Adaptive spatiotemporal distribution of soil microfungi in 'Evolution Canyon' III, Nahal Shaharut, extreme southern Negev Desert, Israel

We examined adaptive spatiotemporal mycobiota structure in the soil of 'Evolution Canyon' III, Nahal Shaharut, in the extreme southern Negev, Israel. A total of 223 species representing 80 genera were isolated using the soil dilution plate method. The microfungal communities in all localities and seasons were characterized by a superdominance of dark-coloured species with large multicelled conidia:  Ulocladium atrum, U. botrytis, Alternaria alternata, and Al. chlamydospora . Species of the genus Aspergillus (mainly As. fumigatus ) and teleomorphic ascomycetes comprised a basic part of the thermotolerant mycobiota obtained at a temperature of 37 °C. Isolate density displayed high positive dependence on organic matter content. Density was subject to drastic spatiotemporal (especially spatial) fluctuations, with maximum levels found in the shady valley bottom locality. The lowest biodiversity indices were estimated in localities under shrubs and in the most stressful summer and spring. The results demonstrated a clear effect of harsh desert climatic and edaphic selection on the adaptive variation of the mycobiota studied.  © 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2007, 90 , 263–277.     

Adaptive spatiotemporal distribution of soil microfungi in 'Evolution Canyon' II, Lower Nahal Keziv, western Upper Galilee, Israel

We describe and interpret spatiotemporal micromycete community structure and adaptive complexes in contrasting xeric and mesic microclimates in the soils of 'Evolution Canyon' II, Lower Nahal Keziv, western Upper Galilee, Israel. A total of 192 species from 60 genera belonging to Zygomycota (nine species), Ascomycota (13 species), and mitosporic fungi (170 species) were isolated. The fungal communities on the south-facing, xeric, 'African' slope (AS) demonstrated significantly greater diversity than on the north-facing, mesic, 'European' slope (ES) and the valley bottom (VB). Seasonally, winter slope communities were less heterogeneous. Forest localities on the ES and the VB in all seasons and the shady localities on the AS in the winter were overwhelmingly dominated by mesophilic Penicillium species. The sunny locality on the AS was characterized by a dominance of melanin-containing micromycetes that was most pronounced in the summer and by high occurrence and abundance of thermotolerant and thermophilic Aspergillus and Fusarium species. Ascomycetes and zygomycetes were the minor components in all local mycobiota studied; sexual ascomycetes, being stress-selected fungi, were more than ten times more abundant in the soil of the AS than in that of the ES, with the peak of abundance in the sunny summer community. The results demonstrated a microscale adaptive spatiotemporal inter- and intraslope divergence in soil mycobiota structure. Microclimatic natural selection appears to be the major factor affecting soil fungus diversity patterns.  © 2003 The Linnean Society of London . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 78, 527–539.     

8个茶树品种上节肢动物群落结构、多样性及差异

对皖南丘睖品种同内临海藤茶、福鼎大白茶、祁门9号、佛手、福建大毫、圆叶种、广东凤凰单丛1号和皖农60号上节肢动物群落．一年内两月1次的调查．发现14目、39科共140种昆虫、蜘蛛、捕食蜻及其它节肢动物。约占全省茶园中的已记录种数的17％。品种间,节肢动物群落的组成有相似性,优势目相同;植食昆虫种数≥50%、个体数接近或大于80%。但植食昆虫个体数、益害物种数比(Ns/Ps)、益害个体数比(Nn/Pn)有差异;物种数,个体数、多样性指数H^3、均匀度指数、优势度指数、Nn/Ps和Nn/Pn的差异未达显水平;H^1的渡动趋势不同。     

Influence of wildfire on diversity of culturable soil microfungal communities in the Mount Carmel forest,Israel

The fire-related variations in culturable microfungal communities in the soil of the Mount Carmel forest, Israel, were examined by comparing the communities from burned and adjacent unburned soil plots under pine and oak trees – collected 6, 18, and 26 months after the fire. A total of 82 species representing 44 genera were isolated using the soil dilution plate method. The results showed that the fire had strongly influenced the composition and structure of microfungal communities. The fire remarkably changed physical and chemical properties of the environment, decreasing water holding capacity, organic matter and total nitrogen content in the burned soil. These changes supported abundant development of fast-growing mycoparasitic species (Clonostachys rosea and Trichoderma spp.) and caused significant decrease in species richness. The variations in community composition were much more expressed in the burned soils under oak vegetation as compared with the pine trees. In the oak burned soils, the contribution of the “mesic” component, Penicillium spp., was markedly lower, whereas the contribution of the “xeric”, stress-selected component, melanin-containing species, was higher than in the unburned communities. Such variations can be also considered as a community response to the fire-related decrease in water and nutrient content in the burned soils.     

