高中一年级人体解剖生理学(72小时)

人体解剖生理学的内容和任务。伟大的生理学者巴甫洛夫的传记。 1.有机体是一个统一的整体(5;2) 人体的细胞结构。动物细胞的构造。细胞的化学成分。动物细胞和植物细胞的异同点。细胞和周围环境间的新陈代谢。细胞的增殖。勒柏辛斯卡娅关於细胞产生於非细胞形态的生活物质的学说。     

初中三年级动物学(72小时)检查暑期作业(2小时)

鲫鱼(或其他硬骨鱼)。联系水中生活条件研究它的外部构造和内部构造。生殖。各种鱼类对於不同生活条件的适应:肉食的鱼和“温和的”鱼,水上层的鱼和水底的鱼。软骨鱼和硬鳞鱼的特徵。软骨鱼有更原始的构造,在地球上的出现也较早。我国的鱼类财富和捕鱼业情况。苏联的捕鱼业。我国养鱼业的发展。苏联先进的养鱼业(镜鲤鱼的养殖)。演示:养在缸中的活鱼,鱼的浸制标本和挂图。     

塔里木河流域下游植物区系及生态学研究

塔里木河流域下游地区植物有30科80属122种。以双子叶植物类群占优势,其中多年生草本植物在塔里木河流域下游植物中占多数。显示了物种形成是年轻的进化类型。生态类型以旱生植物为主。占总种数的52％,这足长期适应比较干旱的自然环境的结果。该区系的温带成分占优势。地中海成分也占有一定地位。这些区系成分的植物都是干旱区荒漠植物的代表。区系地理反映了物种演化过程的历史气候、地质变化动态。查清塔里木河流域下游植物资源的数量和分布区的变迁,为该地区的植物资源保护提供科学依据。     

黑脊倒刺鲃精巢结构和精子发生的研究

用光学显微镜和电子显微镜研究了黑脊倒刺鲃精巢的组织结构和精子发生过程。精巢属于小叶型,由精小叶、小叶间质、壶腹腔和输出管构成。精小叶由各期生精细胞和支持细胞构成。除初级精原细胞以外的各期生精细胞和支持细胞组成了精小囊。每一精小囊中的生精细胞发育同步。成熟的精子从精小囊中释放出来,进入小叶腔中。在精巢的腹侧,小叶腔与壶腹腔连接。在壶腹腔的外侧,有一条与壶腹腔平行的输出管。壶腹腔与输出管相通。在壶腹腔和输出管中都充满精子。精巢的后端与贮精囊相连。贮精囊中充满形状不规则的腔隙。腔隙中有精子分布。输出管从精巢延伸出来,进入贮精囊中,位于贮精囊的一侧。左右两个贮精囊通向一条共同的输精管。输精管上皮具有分泌功能。精子发生在精小叶中进行。精子发生经历了初级精原细胞、次级精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞和精子细胞阶段。精子细胞经过精子形成过程,形成精子。     

白毛新木姜子[Neolitsea aurata var.glauca]胚胎学研究

应用光学显微镜对白毛新木姜子的胚胎学特征进行了研究,首次在非寄生性樟科植物中发现了细胞型胚乳。对樟科8属进行了胚胎学特征的比较。花药四室,药室壁的发育属于"基本型",周原质团型绒毡层。小孢子母细胞连续型分裂。等四面体型四分体。二细胞成熟花粉,无孔沟。雌孢原多个,一般仅一个能继续发育。蓼型胚囊。助细胞具丝状器。反足细胞宿存。大孢子母细胞和合子具极性。宿存的一个助细胞具有吸器功能。细胞型胚乳,胚胎发育属于柳叶菜型的三叶变型。种皮源于外珠被,内表皮细胞壁螺旋状加厚。胚胎学特征表明,新木姜子属与木姜子属有密切的亲缘关系。较多的双胚囊异常现象,支持樟科与Monimiaceae具有紧密关系的推测。胚胎学特征不支持将无根藤属独立为科的观点。     

