2个县区<2、2～5、5～8、8～11、11～15、15～20、20～40、>40岁健康人群血标本,应用酶联免疫吸附试验检测麻疹、风疹、腮腺炎IgG抗体。结果检测总数320人,其中昌乐县健康人群的麻疹抗体阳性率为98.75%、潍城为96.25%;风疹抗体阳性率昌乐县健康人群为89.38%、潍城区为91.88%。昌乐、潍城两地区健康人群麻疹、风疹的抗体阳性率差异均无统计学意义(χ2=1.15、0.59,P>0.05);昌乐县健康人群腮腺炎抗体阳性率为84.38%、潍城区健康人群为66.25%,两者差异有统计学意义(χ2=14.14,P<0.01);8组不同年龄健康人群的麻疹抗体阳性率为92.50%～100%,风疹抗体阳性率为87.50%～92.50%,腮腺炎抗体阳性率为67.50%～85.00%,各年龄组间均无统计学意义(χ2=13.49、1.58、5.23,P>0.05)。结论潍坊市麻疹抗体阳性率较高,风疹、腮腺炎抗体阳性率相对偏低,今后须要积极开展学龄儿童麻腮风三联疫苗的查漏补种工作。