Soil fungal communities of grasslands are environmentally structured at a regional scale in the Alps

Studying patterns of species distributions along elevation gradients is frequently used to identify the primary factors that determine the distribution, diversity and assembly of species. However, despite their crucial role in ecosystem functioning, our understanding of the distribution of below‐ground fungi is still limited, calling for more comprehensive studies of fungal biogeography along environmental gradients at various scales (from regional to global). Here, we investigated the richness of taxa of soil fungi and their phylogenetic diversity across a wide range of grassland types along a 2800 m elevation gradient at a large number of sites (213), stratified across a region of the Western Swiss Alps (700 km²). We used 454 pyrosequencing to obtain fungal sequences that were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The OTU diversity–area relationship revealed uneven distribution of fungal taxa across the study area (i.e. not all taxa are everywhere) and fine‐scale spatial clustering. Fungal richness and phylogenetic diversity were found to be higher in lower temperatures and higher moisture conditions. Climatic and soil characteristics as well as plant community composition were related to OTU alpha, beta and phylogenetic diversity, with distinct fungal lineages suggesting distinct ecological tolerances. Soil fungi, thus, show lineage‐specific biogeographic patterns, even at a regional scale, and follow environmental determinism, mediated by interactions with plants.     

藏北高寒草甸植物群落对土壤线虫群落功能结构的影响

2011年5-11月,对西藏北部高寒草甸3种典型植物群落下0-30cm范围内不同深度土层的土壤线虫群落进行调查,采用浅盆法分离线虫,土壤性质指标,如pH、含水量、电导率分别采用电位法、烘干法、电导率仪法进行测定,应用营养类群组成、c-p类群结构及营养结构特征指数,以及营养类群、c-p类群与土壤性质之间的关系等特征值分析高寒环境下土壤线虫群落的功能结构特征,以了解高寒环境下植被对土壤线虫群落功能结构的影响.调查共分离得到33038条土壤线虫,隶属于2纲6目51科93属;线虫个体密度平均为847条/100g干土;表聚性明显.研究结果表明,高寒草甸不同植物群落的土壤线虫群落营养类群组成及分布特征均存在一定差异,植食性线虫和食细菌性线虫是调查区域的主要营养类群,不同植物群落间植食性线虫和杂食/捕食性线虫的相对多度差异明显.c-p类群组成结构特征结果表明:3种植物群落的土壤线虫cp2类群均为优势类群,生活策略以r-对策为主;高山嵩草植物群落土壤中的线虫食物资源在3种植物群落中最丰富;藏北嵩草群落土壤线虫数量低的可能原因是线虫食物资源的减少限制了cp1、cp2类群的增殖.PPI值表明:委陵菜群落受扰动的影响程度大于其余两种植被类型,而MI、PPI/MI值及cp5类群数量的结果则表明:委陵菜群落的稳定性较高,受到的干扰在3种植物群落中最少.F/B及NCR值均说明了3种植物群落的土壤有机质分解均主要依靠细菌分解途径.相关性分析结果表明:杂食/捕食性线虫在枯草期明显受到土壤含水量的影响;食真菌性线虫与土壤pH之间的关系密切,在盛长期则明显受到土壤电导率的影响;食细菌性线虫仅在返青期与pH有相关性.不同植物群落下土壤线虫群落功能结构特征的分异显示出线虫指示环境因子影响土壤生态系统的潜力.     

蚂蚁-紫胶虫兼性互利关系对蚂蚁群落多样性的影响

为了探讨蚂蚁-紫胶虫兼性互利关系对树冠上蚂蚁群落多样性的影响,作者于2009年12月至2010年5月,采用目光搜寻的方法调查了不同紫胶虫数量样地(样地Ⅰ有效枝条寄生率为60％、样地Ⅱ为30％、样地Ⅲ为10％、样地Ⅳ不放养紫胶虫)中钝叶黄檀(Dalbergia obtusifolia)树冠蚂蚁群落的多样性.结果显示,兼性互利关系能够显著提高树冠蚂蚁群落多度及物种丰富度,改变树冠上蚂蚁的群落结构;由紫胶虫数量高低导致的蜜露产量的多寡对树冠上蚂蚁的多度和群落结构均具有显著影响,但对物种丰富度无显著影响;同时紫胶虫的个体发育阶段也是影响树冠上蚂蚁多度的重要因素.本研究证明,紫胶虫对于提高树冠上蚂蚁的多样性具有显著的正面影响,紫胶林对蚂蚁多样性保护有利.     