补体系统功能研究方面的一些新进展

补体系统功能方面的研究近年来非常活跃。本文主要介绍以下几方面的一些新进展:1.补体膜攻击机制。2.生物膜的组成和补体的活化。3.补体活化通路中的活性小片段。4.补体对巨噬细胞的作用。5.补体受体。 6.C_(1q)。7.补体和心血管疾患。8.补体活化的调节。     

中国灵芝科的分类研究XI．灵芝亚属灵芝组

灵芝(Gesoderma lucidum)远在东汉(纪元102—200)年间的《神农本草经》中就有记载。中国劳动人民认识它远在此之前。国外最早的记载是1781年W. Curtis的“Boletuslucidus W．Curt,t. no 224’此种模式标本已不存在。Karsten (1881)在赫尔辛基植物博物馆留下一号标本作为新模式(neoty pe)。 不同的分类学家认为在同一种不同的标本上皮壳构造可能有变化,甚致在同一号标本中也有变化。菌肉的颜色也有变化。或许菌肉颜色变暗是由于纬度和海拔高度的不同,平均温度渐渐增加所致(Steyacrt,1972)。有些分类学家认为菌柄的有无不能作分类的依据。Stcyaert(1975)证明甚致硬皮灵芝(Gonoderma tornatum complex)的孢子因纬度和海拔高度的不同有改变。总而言之,我们可以说灵芝复合种(Ganoderma complcx)在自然界的存在是不稳定的。诚然,这是一条自然规律。在自然界每一个生物种都是连续不断的变化着。但也相对的稳定。它们在自然界的矛盾中生长和发育。本文作者同意其他分类学家的意见,即在灵芝属中孢子诸性状是唯一地分类根据。种与种之间孢子的性状是清楚的不同。同时他建议应用每一个种的综合性状作分类依据或许是正确的。因为不同的分类学家对灵芝有人持广义的概念,也有人持狭义的概念。对它的亲缘种自然也有不同。下列种类现作者认为可能是它的亲缘种类。它们是：无柄灵芝;弱光泽灵芝;四川灵芝;紫芝以及松杉树芝。现作者假定灵芝在本组中是一个中心种。其它亲缘种围绕它而诞生。于是形成一个较大的种群。也有分类学家称之为灵芝复合种。长期以来灵芝复合种已经成为分类上的困难问题。有人认为成了本组分类的绊脚石。作者研究本组真菌已有多年。根据他的经验认为持种的狭义概念大概更合乎自然规律。对于以上观点作者拟在另文中阐述。本文因限于篇幅,只报道{个新种。其中1新种应隶属紫芝组。它们是：大青山灵芝(Ganoderma daiqingshanense Zhao),昆明灵芝(G. kun-mingense Zhao),多分枝灵芝(G．Ramosissimum),澄海灵芝(G. chenghaiense Zhao)。以上所有引证标本都保藏于中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

钠钾泵对哺乳动物细胞增殖的控制

细胞膜钠钾 ATPase 与膜磷脂构成钠钾泵。环境渗透压影响泵而不影响酶的活性。α_2β_2型四聚体酶有两组活性中心“交替活化”。不同种属、器官酶的生理功能、抗原决定簇相同,可交叉重组。淋巴细胞转化以及细胞增殖分化必须有泵的持续作用。泵活性的变化似可作为细胞周期的指标。病毒转化的细胞泵活性显示明显而规律的变化。干扰素的作用亦可能需要泵的参与。泵参与控制细胞增殖的机理迄今未完全明了,与钾的浓度有关,而不在于氨基酸的运转。     

初中二年级植物学(54小时)

蔬菜植物:白菜,番茄,黄瓜,菜豆,萝卜,洋葱,马铃薯。这些植物的构造和特性。采种用蔬菜植物的培育。果树植物:苹果,橘,桃,葡萄。这些植物的构造和特性。在园中培育它们时,创造它们所必需的条件。粮食植物:水稻,小麦,粟,高梁,玉蜀黍。这些植物的构造和特性。在农田中培育它们时,保证它们所必需的条件。粮食植物对於国民经济的意义。     

