谈谈甲型肝炎

自去年一月十九日起,上海出现甲型肝炎(以下简称甲肝)暴发流行,其来势之猛、影响之大、患病人数之多为我国乃至世界医学史上所罕见。截至三月十八日,累计发病人数达292301例。由于社会各方通力协作,疫情已得到控制。本文试就甲肝的致病原因、病原体特点、流行状况及预防等有关知识作一简要介绍。 (一)甲肝与毛蚶去年上海的甲肝暴发流行,经流行病学调查及临床和核酸杂交试验,均确认是由于食用藏匿有甲肝病毒的毛蚶所致。调查发现,患者中87—90％有食毛蚶史,其患病危险性竟比正常者高23.48倍。另从毛蚶的鳃和消化腺中     

新疆伊犁2005年甲型肝炎病毒流行株基因分型研究

为了解2005年新疆伊犁甲型肝炎病毒(甲肝病毒)流行株分子流行病学特征,收集了部分甲肝病人血清标本,用国际上通用的甲肝病毒结构区基因VP1-2A分型引物,经核酸提取,做RT-PCR,序列测定,对甲肝病毒基因进行分型研究,并对甲肝病毒在甲型肝炎(甲肝)病人血清中存在的时间进行了探讨.结果显示,甲肝病毒核苷酸序列变异在0～3.2%之间,分为不同的基因簇,但都属于1A亚型(同一基因亚型间核苷酸序列变异小于7.5%);氨基酸序列几乎相同.甲肝发病8周后的病人血清中仍能检测到甲肝病毒.结果说明该流行区有多株甲肝病毒存在,其传染源可能有多个传播途径,当人群免疫水平较低时,可引起甲肝流行.甲肝病毒在病人血液中可存在较长时间.这些工作为今后进一步开展甲肝病毒溯源研究及有效控制甲肝病毒流行提供了理论和技术支撑.     

一起旅游团中急性胃肠炎的暴发与GII. 17型诺如病毒相关

为了解2016年夏季一起发生在某赴内蒙古旅游团游客中的急性胃肠炎暴发流行的病毒病原。分别采集此次胃肠炎暴发流行中两名患病游客腹泻症状发生后第3天、5天和7天的粪便标本,提取核酸后首先用荧光定量PCR扩增诺如病毒核酸进行检测,阳性标本分别用RT-PCR扩增病毒VP1基因和RdRp区域基因,通过基因测序和序列比对进行基因分型,构建进化树确定进化同源性。通过荧光定量PCR法检测到两名患者的粪便标本均为诺如病毒阳性,提示此次胃肠炎暴发流行的病原为诺如病毒,进一步的RT-PCR扩增病毒基因分析显示检测到的诺如病毒为GII.P17-GII.G17型;构建系统进化树分析显示本次与2014~2015年度广州、中国香港、中国台湾和日本等地的病毒亲缘关系更为接近;氨基酸序列分析显示该基因型与2014年以来流行的毒株同源性较近,与2014年之前流行的毒株相比变异较大,氨基酸变异主要出现在主要衣壳蛋白的P结构域。提示GII.P17-GII.G17型诺如病毒也是引起内蒙地区急性胃肠炎暴发流行的病毒病原。     

甲肝病毒在猴胚肾细胞和Vero细胞上的分离与适应

使用恒河猴胚肾(MEK)细胞从临床标本中分离和适应了甲肝病毒W和X,通过阻断实验、中和实验、免疫荧光和免疫电镜实验、RT-PCR对其进行特异性鉴定,证明是甲肝病毒.W株和X株第7代在MEK细胞上的抗原滴度分别为1∶512、1∶1024,感染滴度(logTCID50/mL)分别为8.17、8.50.只有分离株W可以适应于Vero细胞,第6代21d抗原滴度为1∶256,感染滴度(logTCID50/mL)为8.00.     

