Aeolid opisthobranch molluscs (Glaucidae) from the Indian Ocean and the south-west Pacific

Eight aeolid opisthobranch molluscs of the subfamilies Facelininae, Favorininae, and Herviellinae are reported from Tanzanian waters, and two species from Northwestern India. New records from Queensland, Australia greatly extend the range of two species reported from Tanzania. Phidiana militaris (Alder & Hancock) and P. indica (Bergh) are shown to be distinct and a species from New Zealand, originally identified as P. militaris , is shown to be new. P. bourailli (Risbec), previously reported only from New Caledonia, is described from Tanzania, as is a new species of Phidiana. Favorinus japonicus Baba is reported from Tanzania, the first published record outside Japan, a new species of Godiva is described from Tanzania and Queensland, and three new species of Sakuraeolis are described, one from India and two from Tanzania. A new species of Herviella is described from Tanzania.     

A new species of Monoplacophora, redescription of the genera Veleropilina and Rokopella, and new information on three species of the class

Vema levinae Warén, sp. n. is described from a submarine volcano off western Mexico. The type species of Rokopella and Veleropilina are redescribed, the usage of the names is discussed and Rokopella and Veleropilina are recognized as valid genera in Neopilinidae. Rokopella euglypta (Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1897) is redescribed from shells and a single live specimen taken from seamounts south of the Azores, from a depth of 1200–1600 m. Tectura reticulata Seguenza, 1876 (Gastropoda, 'Acmaeidae', southern Italy, Upper Pliocene/Lower Pleistocene) is considered to have been based on the monoplacophoran species previously known as Neopilina zografi from the Mediterranean, and is classified in the genus Veleropilina. Veleropilina zografi (Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1896) is redescribed based on shells from several seamounts south of the Azores. It is considered distinct from Rokopella euglypta and classified in the genus Veleropilina. An undescribed species of Veleropilina from a seamount off southern Baja California is reported, figured and discussed but not formally described.     

Energy transfer between Chlorophyll C and Chlorophyll A

Spectral properties of solutions containing mixtures of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll c are investigated. The yield of excitation energy migration from chlorophyll c to chlorophyll a is obtained ranging from 23 to 48% dependent on the used dye concentrations. The back transfer from chlorophyll a to chlorophyll c is negligible. The shape of the polarization excitation spectrum of chlorophyll c in the Soret band region is less composed than that of chlorophyll a. Depolarization of chlorophyll a fluorescence by chlorophyll c is in agreement with the conclusion drawn from fluorescence quenching that excitation energy migrates from chlorophyll c to chlorophyll a.     

Three new genera of Braconini from the Afrotropical and Australian regions (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Braconidae)

Jugubracon gen. n (type species: Jugubracon ferrugineus sp.n.) from New Guinea is described and illustrated. Jugubracon is related to Bracon , from which it is distinguished by a mid-longitudinally carinate 1st metasomal tergite and a curved fore-wing vein 1-SR+M. Kimavu gen.n. (type species: Kimavu fulvus sp.n.) from Sierra Leone, South Africa and Madagascar is described and illustrated. Kimavu is related to Cratocnema Szépligeti, from which it is distinguished by having long antennae which, in females, have a pale coloured annulus. Brucon annulicornis Brues, 1924, is transferred to Kimavu. Mollibracon gen.n. (type species: Bracon bimaris Turner, 1918) from Australia is described and illustrated. Mollibracon is related to Myosoma Brullé, from which it is distinguished by a strongly curved fore-wing vein 1-SR+M.     

Two new British species of Halticoptera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea,Pteromalidae)

The female of a new species of Halticoptera is described from a single specimen from Britain, and the male and female of a second new species are described from material from Britain and Czechoslovakia. Halticop-terina triannulata is recorded from Britain for the first time.     