胶州湾潮下带大型底栖动物群落的季节变化

胶州湾位于山东半岛南岸, 是黄海深入内陆的半封闭天然海湾, 底栖动物种类丰富。本文根据2014年2、5、8和11月4个航次(冬、春、夏、秋)的调查资料, 采用优势度指数, 物种多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数, Bray-Curtis相似性聚类和非参数多维标度排序(NMDS)方法, 分析了胶州湾大型底栖动物群落的季节变化特点。各航次共采集大型底栖动物199种, 其中多毛类79种, 甲壳动物47种, 软体动物40种, 棘皮动物17种, 其他类群16种。各季度优势种有变化亦有重叠, 以多毛类为主。2014年度胶州湾大型底栖动物的年平均丰度为209.85 ind./m², 最高丰度出现在秋季, 最低出现在春季; 年平均生物量为79.22 g/m², 最高生物量出现在夏季, 最低出现在春季。物种多样性指数(H')变化范围为2.16-2.86, 物种丰富度指数(D)变化范围为2.79-3.72, 物种均匀度指数(J)变化范围为0.58-0.82。聚类分析结果显示, 4个航次的群落相似性系数均较低, 分布格局存在季节性变化。近年来, 伴随海岸带开发及人类活动的持续影响, 胶州湾底栖生境的稳定性受到一定的威胁, 建议继续开展长期连续的监测, 探索有效的综合治理措施, 使胶州湾海洋生态系统能够持续健康的发展。     

广西北海西村港互花米草对红树林湿地大型底栖动物群落的影响

为了解互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵红树林的生态影响, 作者对位于北海市西村港的红树林湿地以及周边互花米草盐沼的大型底栖动物群落多样性和群落结构进行了研究。2012年10月至2013年9月连续4次取样, 按照取样时间研究大型底栖动物的种类、物种组成、生物量和生物多样性等群落特征的差异, 探讨互花米草入侵红树林湿地对大型底栖动物的影响。本研究共采集底栖动物16种, 隶属于5门7纲15科, 其中互花米草群落10种, 红树林湿地12种。研究发现互花米草入侵后中国绿螂(Glauconome chinensis)个体数量剧增, 导致不同采样时间互花米草盐沼的大型底栖动物生物量均显著高于红树林湿地; 除个别月份外, 红树林湿地大型底栖动物的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均显著高于互花米草群落。基于生境-采样时间的双因素方差分析结果表明, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson指数在两种生境间差异显著; 两种生境的Margalef丰富度和Pielou均匀度指数在不同采样时间差异显著; 大型底栖动物生物量和物种数量在两种生境间和不同采样时间差异均显著。基于多元回归分析的研究结果表明, 互花米草密度是影响大型底栖动物生物量的关键因子, 而互花米草株高可以解释物种个体数量、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson指数在两种生境的变化。对不同采样时间大型底栖动物群落结构的非度量多维度(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)分析结果表明, 红树林与互花米草群落的大型底栖动物群落相似性很低。总而言之, 在西村港地区, 互花米草入侵虽然增加了大型底栖动物的生物量, 但由于优势物种的凸显, 显著降低了大型底栖动物群落的多样性, 且种类组成与群落结构与红树林群落相比已有差异。由此可见, 互花米草入侵红树林对当地的大型底栖动物群落多样性造成影响。     

五大连池药泉山大型土壤动物对旅游踩踏的响应

以黑龙江省五大连池世界地质公园的药泉山为研究对象,按照距离游道的远近分为重度踩踏区,轻度踩踏区和非踩踏区3种踩踏干扰强度,分析大型土壤动物数量,群落组成,多样性对旅游踩踏干扰的响应。研究结果表明不同干扰区之间大型土壤动物类群数量差异显著(P0.001),重度踩踏区显著低于轻度踩踏区和非踩踏区。不同干扰区大型土壤动物个体数差异明显(P0.001),其中轻度踩踏区个体密度最大(68头/m~2),重度踩踏区个体密度最小(10头/m~2)。不同踩踏强度干扰区H'指数差异明显(P0.05),轻度踩踏区及非踩踏区的多样性显著高于严重踩踏区。典型对应分析表明旅游踩踏主要通过改变土壤理化特性而影响大型土壤动物的组成及其多样性,重度踩踏区、轻度踩踏区和非踩踏区对大型土壤动物影响最显著的因子分别为土壤全氮含量,土壤含水率和土壤全磷含量。     

From savannah to farmland: effects of land‐use on mammal communities in the Tarangire–Manyara ecosystem,Tanzania