甲肝病毒在猴胚肾细胞和Vero细胞上的分离与适应

使用恒河猴胚肾 (MEK)细胞从临床标本中分离和适应了甲肝病毒W和X ,通过阻断实验、中和实验、免疫荧光和免疫电镜实验、RT PCR对其进行特异性鉴定 ,证明是甲肝病毒。W株和X株第 7代在MEK细胞上的抗原滴度分别为 1∶5 12、1∶10 2 4,感染滴度 (logTCID50 /mL)分别为 8.17、8.5 0。只有分离株W可以适应于Vero细胞 ,第 6代 2 1d抗原滴度为 1∶2 5 6 ,感染滴度 (logTCID50 /mL)为 8.0 0。     

甲肝病毒在猴胚肾功能和Vero细胞上的分离与适应

使用恒河猴胚肾（MEK）细胞从临床标本中分离和适应了甲肝病毒W和X,通过阻断实验、中和实验、免疫荧光和免疫电镜实验、RT－PCR对其进行特异性鉴定,证明了甲肝病毒。W株和X株第7代在MEK细胞上的抗原滴度分别为1：512、1：1024,感染滴度（logTCID50/mL）分别为8．17、8．50,只有分离株W可以适应于Vero细胞,第6代21d抗原滴度为1：256,感染滴度（logTCID50/mL）为8．00。     

许昌市甲型病毒性肝炎疫苗纳入免疫规划后的甲肝流行特征分析

目的分析甲肝疫苗纳入国家免疫规划后的甲肝流行特征,为制定有效控制措施提供科学依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法对2005—2014年许昌市甲肝疫情进行描述,利用SPSS软件对甲肝疫苗纳入国家免疫规划前后流行特征进行对比分析。结果甲肝疫苗纳入国家免疫规划后,甲肝流行强度减弱,发病率下降明显;发病年龄后移,以农民、学生发病为主;无明显季节性分布,农村与城市地区年均发病率无显著差异,以经济和卫生条件差、接种率低的鄢陵县发病最多。结论甲肝疫苗纳入国家免疫规划后,接种率和接种质量迅速提高,甲肝流行病学特征发生明显变化,今后要在规范开展甲肝疫苗常规免疫接种基础上,加强重点人群免疫接种,及时开展疫情监测和风险评估,做好重点地区和人群健康教育,改善工作学习和生活卫生环境,控制局部暴发疫情。     

消化道传播病毒性肝炎研究进展

病毒性肝炎是由多种不同肝炎病毒引起的,以肝脏损害为主要表现,具有广泛流行性和严重传染性的一类疾病,严重危害人类健康,是我国目前重大的公共卫生问题之一。迄今鉴定出的具有明确致病性的肝炎病毒主要是甲型肝炎病毒(HAV)、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、丁型肝炎病毒(HDV)和戊型肝炎病毒(HEV),分别引起甲、乙、丙、丁、戊型肝炎。病毒性肝炎按传播途径的不同可以分为两类,一类是经肠道外传播的病毒性肝炎,包括乙、丙、丁型肝炎;另一类是经肠道(即消化道)传播的肝炎病毒,包括甲肝和戊肝,其发病有季节性,可呈暴发流行。本文旨在对经消化道传播的病毒型肝炎(甲肝、戊肝)的病原学、流行病学特征及其影响因素、控制和预防作一综述,以期对其流行和科学防控研究提供参考。     

肠道病毒ECHO20血清型鉴定和VP1序列初步分析

肠道病毒(Enterovirus)是最常见的人类致病病毒之一,包括脊髓灰质炎病毒、柯萨奇A组病毒、柯萨奇B组病毒和ECHO病毒.一般认为大多数肠道病毒感染症状轻微或不明显,然而有时肠道病毒感染也可能是严重甚至致命的[1].2004年云南省潞西县局部地区发生小规模的甲肝流行,我们从当地部分患者粪便标本中分离到多株甲肝病毒,同时,经过肠道病毒组合血清和单价血清的中和试验,证明患者为甲肝和ECHO20病毒双重感染.通过文献检索我们发现,国内对ECHO20病毒的相关研究极少,且多限于病毒的血清学分离鉴定,而对其重要的衣壳蛋白编码基因vp1的测定和分析尚未见报道,为阐明ECHO20分离株的分子流行病学特征,分析其基因变异规律,探讨我国分离株和国外分离株的区别和联系,我们测定了编码重要抗原决定簇的整个vp1序列,并和GenBank中已有的ECHO20病毒vp1基因序列进行了比较分析.     