结核性脑膜炎的诊断和治疗

结核性脑膜炎(TBM)是一种严重的肺外结核性,约占全部结核病的1%。TBM的死亡率和致残率高,至今仍是发展中国家最严重的疾病之一。儿童患者及合并HIV感染的结核性脑膜炎患者死亡率明显增高。结核性脑膜炎的具体发病机制仍不清楚,细菌和宿主的遗传因素在结脑的发病机制中发挥了至关重要的作用。尽管现代医学技术的进展,TBM的早期诊断仍存在困难。TBM的诊断依赖于临床表现、实验室检查以及影像学检查,脑脊液细菌涂片或培养找到结核分枝杆菌可确诊。早期诊断和治疗尤为关键。临床上往往从经验判断开始抗结核治疗。WHO指南推荐至少六个月的抗结核治疗。然而,部分指南推荐延长抗结核治疗至9-12个月。早期使用类固醇类激素可降低死亡率。抗结核药物耐药性与高死亡率相关。该综述描述了结脑的各个方面,重点强调结核性脑膜炎的早期诊断和治疗。     

广义竹叶青蛇属Trimeresurus (sensu lato)的分类和系统学研究进展

广义的竹叶青蛇属于Trimeresurus(sensu lato)包含有40多个物种,广泛分布在南亚和东南亚国家和地区。目前,该类群已经相继被划分为6个属：Trimeresurus(sensu stricto)、Tropidolaemus、Ovophis Protobothrops,Triceratolepidophis,Zhaoermia本文从形态、细胞以及分了系统学等方面对Trimeresurus(sensu lato)的分类和系统学研究进行综述。     

广义烙铁头属三种烙铁头的核型及分类地位初步探讨

报道３种烙铁头蛇的核型。其中,烙铁头２ｎ＝３６＝１６Ｍ（１４Ｖ＋２ＳＶ／Ｖ）＋２０ｍ,ＺＷ型性决定,Ｚ为Ｖ型,Ｗ为ＳＩ／ＳＶ型,Ｚ明显大于Ｗ;菜花烙铁头２居群２ｎ＝３６＝１６Ｍ（１４Ｖ＋２ＳＩ）＋２０ｍ,ＺＷ型性决定,Ｚ为Ｖ型,Ｗ为ＳＩ型,Ｚ明显大于Ｗ;云南竹叶青２ｎ＝３６＝１６Ｍ（１２Ｖ／ＳＶ＋２ＳＶ／ＳＩ＋２ＳＩ）＋２ｍ,无异型性染本,对３种的核型及烙铁头属已知核型进行了比较分析,并对云南竹叶     

亚洲蝮亚科蛇属间系统发生支序分析 (蛇亚目：蝰科)

在大量比较形态研究的基础上,选择了５个特征方面２８个性状,以支序分析方法探讨了分布于亚洲蝮亚科蛇５属１４种的系统发生关系,结果表明：该亚科蛇类可以划分为３个不同的类群,第一个类群包括尖吻蝮属、瘤鼻蝮属、红口腹属,它们具有较多的祖征,代表了该科中原始一类,基中红口蝮可能是最原始的一属;亚洲蝮属单独形成一个类群;第三个类群为原广义的烙铁头蛇属,包括竹叶青蛇属、原矛蝮属、烙铁头蛇属、黑绿烙铁头蛇属、莽山     

A phylogeny of the trimeresurus group of pit vipers: new evidence from a mitochondrial gene tree

The Trimeresurus group is an important radiation of over 40 Asian pit viper species. Once considered congeneric, four genera are generally currently recognized (Trimeresurus sensu stricto, Ovophis, Protobothrops, and Tropidolaemus) but relationships within and between these are still unclear. This study, based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences, is the first to include a large number of species (21) and demonstrates that the current taxonomy does not adequately represent either the relationships or the genetic diversity present in the complex. Although many deeper nodes are not strongly supported, the following novel conclusions are all well supported: (1) the paraphyly of Trimeresurus sensu stricto, (2) the presence of several divergent clades within Trimeresurus sensu stricto, (3) the paraphyly of some widespread, medically significant, species, (4) the nonmonophyly of Ovophis, and (5) the monophyly of Protobothrops. Mapping of morphological characters onto the mitochondrial tree further supports the four groups proposed for Trimeresurus sensu stricto.     