Some overlooked or misidentified species of Teloschistes from South America and a key to the South-American species

Three species are discussed: Teloschistes hosseusianus Gyelnik, formerly known only from the type locality in Argentina is shown to have a wider distribution in South America. T. stellatus (Mey. & Flot.) Mull. Arg. known only from the type locality in Peru is reported from other localities in Peru and Chile. T. velifer F. Wils. previously known from Australia and New Zealand is reported from six localities in Chile. One of these is T. hollermayeri Ras. which is a synonym of T. velifer. A key is given to the 11 species of Teloschistes so far known from South America.     

Novelties in Fissistigma (Annonaceae) from Borneo

Five new species of Fissistigma are described from Borneo. Fissistigma brevistipitatum sp. nov. is a species of lowland and hill forest mostly recorded from Sabah. Fissistigma bygravei sp. nov. is similar to F. hypoglaucum (Miq.) Merr. of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Fissistigma carrii sp. nov. is from Mount Kinabalu. Fissistigma crassicaule is a robust plant known from a couple of collections from Sarawak. Fissistigma montanum sp. nov. is a species from hill and montane forest recorded from Brunei, Sabah and Sarawak. A new combination in Fissistigma is made for Melodorum multivenium Diels. Two recently described species of Fissistigma from Borneo ( F. cordifolium Irawan and F. magnisepalum Irawan) are reduced to synonymy of Friesodielsia excisa (Miq.) Steenis and Friesodielsia affinis (Hook. f. & Thomson) D. Das, respectively. Both species of Friesodielsia are lectotypified.     

Photographic Mapping of a Tissue Surface to Locate Fields for Electron Microscopy; Mouse Lung

Precise sampling from whole lobes of mouse lungs fixed in the inflated state and embedded in epoxy resin can be not only feasible but also efficient. A 1 μm section is cut from an embedded lobe with a rotary microtome and a steel knife. This section is stained and photographed, and from it a 35 × enlarged print is prepared. A grid of transparent plastic scored with 35 mm squares, lettered vertically and numbered horizontally, is superimposed over the photograph. The area chosen for electron microscopy thus becomes identifiable by a letter-number designation obtained from the grid. This area is then located by light microscopy on a 2 mm slice taken from the block from which the 1 μm section was cut, by use of oblique illumination and the calibrated mechanical stage of the light microscope. A block of 1.3 mm diameter is removed for electron microscopy from the tissue by a rotatable circular spring-loaded punch screwed into the objective turret of the microscope. The removed cylinder is mounted on a metal stub and ultrathin sections cut from the faced tissue. The method is as equally suitable for the examination of other tissues, particularly when large areas and multiple sampling may be required.     

Rhopalotrema (Digenea: Didymozoidae), a new genus from Australian platycephalid fishes

Rhopalotrema n. g. is erected to accommodate two new species of didymozoid collected from platycephalid fishes from South-east Queensland, Australia and is assigned to the subfamily Didymozoinae. Rhopalotrema elusiva n. sp. is described from the fins of Platycephalus fuscus and R. pterygionastes n. sp. is described from the fins of P. indicus. The new genus is similar to Neometadidymozoon, but is distinguished from it by the structure of the testes, which are convoluted and extend from near the anterior end of the hindbody to a point only a short distance into the forebody. The two new species are distinguished from each other by their size and the size and shape of the oral sucker and pharynx.     

Studies of the distribution of the Z-pinch radiance during the implosion of wire arrays in the angara-5-1 facility

Results are presented from time-integrated measurements of soft X-ray emission from Z-pinches during the implosion of simple and nested wire arrays. The blackening density distribution obtained with the help of a pinhole camera is recalculated into the time-integrated Z-pinch radiance. It is found that, in the case of a simple wire array, up to 70% of the total SXR energy emitted during a discharge is radiated from the axial region, the rest of energy being radiated from plasma jets, whereas in the case of a nested wire array, more than 90% of the SXR energy is radiated from the axial region.     