湖州市非细菌性急性胃肠炎暴发中诺如病毒的分子生物学特点初步研究

本文初步研究了湖州市非细菌性急性胃肠炎暴发中检出的诺如病毒的分子生物学特征。收集湖州市2008年和2009年2起非细菌性急性胃肠炎暴发疫情中采集的患者粪便标本,采用荧光定量RT-PCR方法对其进行诺如病毒核酸检测,并对核酸阳性标本进行RNA多聚酶部分区域的RT-PCR扩增。选取阳性扩增产物进行纯化及序列测定,结合诺如病毒GI、GII各基因型参考株进行核苷酸序列遗传进化分析。结果2起疫情均同时检出了GI和GII型诺如病毒。随后对其中4份RNA多聚酶区扩增阳性的标本进行测序及序列分析,结果发现2008年检出的2株GI型诺如病毒均为GI/2基因型;而2009年检出的1株GI型诺如病毒为GI/3基因型,另一株GII型诺如病毒则与近些年欧洲和亚洲相继出现的遗传组GII的新基因型GIIb的各代表株同源性最高,为GIIb基因型。这说明湖州地区流行的诺如病毒存在很高的遗传多样性,并且不同时间流行的基因型也存在一定差异。这也是国内首次在急性病毒性胃肠炎暴发中检出诺如病毒GIIb变异株。     

The effect of dietary carbohydrate composition on apparent total tract digestibility,feed mean retention time,nitrogen and water balance in horses

A total of four diets with different carbohydrate composition were investigated in a 4×4 Latin square design experiment with four Norwegian Coldblooded trotter horses. The objective of the present study was to increase the fermentable fibre content and reduce the starch intake of the total ration obtained by partly substituting mature hay and barley with sugar beet pulp (SBP), a soluble fibre source. The diets investigated were hay only (HAY), hay (85% of dry matter intake (DMI)) and molassed SBP (15% of DMI) (SBP), hay (68% of DMI) and barley (32% of DMI) (BAR), and hay (68% of DMI), barley (26% of DMI) and SBP (6% of DMI) (BAR+SBP). The feeding level was 18.5, 17.3, 15.7 and 15.7 g DM/kg BW per day for the HAY, SBP, BAR and BAR+SBP diets, respectively. Each diet was fed for 18 days followed by 10 days of data collection, where apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), total mean retention time (TMRT) of ytterbium-labelled hay, water balance, digestible energy (DE) intake and nitrogen balance were measured. An enzymatic chemical dietary fibre (DF) method was used to get detailed information on the composition and ATTD of the fibre fraction. Inclusion of SBP in the diet increased the ATTD of the constituent sugars galactose and arabinose (P<0.01). Feeding the HAY and SBP diets resulted in a lower TMRT owing to a higher DF intake than the BAR and BAR+SBP diets (P<0.01). There was no difference in water intake between HAY and SBP, but faecal dry matter was lower for HAY than the other diets (P=0.017), indicating that water was more tightly bound to fibre in the HAY diet. The diets were iso-energetic and provided enough DE and protein for light to moderate exercise for a 550 kg horse. In conclusion, this study showed that the DF intake had a larger effect on TMRT than partly substituting hay or barley with SBP, and that highly fermentable pectin-rich soluble DF from SBP maintains high nutrient utilization in horses.     