Phylogeny, taxonomy, and biogeography of the oriental pitvipers of the genus trimeresurus (reptilia: viperidae: crotalinae): a molecular perspective

Based on sequence variation in 806 bp of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene, phylogenetic relationships were inferred for 14 species of Trimeresurus (sensu lato) including all East Asian members. Samples analyzed also included representatives of all assemblages of species that are frequently treated as separate genera except for T. mangshanensis, a type species of the recently described monotypic genus Ermia. Results support some previous accounts chiefly from morphological studies, such as distinct divergence of T. wagleri from the remainder, and monophyly of T. mucrosquamatus, T. flavoviridis, T. jerdonii, T. elegans and T. tokarensis. On the other hand, our results negated a putative close affinity of T. monticola and T. okinavensis, and indicated the sister relationship of the latter with T. gracilis. Phylogenetic relationships revealed in this study suggested that the genus Trimeresurus dispersed into the Ryukyu region at least three times, and that T. flavoviridis and T. tokarensis from the central Ryukyus constitute a relict clade.     

Karyological studies on Spanish Boraginaceae: Lithospermum L. sensu lato

LUQUE, T. & VALDÉS, B., 1984. Karyological studies on Spanish Boraginaceae: Lithospenum L. sensu lato . All of the Spanish taxa of Lithospermum L. sensu lato (Lithospermum sensu stricto, Neatostema, Buglossoides and Lithodora ), with the exception of Buglossoides gartonii (Bentham) I. M. Johnston, have been studied karyologically. The karyological characters allow the separation of three groups which do not correspond exactly with the morphological limits of the four genera actually recognized for Spain within Lithospermum sensu lato .
Se estudian cariológicamente los taxones españoles de Lithospermum L. sensu lato (Lithospennum sensu stricto, Neatostema, Buglossoides y Lithodora ), salvo Buglossoides gastonii (Bentham) I. M. Johnston. Por los caracteres cariológicos se pueden separar tres grupos cuyos límites no coinciden exactamente con los de los cuatro géneros actualrnente reconocidos para España dentro de Lithospcnum sensu lato .     

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Francisella tularensis and their co-infections in host-seeking Ixodes ricinus ticks collected in Serbia

To evaluate the prevalence rate of tick-borne bacterial pathogens, unfed adult Ixodes ricinus ticks were collected from vegetation in 2001, 2003, and 2004 at 18 localities throughout Serbia. A total of 287 ticks were examined by PCR technique for the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Francisella tularensis. The highest prevalence rate was that for B. burgdorferi sensu lato (42.5%), followed by A. phagocytophilum (13.9%) and F. tularensis (3.8%). The presence of five B. burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies, namely, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii, B. garinii, B. lusitaniae, and B. valaisiana was identified by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The most frequent B. burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies was B. lusitaniae, followed by B. burgdorferi sensu stricto. Co-infection by B. burgdorferi sensu stricto and B. lusitaniae was frequently observed. Co-infection by B. burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum and co-infection by B. burgdorferi sensu lato and F. tularensis appeared in 24 ticks. Sequencing of p44/msp2 paralogs of Serbian A. phagocytophilum showed that they were unique and distinct from those of A. phagocytophilum in US and UK. This is the first report of B. garinii, B. lusitaniae, B. valaisiana, as well as A. phagocytophilum and F. tularensis infected ticks in Serbia. These findings indicate a public health threat in Serbia of tick-borne diseases caused by B. burgdorferi sensu lato, A. phagocytophilum and F. tularensis.     

Substantial rise in the prevalence of Lyme borreliosis spirochetes in a region of western Germany over a 10-year period