Macropostrongyloides dendrolagi n. sp. and Mbaisonema coronatum n. g., n. sp., two new species of nematodes (Strongyloidea: Cloacinidae) from tree-kangaroos,Dendrolagus spp. (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) from Irian Jaya,Indonesia

Two new species of strongyloid nematodes are described from tree-kangaroos, Dendrolagus spp. (Marsupialia: Macropodidae), from Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Macropostrongyloides dendrolagi n. sp. from the colon of Dendrolagus dorianus (type-host) and D. mbaiso is distinguished from congeners by the presence of a cephalic inflation and paired lateral alae which extend along the body from the cephalic inflation. Mbaisonema coronatum n. g., n. sp., from the stomach of D. mbaiso, is allocated to the tribe Coronostrongylinea Beveridge, 1986, as the buccal capsule is reduced to a sclerotised annulus and the lining is inflated into lip-like lobes at the anterior extremity. The new genus is allied to Popovastrongylus Mawson, 1977, from which it is distinguished by the presence of a labial crown composed of numerous elements.     

A simple procedure for isolating adenosine triphosphatase from mitochondria

A simple method for isolation of adenosine triphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.3) from mitochondria is described. The enzyme is released from mitochondrial Lubrol particles by drastic sonication and purified by gel filtration on Sepharose 6-B. The described procedure is effective in isolating adenosine triphosphatase from rat liver as it is from beef heart mitochondria. The enzyme isolated from beef heart has a specific activity of 120 μmol P/min per mg protein and enzyme isolated from rat liver has a specific activity of 70 μmol P/min per mg protein when measured as a release of inorganic phosphate.     

Melogonimus rhodanometra n. g., n. sp. (Digenea: Ptychogonimidae) from the elasmobranch Rhina ancylostoma Bloch & Schneider (Rhinobatidae) from the southeastern coastal waters of Queensland,Australia

The new genus Melogonimus is defined and adults of its type-species, M. rhodanometra n. sp., are described from Rhina ancylostoma from Moreton Bay, Queensland. This is the first record of a digenean from this host species. It is argued that metacercariae from the portunid crab Portunus pelagicus from Hervey Bay, off Queensland, belong to M. rhodanometra. The definition of the family Ptychogonimidae is amended, and a key to its two genera is given. Melogonimus is characterised by a smooth genital atrium wall, a large sinus-organ, a large muscular seminal vesicle, a weakly developed pars prostatica, a pre-testicular uterus and confluent post-testicular vitelline fields.     

Cactus novelties from southern Ecuador

The epiphytic Rhipsalis riocampanensis from the upper montane rain forest of the Podocarpus National Park is described as a new species. A large columnar cactus previously known from N Peru, Browningia microsperma. is here recorded from the Loja province in southern Ecuador. It is the first time Browningia has been reported from Ecuador. Espostoa lanata ssp. roseiflora is described as a new subspecies based on a population in the Catamayo valley. It is suggested that Armatocereus rupicola is an older name for Armatocereus brevispinus.     

Selective isolation of free and blocked amino-terminal peptides from enzymatic digestion of proteins

A general method for the selective isolation of free and blocked amino-terminal peptides from proteins is described. The rationale behind the methodology is based on the reasoning that if a protein, which has all its free amino groups blocked by citraconylation, is digested with a protease, all peptides, except those derived from the amino terminus, will have a free amino group. Reaction of such a digest with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (Dnp-F) followed by removal of citraconyl groups by acid treatment and removal of dinitrophenyl (Dnp) groups from histidine and tyrosine side chains by thiolysis will result in dinitrophenylation of all alpha-amino groups of peptides generated from internal cleavages, leaving only peptides derived from the amino terminus without a Dnp group. The strong adsorption of Dnp groups to polystyrene is used to selectively elute the underivatized amino-terminal peptides from such a column. It is also demonstrated how selective isolation of amino-terminal peptides can be used to determine whether a protein has a free or blocked amino terminus.     

Shotgun genome sequence of a Yersinia enterocolitica isolate from the Philippines

The first shotgun genome sequence of a microbial pathogen from the Philippines is reported. Yersinia enterocolitica subsp. palearctica strain PhRBD_Ye1 is the first Y. enterocolitica strain sequenced from an animal source, swine, which is a natural source of yersiniosis. The closest phylogenetic match is a human clinical isolate from Germany.     