Land‐use change is considered a major driver of biodiversity loss. In the western part of the Tarangire–Manyara ecosystem, we assessed large mammal species richness along a land‐use gradient (national park, uninhabited pastoral area and settled pastoral‐ and farmland). We found the highest species richness in the national park and in the pastoral area and lowest species richness in the settled and farmed area. There was little evidence of seasonal changes in species diversity. Except for top‐order carnivores, all functional feeding guilds were still represented in pastoral and settled areas. Although we did not find significant differences in body mass distributions and species’ representation of feeding guilds between the study sites, there was a trend that omnivores, mesopredators and top‐order carnivores tended to occur at lower species richness in agricultural areas than in the pastoral and fully protected areas. These results indicate that areas used for livestock keeping can maintain high wildlife species richness and that direct and indirect effects of agricultural and settlement expansions are the main drivers of species richness loss in the Tarangire–Manyara ecosystem and possibly other African savannah ecosystems. These results are useful for informed land‐use planning that aims to maintain species diversity and ecological connectivity between protected areas.     

不同生境条件与管理方式对茶园蜘蛛群落结构及多样性的影响

蜘蛛在茶园的生态控制和生物防治中起到重要的作用,为了解不同生境条件和管理方式的茶园蜘蛛群落结构差异和多样性变化,于2011年3月份—2011年10月份,运用振落承接和过筛法对3种不同类型茶园的蜘蛛群落组成与多样性进行了调查。结果表明:(1)3种类型茶园蜘蛛群落组成:3种类型茶园蜘蛛群落在科、属、种的组成及个体数量上,均表现为有机茶园高,无公害茶园次之,普通茶园低,且在物种数和个体数存在显著差异。管巢蛛科和狼蛛科是3种类型茶园的优势类群,球蛛科、跳蛛科、狼蛛科、皿蛛科的物种优势度大于10%。(2)蜘蛛群落物种多样性的多重分析结果表明,有机茶园蜘蛛群落的个体数、物种数、物种多样性指数、物种丰富度指数和均匀度指数均高于无公害茶园和普通茶园,普通茶园最低,且达到显著水平(P0.05)。(3)多元数据分析结果表明,有机茶园蜘蛛群落组成与普通茶园差异较大,无公害茶园与普通茶园蜘蛛群落组成差异较小;3种类型茶园的茶丛蜘蛛群落个体数、物种数及物种多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数均高于地表,且表现为机茶园多,无公害茶园次之,普通茶园最少。蜘蛛的功能群采集发现,在3种茶园中结网蜘蛛少,而主要是游猎蜘蛛。(4)不使用化学农药的茶园,因其周边生境结构复杂(竹林、小灌木及杂草),植被丰富,形成植被缓冲带,改善了茶园小气候环境,增加了茶园土表覆盖度,可明显提高茶丛和地表游猎蜘蛛的物种数和个体数量。综合研究结果表明,在生态条件好、干扰少的有机茶园中的蜘蛛物种数量、群落多样性明显高于受损生态系统和人为干扰强的普通茶园。     

亚热带山地森林珍稀植物群落的结构与动态

为探讨亚热带山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林中珍稀植物群落的性质和特征,调查了长江三峡大老岭地区６类珍稀树种占优势的森林群落,分析它们植物区系与物种多样性、群落结构、种间关系及其空间格局、珍稀树种的种群结构。结果表明：①这些珍稀植物群落的区系构成中,东亚、东亚－北美和中国特有成份的比例更高;②群落内物种非常丰富,乔木层和草本层多样性尤高;③各珍稀植物群落的生活型谱相似,却与亚热带常绿阔叶林和退化次生的混交林     

热带北缘鹅凰嶂季雨林四种群落特征及成熟度分析

为分析我国热带北缘季雨林的不同演替阶段的群落特征,该研究对广东阳春鹅凰嶂典型季雨林中4种(A、B、C、D)不同植物群落展开调查,对群落的物种组成、多样性和空间结构等进行分析,判断成熟度差异,预测演替方向,并提出优化建议。结果表明:(1)4种群落林层单一,小径级木与下层木占主体地位,具有1～3种明显的优势树种。(2)Shannon-Wiener指数为2.72～3.74,Simpson指数为0.90～0.97,Pielou均匀度指数为0.74～0.89,各群落多样性特征差异显著。(3)4种群落乔木胸径大小比数为0.49～0.51,角尺度为0.56～0.61,混交度为0.54～0.83,林分空间结构指数为60.57～71.44,林分空间结构距离为53.15～68.53。(4)综合群落基本特征、多样性和空间结构特征的分析得出,各群落的成熟度排名为D>A>C>B。综上认为,4种群落都处于演替前期或中期,乔木个体胸径和树高发展空间较大; 群落整体处于中庸生长状态,个体均呈轻微聚集分布,树种表现为中度、强度或极强度混交,空间结构与理想林分存在一定距离。随着成熟度的增加,4种群落都继续以阳性树种作为主要优势树种进行演替,并初步具备该区域地带性顶极群落的典型植被特征; 季雨林群落物种多样性提高,并向混交度增加、空间结构优化、稳定性增强的趋势演替。该研究结果为群落构建机制和森林结构优化等提供科学依据。未来应对该区域加强监管与保护,同时应对该地区的植被生态学和生物多样性保护展开广泛监测与深入研究。     