More than a decade after a study on the transmission cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the Siebengebirge, a nature reserve near Bonn, Germany, questing nymphal and adult Ixodes ricinus ticks were collected again in three selected areas of the same low mountain range and examined for infection with B. burgdorferi sensu lato. Between May and October 2001, a total of 1,754 ticks were collected by blanket dragging; 374 ticks were analyzed for B. burgdorferi sensu lato by both an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and at least two different PCR tests, whereas 171 ticks were analyzed by PCR only. By combining all assays, an average of 14% of the ticks tested positive for B. burgdorferi sensu lato, 5.5, 15.8, and 21.8% in the three collection areas. Of the nymphs and adults examined, 12.9 and 21.1%, respectively, were found to be spirochete infected. A lower total infection prevalence was obtained by IFA (14.4%) than by a nested PCR approach (16.5%), but both were higher than that obtained by a simple PCR approach (11.9%). Compared with data collected over a decade ago, the mean infection prevalence of B. burgdorferi sensu lato in the ticks was significantly higher for all three biotopes, whereas a similar pattern of habitat-specific infection prevalence was observed. Genotyping of B. burgdorferi sensu lato revealed high relative prevalences of B. valaisiana (identified in 43.1% of infected ticks) and B. garinii (32.3%), whereas B. afzelii (12.3%) and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (1.5%) were relatively rare. We conclude that B. burgdorferi sensu lato infection has increased in this region over the last 15 years due to presently unknown changes in ecological conditions, perhaps related to climate change or wildlife management.     

Local variations in the distribution and prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genomospecies in Ixodes ricinus ticks.

Unfed nymphal and adult Ixodes ricinus ticks were collected from five locations within the 10,000-ha Killarney National Park, Ireland. The distribution and prevalence of the genomospecies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the ticks were investigated by PCR amplification of the intergenic spacer region between the 5S and 23S rRNA genes and by reverse line blotting with genomospecies-specific oligonucleotide probes. The prevalence of ticks infected with B. burgdorferi sensu lato was significantly variable between the five locations, ranging from 11.5 to 28.9%. Four genomospecies were identified as B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia garinii, and VS116. Additionally, untypeable B. burgdorferi sensu lato genomospecies were identified in two nymphs. VS116 was the most prevalent of the genomospecies and was identified in 50% of the infected ticks. Prevalences of B. garinii and B. burgdorferi sensu stricto were similar (17 and 18%, respectively); however, significant differences were observed in the prevalence of these genomospecies in mixed infections (58.8 and 23.5%, respectively). Notably, the prevalence of B. afzelii was low, comprising 9.6 and 7.4%, respectively, of single and mixed infections. Significant variability was observed in the distribution and prevalence of B. burgdorferi sensu lato genomospecies between locations in the park, and the diversity and prevalence of B. burgdorferi sensu lato genomospecies was typically associated with woodland. The distributions of B. burgdorferi sensu lato genomospecies were similar in wooded areas and in areas bordering woodland, although the prevalence of B. burgdorferi sensu lato infection was typically reduced. Spatial distributions vegetation composition, and host cenosis of the habitats were identified as factors which may affect the distribution and prevalence of B. burgdorferi sensu lato genomospecies within the park.     

Introduced Siberian chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus barberi) harbor more-diverse Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies than native bank voles (Myodes glareolus)

Little attention has been given in scientific literature to how introduced species may act as a new host for native infectious agents and modify the epidemiology of a disease. In this study, we investigated whether an introduced species, the Siberian chipmunk (Tamias sibiricus barberi), was a potentially new reservoir host for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, the causative agent of Lyme disease. First, we ascertained whether chipmunks were infected by all of the B. burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies associated with rodents and available in their source of infection, questing nymphs. Second, we determined whether the prevalence and diversity of B. burgdorferi sensu lato in chipmunks were similar to those of a native reservoir rodent, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus). Our research took place between 2006 and 2008 in a suburban French forest, where we trapped 335 chipmunks and 671 voles and collected 743 nymphs of ticks that were questing for hosts by dragging on the vegetation. We assayed for B. burgdorferi sensu lato with ear biopsy specimens taken from the rodents and in nymphs using PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Chipmunks were infected by the three Borrelia genospecies that were present in questing nymphs and that infect rodents (B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii, and B. garinii). In contrast, voles hosted only B. afzelii. Furthermore, chipmunks were more infected (35%) than voles (16%). These results may be explained by the higher exposure of chipmunks, because they harbor more ticks, or by their higher tolerance of other B. burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies than of B. afzelii. If chipmunks are competent reservoir hosts for B. burgdorferi sensu lato, they may spill back B. burgdorferi sensu lato to native communities and eventually may increase the risk of Lyme disease transmission to humans.