广义竹叶青蛇属Trimeresurus (sensu lato)的分类和系统学研究进展

广义的竹叶青蛇属于Trimeresurus(sensu lato)包含有40多个物种,广泛分布在南亚和东南亚国家和地区。目前,该类群已经相继被划分为6个属：Trimeresurus(sensu stricto)、Tropidolaemus、Ovophis Protobothrops,Triceratolepidophis,Zhaoermia本文从形态、细胞以及分了系统学等方面对Trimeresurus(sensu lato)的分类和系统学研究进行综述。     

满江红属系统学研究的新进展

本文从植物系统学角度对满江红属的研究进展作了全面综述,近年来从细胞水平提出了将满江红属重新划分为Azolla和Tetrasporocarpia2个亚属,经典的三膘（Azolla）和九膘（Rhizosperma)亚属作为新的Shbgen,Azolla中的2个组（Section）,而原有九膘亚属中的A.nilotica则为Subgen,Tetrasporocarpia的一个种,遗传育种和同工酶的研究证据对A.mexicana,A.microphylla和A.caroliniana能否在Sect.A-zolla中占据3个种的分类地位提出疑问,但要完全解决满江红属的系统学问题,分子生物学技术是重要手段,由于满江红为蕨－藻共生体,其样本的异质性影响了现有分子标记研究结果的可靠性。     

满江红属系统学研究的新进展

本文从植物系统学角度对满江红属的研究进展作了全面综述。近年来从细胞研 究水平提出了将满江红属重新划分为〖WTBX〗Azolla和Tetrasporocarpia 2个亚 属,经典的三膘（Azolla）和九膘（Rhizosperma)〖WTBZ〗亚属作为新的Subgen Azolla中的2个组（Section),而原有九膘亚属中的A.nilotica 则成为Subgen.Tetrasporocarpia〖WTBZ〗的一个种。遗传育种和同工酶 的研究证据对A.mexicana,A.microphylla和A.caroliniana能否在Sect. Azolla中占据3个种的分类地位提出疑问。但要完全解决满江红属的系统 学问题,分子生物学技术将是重要手段。由于满江红为蕨 藻共生体,其样本的异质性影响了现有分子标记研究结果的可靠性。     

赤■属的系统学研究

采用比较形态学方法,本文详细地描述了赤属植物根、根状茎、茎、卷须、花序、花萼、花冠、雄蕊群、雌蕊群、果实、种子以及毛被的形态特征,并讨论了某些形态学性状的系统学意义。本文首次描述和记录了该属植物的传粉生物学特征以及传粉媒介,并讨论了造成该属某些种结实率低的原因。本文还根据现存赤属及其近缘属植物的分布式样以及它们的属下分类群的系统演化式样,确定了中国的横断山系和大巴山系地区是该属植物的现代分布中心和分化中心,而中国云南南部和中南半岛北部地区的季节性山地雨林是该属植物的起源中心。在综合大量资料的基础上,本文对赤属作了分类学修订。确认该属有２２种,２变种,归并了２种和１０变种。     

赤包属的系统学研究

采用比较形态学方法,本文详细地描述了赤包属植物根、根状茎、茎、卷须、花序、花枣、花冠、雄蕊群、雌蕊群、果实、种子以及毛被的形态特征,并讨论了某些形态学性状的系统学意义。本文首次描述和记录了该属植物的传粉生物学特征以及传粉媒介,并讨论了造成该属某些种结实率低的原因。本文还根据现存赤包属及其近缘属植物的分布式样以及它们的属下分类群的系统演化式样,确定了中国的横断山系和大巴山系地区是该属植物的现代分布中心和分化中心,而中国云南南部和中南半岛北部地区的季节性山地雨林是该属植物的起源中心。在综合大量资料的基础上,本文对赤包属作了分类学修订。确认该属有22种,2变种,归并了2种和10变种。     

赤瓟属的系统学研究

采用比较形态学方法,本文首次描述和记录了该属植物的传粉生物学特征以及传粉媒介,并讨论了造成该属某些种结实率低的原因。本文还同存赤ＢＯ属及其近缘属植物的分布式样以及它们的属下分类群的系统演化式样,确定了中国的横断山系和大巴山系地区是该属植物的现代分布中心和分化中心,而中国云南南部和中南半岛北部地区的性山地雨林是该属植物的起源中心。在综合大量资料的基础上,本文对赤Ｂｏ属作了分类学修订。确认该属有２２种     

小鲵属Hynobius系统学研究回顾

本文对小鲵属系统学研究历史进行了回顾,总结了通过形态、细胞、分子等研究手段,在分类、系统发育、动物地理等研究层次上所取得的成果,提出了一些尚待研究的问题,并对将来的研究工作做出展望.     