天目山不同海拔毛竹伐除区群落结构变化

以浙江天目山不同海拔(480、580、700和800 m)的毛竹伐除区森林植被为对象,基于群落生态学方法研究2017—2020年各海拔群落的结构变化。结果表明: 2017年所有样地木本植物有515株,隶属于27科43属50种。3 年间增加14科23属30种,个体数量增加116.9%,新增物种主要有毛竹、紫珠、山胡椒、山鸡椒、构树等,主要分布在海拔580和700 m处。2017和2020年海拔580、700和800 m的群落中重要值最大的树种不变,分别为杉木、臭椿和枫香树,而海拔480 m群落重要值最大的树种由杉木变为油茶。各海拔群落径阶分布变化明显。海拔480 m群落径阶分布由倒“J”型发展为单峰左偏态,海拔700 m群落径阶结构由倒“J”型发展为指数型,海拔800 m群落径级分布呈正态分布,峰值由24 cm移到30 cm。3年间各植物群落的Simpson优势度指数和Shannon多样性指数提高,均随海拔升高而显著下降。群落β多样性随海拔升高、海拔间距的增加而增大。2020年新增物种为群落天然更新提供了充足的幼苗幼树,但仍未演替到亚热带顶极群落。     

极端水文干旱下鄱阳湖浮游动物群落结构特征及其影响因素

2022年鄱阳湖流域发生了特大干旱事件,对鄱阳湖生态环境产生了严重影响。为揭示极端水文干旱年的鄱阳湖浮游动物群落结构特征及其主要影响因素,于2022年1月(冬季)、4月(春季)、7月(夏季)和10月(秋季)对鄱阳湖浮游动物进行了综合调查。本次调查共鉴定出浮游动物70种(轮虫40种、桡足类17种和枝角类13种),丰度和生物量范围分别为0—152.67个/L和0—1.52 mg/L。浮游动物群落结构具有较大的时空差异：在季节上,物种数夏季最多,丰度和生物量呈现夏季最高、秋季最低的特征,干旱季节的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和优势种组成明显不同于非干旱季节;在空间上,南部湖区的物种数、丰度、生物量高于北部湖区,多样性指数在中部湖区最高、北部湖区最低。极端水文干旱年的物种数、丰度和生物量均明显低于往年同期,但空间上的差异较小。相关性分析和冗余分析结果表明,浮游动物群落结构在干旱季节和非干旱季节的主要影响因素存在明显差异,其中干旱季节浮游动物群落结构主要受水温、水位、硝态氮、氨氮等的共同影响,非干旱季节受化学需氧量和水位的影响较大。总体上,极端水文干旱使得鄱阳湖浮游动物群落结构稳定性较...     

Relative roles of niche and neutral processes on turnover of plant,fungal and bacterial communities in arid and semi-arid areas at the regional scale

The mechanisms that determine the spatial structure of macroscopic and microbial communities and how they respond to environmental changes are central themes that have been explored in ecological research. However, little is known about the relative roles and importance of neutral and niche-related factors in the assemblage of bacterial, fungal, and plant communities. Here partial Mantel, null model, and variation partitioning analysis were used to compare mechanisms driving the beta diversity of bacteria, fungi and plant communities at the regional scale in arid and semi-arid areas. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) was used to evaluate the distribution pattern of microbial communities, and vegetation survey were conducted to evaluate the characteristics of plant communities. We found that bacterial, fungal, and plant communities were strongly influenced by niche processes at the regional scale in arid and semi-arid areas. Bacteria had a stronger habitat association, indicating community assembly is strongly affected by niche processes. Fungi, with their body size between plants and bacteria, had moderate environment correlation, and plants had less environment association than fungi or bacteria, which suggests that body size may determine the association between organism and environment. We concluded that the pivotal niche process, environmental filtering, weakened with increasing body size, and it should be considered when we evaluate the relative roles of deterministic and stochastic processes in community assemblage.