Patterns and relationships between and within the sections Alchemilla and Ultravulgares of the genus Alchemilla (Rosaceae) in Estonia

Nine Estonian Alchemilla species belonging to the sections Ultravulgares and Alchemilla , or considered being close to them, were analysed. When the analysed specimens were divided into sections, the latter were statistically distinct and formed separable groups in the character space. When the specimens were grouped on a species level, A. cymatophylla, A. subcrenala and A. heptagona were insignificantly distinct, but, in the character space, specimens of A. heptagona were visually well distinguished from the other two. Specimens of A. acutiloba, A. micans , and A. xanthochlora formed confidently distinct (p < 0.01) species-clusters, but at the same time they formed a joint cloud in the character space, indicating the compactness of section Alchemilla. Specimens of A. semilunaris were close to A. lindbergiana , and not, as has previously been supposed, to the section Ultravulgares. A. semilunaris should possibly be kept in a separate section Decumbentes. Specimens of A. lindbergiana were on one hand close to A. semilunaris. on the other hand close to the species of section Alchemilla ; including it in the latter section is still doubtful. A. subglobosa was indistinct from A. subcrenata but could generally be separated from sections Alchemilla and Ultmvulgares. Of the 41 tested characters, 35 were useful for species discrimination; counts, nominal and ratio characters were better than metric ones. According to the cluster analysis, specimens of A. acutiloba and A. micans formed one big cluster, all other specimens belonged to another.     

毛蚶与青蚶精子超微结构及其所反映的蚶科进化关系

应用透射电镜技术,比较研究了毛蚶与青蚶精子的超微结构。毛蚶精子顶体为圆锥形,约为核长的1／2;精核无核前窝,具核后窝;中段横切面常见5个(偶见4个)线粒体环绕于中心粒周围;精子末段由轴丝及包绕轴丝的质膜组成,轴丝为典型的“9 2”结构。青蚶精子顶体轴向纵切面呈伞状,覆盖于细胞核前端,约为核长的1／3;精核具核前窝和核后窝;中段横切面常见有5个(偶见6个)线粒体环绕于中心粒周围;末段结构同毛蚶。顶体的形态、核前窝和核后窝的有无、中段线粒体的数量等是探索蚶科动物种间进化关系的线索。     

Observations on trichodinid ectoparasites (Ciliophora: Peritricha) from the gills of maricultured molluscs in China, with descriptions of three new species of Trichodina Ehrenberg, 1838

During surveys of the trichodinid parasites in mariculture beds off the coast of Shandong Province, China, four species of the genus Trichodina from the gills of marine molluscs were investigated and morphologically studied. Of these, three are described as new: T. ruditapicis n. sp. from Ruditapes philippinarum (Veneridae), T. scapharcae n. sp. from Scapharca subcrenata (Arcidae) and T. mactrae n. sp. from Mactra veneriformis (Mactridae). One little-known species, T. macomarum Raabe & Raabe, 1959, is redescribed from M. veneriformis. Taxonomic and morphometric data for these trichodinids based on wet silver nitrate and protargol-impregnated specimens are presented. For each of the new species, comparisons with closely related species are provided.     

Histological and histochemical observations on the foot glands in some byssus-bearing bivalves of the Waltair coast

Summary The glands responsible for the formation of the byssus threads inArca symmetrica, Barbatia obliquata andSeptifer bilocularis are the white gland, phenol gland and enzyme gland. Besides these, mucous glands are also present in the sub-epithelia. The size and shape of the cells of these glands vary in one and the same species. From histochemical investigations it has been revealed that these glands contain 1,2-glycol groups in addition to disulphides and sulphhydryls. The white gland secretes a protein material and the phenol gland is rich in phenols. These two combine to form a phenolic protein which is acted upon by a polyphenol oxidase secreted by the enzyme gland and leads to the formation of a byssus thread. The mucous gland cells secrete acid mucopolysaccharides, neutral mucins and glycoproteins.     