A simple procedure for isolating adenosine triphosphatase from mitochondria.

A simple method for isolation of adenosine triphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.3) from mitochondria is described. The enzyme is released from mitochondrial Lubrol particles by drastic sonication and purified by gel filtration on Sepharose 6-B. The described procedure is effective in isolating adenosine triphosphatase from rat liver as it is from beef heart mitochondria. The enzyme isolated from beef heart has a specific activity of 120 mumol P/min per mg protein and enzyme isolated from rat liver has a specific activity of 70 mumol P/min per mg protein when measured as a release of inorganic phosphate.     

Ichthyobodo hippoglossi n. sp. (Kinetoplastea: Prokinetoplastida: Ichthyobodonidae fam. nov.), an ectoparasitic flagellate infecting farmed Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus

Diseased Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus juveniles from a hatchery in western Norway showed gill and skin infections with an Ichthyobodo species. Genus Ichthyobodo contains a single valid species, I. necator, a parasite originally described from the skin and fins of a salmonid fish in freshwater. Many studies have identified this species from other hosts, but recent molecular evidence suggests that many Ichthyobodo spp. occur in both fresh- and seawater. We redescribe I. necator from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar skin infections in Norway and compare the morphology of I. necator with the form from halibut. A scheme to standardise the measurements of Ichthyobodo cells is presented. Morphologically, the Ichthyobodo species from the skin and gills of halibut differs from I. necator from salmon skin by shape (in air dried stained smears), by a low number of variably sized kinetoplasts and by a long flagellar pocket. There is also a clear increase in the number of kinetoplasts in L necator with increasing cell size (area), a pattern absent from Ichthyobodo sp. from halibut. The 2 forms are also clearly separated by their small subunit (ssu) rDNA sequences; alignments of partial ssu sequences showed 93.5 % similarity. Consequently, Ichthyobodo sp. from halibut is considered a new species, and is named I. hippoglossi n. sp. Its closest relative is Ichthyobodo sp. IV from another marine fish, the Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. A family, Ichthyobodonidae fam. nov. in the order Prokinetoplastida Vickerman, 2004, is erected to encompass Ichthyobodo spp.     

记内蒙古宁城道虎沟上侏罗统/下白垩统一具有长肢的蜥蜴

道虎沟化石层分布于内蒙古宁城县道虎沟以及毗邻的河北北部和辽宁西部等地,已报道4种有尾类、1个无尾类蝌蚪、1个幼年蜥蜴、3种带原始羽毛的兽脚类恐龙、2种翼龙、3种哺乳动物以及双壳类、叶肢介、昆虫和植物等化石(有学者称之为"前热河生物群")。该层位比热河群义县组低,但地层划分存在争议:中侏罗统九龙山组、上侏罗统道虎沟组和下白垩统热河群均有报道。本文研究的道虎沟蜥蜴是该地点发现的第2个蜥蜴化石,其身体细长,为一幼年个体;前颌骨、顶骨和额骨均成对;上颌骨的面突高;后额骨和后眶骨不愈合;后额骨较大,但可能未进入上颞孔;后眶骨具宽的后突;牙齿小而尖锐,结构简单且可能为侧生;头骨的眶前区较长;具27个荐前椎;虽然未成年但个体较大;未见真皮骨板;手掌和四肢较长。上述特征组合区别于所有现生蜥蜴类,四肢比例也与其他蜥蜴有较大区别。欧美中侏罗世-早白垩世的小盗蜥(Parviraptor)和蒙古早白垩世的一个幼年个体(可能属于壁虎型类)与道虎沟标本比较相似。头骨特征和较大的荐前椎数目显示道虎沟标本可能属于硬舌蜥类(scleroglossan)。但因标本为幼年个体,本文暂将它归入有鳞类属种未定(Squamata gen.et sp.indet.)。测量数据显示,道虎沟标本的手掌和前肢相对较长;该特征常见于适应攀爬的蜥蜴种类,似可显示攀爬习性。但肢体比例可能会随身体增长而发生变化,所以此生活习性并非定论。