黄耆属簇毛黄耆亚属系统学研究

簇毛黄耆亚属以其柱头上具簇毛等形态特征与黄耆属其它类群相区别,约含49种（变种）。主要分布在青藏高原及其邻近地区,绝大多数种类分布于横断山区。本文基于形态特征和分支系统学方法分析亚属内种系发生关系。结果表明,49种（变种）可分为9组。其中双小苞组Sect.Bibracteolati含种类最多,是一个并系类群。借助于分支图,分析了6个较重要的鉴定特征的演化,习性,茎的着生方式,小苞片,果实形态,柱头具簇毛,果实膨胀状况等。最后作出了这个亚属的一个分类纲要。     

国产堇菜属的分子系统学研究

利用基于ITS序列的分子系统学对国产堇菜属(Viola L.)进行了系统发育重建,选择Hybanthus concolor和鳞隔堇(Scyphellandra pierrei)作为外类群,对国产堇菜属植物54种1亚种共66个序列进行分析。分子系统树中获得强烈支持的中国堇菜属属下组级分类群有Sect.Viola、Sect.Diffusae、Sect.Bilobatae、Sect.Vaginatae。Subgen.Melanium与Sect.Viola和Sect.Trigonocarpae聚在一起,说明它们的亲缘关系较近,但Sect.Trigonocarpae支获得的支持率较低。分子系统树证实了Subgen.Dischidium与Subgen.Chamaemelanium的近缘关系,但不支持根据距的长短将Subgen.Dischidium划分为Sect.Longicalcaratae和Sect.Brevicalcaratae的处理。而Pinnatae类群应该作为Sect.Adnatae下的一个亚组处理。根据分子系统发育和形态学特征对V.lucens、V.magnifica、V.dissecta、V.yunnanensis等的分类地位进行了重新评价。     

中国壁虎属动物系统学研究进展

壁虎属动物是一种分布非常广泛的动物,在我国除东北外其它各地都有分布。本文主要对国内壁虎属动物分类及系统学研究进行了总结,提出了壁虎属动物该方面研究现状和存在的问题。     

广义报春苣苔属 (苦苣苔科) 的染色体新计数及其分类学意义

报道了广义报春苣苔属14种3变种和7个未定名种的染色体数目,并对其近缘属——广义石山苣苔属的3个种也进行了细胞学研究。结合最近的分类处理和系统发育假设,对所得结果和以前发表的染色体数据进行了综合分析, 结果表明：广义报春苣苔属的染色体数目为2n=36,基数为x=18,表现出高度稳定性。染色体相对较小,以中间着丝粒和亚中间着丝粒染色体为主。尽管一些类群的染色体大小之间存在微小差异,但是染色体形态的均一性和染色体数目的一致性有力地支持分子系统学的研究结果。另外,相同的染色体数目及相似的染色体形态也表明广义报春苣苔属和广义石山苣苔属的亲缘关系较近,与分子系统学的结果一致。     

蜡样芽胞杆菌族毒素研究进展

蜡样芽胞杆菌族(Bacillus cereus sensu lato)包括几个具有密切系统发育关系的芽胞杆菌物种,产生的毒素种类繁多,备受人们关注.质粒在菌株中的水平转移,会改变其表型、致病性和毒力,同时也带来分类的问题.通过综述几种蜡样芽胞杆菌毒素的结构特性、作用机制及其危害或生物应用,从质粒水平转移的角度介绍蜡样芽...     

基于质体基因组学方法研究广义玄参科的系统发育

该研究利用GenBank数据库已公开发表的玄参科及相关类群的107属129个物种的质体基因组数据对广义玄参科的系统发育关系进行了分析。该文利用蛋白质编码基因构建了矩阵，并采用最大似然法及贝叶斯推断重建系统发育树。基于两种分析方法获得的系统发育树的拓扑结构完全一致且分辨率及支持率较高。在ML树中，总分支数为129个，其中支持率≥70%的分支数目为123个。结果表明：(1)广义玄参科不是一个单系类群，隶属于广义玄参科的51个物种(37属)分散于列当科、泡桐科、美丽桐科、通泉草科、母草科、狭义玄参科和车前科。(2)狭义玄参科为单系类群，除原隶属于广义玄参科的Bontia、Calamphoreus、Diocirea、Eremophila、Glycocystis、Leucophyllum、玄参属和毛蕊花属外，还包括了原隶属于马钱科的醉鱼草属和原隶属于苦槛蓝科的苦槛蓝属。(3)唇形目为一个单系，目下共形成了14个支持率高的单系分支，对应于14个科(其中美丽桐科和胡麻科仅包括一个物种，不包括在内),科间关系得到较好的解决，木犀科为最早分化出来的类群，其余的类群共同组成核心唇形目。在核心唇形目中，类群...     