A new Australian genus of Araceae, with notes on generic limits and biogeography of the Areae

HAY, A., 1992. A new Australian genus of Araceae, with notes on generic limits and biogeography of the Areae . A monotypic aroid genus is described from Melville Island, Northern Territory, Australia. The genus is diagnosed in the tribe Areae by its tubular spathe base divided into two chambers by an annular septum. The genus is most closely related to Sauromatum and to some Asiatic, not Australian, species of Typhonium . It is proposed that the geography of the Areae (including Arum, Dracunculus etc.) may now suggest a Gondwanan (rather than Laurasian) and hence Cretaceous (rather than much more recent) origin for the tribe, and its dual arrival in Malesia.     

应用逆转录PCR检测海产贝壳类中的甲型肝炎病毒

污染水体中生长的贝壳类是传播甲型肝炎的重要媒介之一,本文介绍了用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测贝壳类中甲型肝炎病毒(HAV)的方法。贝壳类中HAV的浓集回收采用洗脱-沉淀法并加以改进,30g贝肉中的病毒浓集回收在1.5~2.0m l上清液中。RT-PCR检出限为回收样品经二次扩增后10-2稀释度。从7种39份采自大连近海海域的贝壳类样品中,用该法检测出阳性样品4种10份,阳性率为26%。说明各种贝壳类有不同程度的污染。     

The implication of ambient temperature with the outbreak of vibriosis in cultured small abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta Lischke

(1) Outbreaks of mass mortality among cultured small abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexta Lischke with vibriosis occurred in May and September of 1998 in Kao-Hsiung, Taiwan. (2) The effect of different temperature treatments on the susceptibility of small abalone to vibrio and its extracellular products (ECP) was investigated. (3) Two bacterial strains, Vibrio alginolyticus H11 and V. parahaemolyticus B4 originally isolated from the haemolymph of the moribund small abalone at 28 and 32°C, respectively, were used in this study for susceptibility tests. (4) The results reveal that at higher temperatures, the small abalone were more susceptible to vibrio and ECP challenge indicating that the outbreak of vibriosis is associated with warm water conditions.     

Non-culturable Legionella pneumophila associated with Acanthamoeba castellanii: detection of the bacterium using DNA amplification and hybridization

J. HAY. D.V. SEAL, B.BILLCLIFFE AND J.H. FREER. 1995. The intracellular localization of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 within Acanthamoeba castellanii rendered the bacteria non-culturable on supplemented BCYE agar. DNA amplification, using two 19-mer primers, and hybridization using a 25-mer oligonucleotide probe, permitted detection of Leg. pneumophila in approximately 81% (29/36) of samples where the bacteria could not be detected using culture. A combination of co-cultivation of samples with Leg. pneumophila -naive A. polyphaga or Hartmannella vermiformis , incubation in a defined liquid medium or use of catalase indicated that approximately 31% (9/29) of the samples contained Leg. pneumophila which were viable although not culturable.     

The ommatidia of Arca noae: a three-tier structure with a central light-guiding element for the receptor cell

The compound eyes of ark clams appear to function as an optical system to trigger shell closure against predators. We have analyzed the structure of the ommatidia of Arca noae by thin section electron microscopy and serial sectioning, Concanavalin A-gold labeling and acid phosphatase cytochemistry. Our results demonstrate that the ommatidia are a three-tier structure composed of a central single receptor cell, surrounded and covered by proximal pigment cells followed by rows of distal pigment cells. The receptor cells of Arca noae have no lens and the disks of their receptive segment are derived from sensory cilia. The distal mitochondrial segment in the cytoplasm between the nucleus and the receptive segment is surrounded by a mass of Concanavalin A-reactive glycogen particles. Although both, proximal and distal pigment cells have numerous microvilli, only those of the proximal pigment cells form a well-aligned brush border. The microvilli of the latter are ≈9-11?μm long and have a diameter of ≈70-80?nm. Numerous microlamellar bodies cover them. The microlamellar bodies are stored in acid phosphatase-negative secretory granules of the pigment granule-free apical cytoplasm of proximal pigment cells before their secretion. Observation of living compound eyes indicated that the apex of proximal pigment cells transmitted significantly more light than the surrounding distal pigment cells. Hence, the regular geometry of the brush border seems to be a light-guiding structure for receptor cells similar to an optical fiber.