Diversity of commensal Bacillus cereus sensu lato isolated from the common sow bug (Porcellio scaber, Isopoda)

Although Bacillus cereus sensu lato are important both from an ecological and an economical point of view, little is known about their population structure, ecology, and relationships with other organisms. In the present work, the genotypic similarity of arthropod-borne B. cereus s.l. isolates, and their symbiotic relationship with the host are assessed. Bacilli of this group were recovered from the digestive tracts of sow bugs (Porcellio scaber) collected in three closely located sites. Their genotypic diversity was investigated using pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) following the whole-genome DNA digestions with NotI and AscI, and PCR amplification of virulence genes. The majority of the sow-bug Bacillus cereus sensu stricto isolates originating from the same but also from different sites displayed identical PFGE patterns, virulence gene content and enterotoxicity, indicating strong genetic and genomic relationships. The sow-bug Bacillus mycoides/Bacillus pseudomycoides strains displayed a higher diversity. The isopod-B. cereus s.l. relationship was also evaluated using antibiotic-resistant derivatives of B. cereus s.s., B. mycoides/B. pseudomycoides and Bacillus thuringiensis reintroduced into sow bugs. Both spores and vegetative cells of B. cereus s.l. were recovered from sow bugs over a 30-day period, strongly suggesting that these bacteria are natural residents of terrestrial isopods.     

Diversity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Russian Far East

Thirty strains of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato have been isolated from Ixodes persulcatus ticks and from skin lesions of Lyme disease patients in the Russian Far East from 1997 to 2003. We amplified full-length outer surface protein A (ospA) gene of all strains. BLAST search and following phylogenetic analysis showed that strains form four well-defined groups. Four strains belong to Borrelia afzelii species. Other strains distributed into tree major groups, identified as Borrelia garinii. Indeed, based on the ospA gene comparison, phylogenetic relationship of these groups among each other does not differ from relationship among other previously defined groups inside B. burgdorferi sensu lato genogroup, such as B. afzelii or Borrelia bissettii. Further investigations of genetic and serologic properties of the strains belonging to those groups are required in order to clarify their taxonomic status.     

Rapid identification of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of groEL gene

Thirty-one reference strains and 23 Korean isolates of the genus Borrelia were identified through the PCR-RFLP analysis using the groEL gene. This will be useful for the rapid differentiation of B. burgdorferi sensu lato and complements one of the 5S-23S intergenic spacers.     

First report of amitraz and cypermethrin resistance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato infesting dogs in Mexico

Engorged female Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Ixodida: Ixodidae) were collected from dogs in the state of Yucatán, Mexico. Fourteen tick populations were collected from dogs at seven veterinary clinics, four residential homes and three cattle farms. The larval immersion test was used in the progeny of collected adult females to test susceptibility to amitraz and cypermethrin. Dose–mortality regressions, 50% lethal concentrations (LC₅₀), confidence intervals and slope were estimated by probit analysis. For amitraz, 12 tick populations (85.7%) were classified as resistant and low inter‐population variation in the phenotypic level of resistance was evident [resistance ratios (RRs) at LC₅₀: 1.0–13.0]. For cypermethrin, 12 tick populations (85.7%) were classified as resistant and substantial inter‐population variation in the phenotypic level of resistance was evident (RRs at LC₅₀: 1.0–104.0). Thus, amitraz resistance in R. sanguineus s.l. is common, but generally occurs at low levels; however, alarmingly high levels of cypermethrin resistance are present in R. sanguineus s.l. populations in dogs in Yucatán, Mexico. The intensive use of both acaricides to control ectoparasites on dogs is likely to lead to more serious resistance problems that may cause high levels of control failure in the future.     

苏云金杆菌毒性质粒在蜡状芽胞杆菌群间的水平转移

以苏云金芽胞杆菌KT0为质粒供体菌,在液体环境中与蜡状芽胞杆菌组成员菌(Bacillus cereus sensu lato group strains)发生接合转移。对所筛选到的接合转移子进行了质粒稳定性检测、PCR验证以及供、受体菌染色体背景RAPD图谱分析。不同培养基中质粒转移率数据表明:在人工LB培养基及灭菌牛乳中,质粒pHT73均能以不同频率转移至蜡状芽胞杆菌组受体菌,并且在牛乳中转移活性更高,最高可这4.8×10~(-4)cfu/ donor。获得质粒的受体菌同时具备了质粒所编码基因功能,产生其编码的杀虫晶体蛋白。SDS-PAGE电泳和光镜结果显示转化菌在得到外源质粒pHT73后,能产生由cry1Ac基因编码的130 ku蛋白Cry1Ac,在芽胞期能形成稳定的菱形晶体。     

Timing of host-seeking behaviour of the mosquitoes Anopheles annulipes sensu lato Walker and Coquillettidia linealis (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Murray River Valley, South Australia

Abstract  The timing of host-seeking behaviour was studied in two mosquito species, Anopheles annulipes sensu lato and Coquillettidia linealis at Mundic Creek, near the Upper River Murray in South Australia. Hourly sampling using carbon dioxide-baited traps revealed consistent patterns in the timing of host-seeking. Coquillettidia linealis displayed a very large peak in host-seeking activity at sunset, followed by a much reduced level throughout the night and a smaller peak at sunrise. Anopheles annulipes s.l. differed by displaying a significantly smaller peak at sunset, followed by higher amount of activity throughout the night compared with Cq. linealis . The two taxa, while both crepuscular and nocturnal, spread their host-seeking effort out differently throughout the night, indicating that they have different resource requirements.