酸沉降对森林生态系统影响的研究现状及展望

酸沉降影响下物质循环及其不平衡研究;酸沉降对土壤理化性质的影响;森林水化学方面的研究;酸沉降下重金属的活化研究;酸沉降对植物生长的影响研究;酸沉降和气候变化对森林的影响;模拟酸雨对土壤理化性质和植物生长的影响;酸沉降下土壤风化问题的研究;运用模型对酸化问题的研究;森林土壤人为和自然的酸化;酸沉降临界负荷的研究;酸沉降和其它污染物对植物的联合影响;酸化土壤恢复研究等方面介绍了酸沉降对森林生态系统影响的研究现状,并阐明了今后研究的方向及应该注意的问题。     

Endophytic and epiphytic phyllosphere fungi of red-osier dogwood (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cornus stolonifera</Emphasis>) in British Columbia

Endophytic and epiphytic phyllosphere fungi associated with red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera), a deciduous shrub, were examined in coastal British Columbia, Canada. Current-year shoots were divided into four types based on the absence or presence of inflorescence and secondary elongated shoots at the apex of primary shoots. Leaves on these shoots were then classified into six categories so as to examine the effect of flowering, secondary shoot elongation, and shoot order within current-year shoots on the occurrence of phyllosphere fungi. Species composition of fungi was markedly different between the interior and surface of leaves, whereas it was relatively similar among the six leaf categories in the interior or on the surface. Frequencies of the eight major species were not different between leaves on flowering and nonflowering shoots. The frequency of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in the leaf interior was greater on leaves on the primary shoots that elongated the secondary shoots than on those that did not, and was greater on leaves on the primary shoots than on those on the secondary shoots. On the other hand, secondary shoot elongation and shoot order had no effect on the frequencies of C. gloeosporioides and the other seven epiphytes on leaf surfaces.     

Patterns of species diversity on an oceanic versus a continental island mountain: a hypothesis on species diversification1

Abstract. The vegetation on a wet mountain slope on Haleakala (an oceanic island) is compared with that on Kinabalu (a continental island) to examine relationships between regional floristic richness and α- and β-diversities. The two mountains are similar in their constant tropical climate, generic and family-level floristic elements and geological age of the summit regions, but different in regional floristic richness (rich on Kinabalu vs. poor on Haleakala). α-diversity of canopy and subcanopy tree species was much higher on Kinabalu than in comparable zones on Haleakala. Average turnover rate of species (as logarithmic community similarity) on the slope was one order of magnitude greater on Kinabalu than on Haleakala (0.127 vs. 0.017 per 100 m alt.). While there were genera with wide altitudinal ranges on both mountains, a large proportion of the genera was differentiated into parapatric altitudinal congeners on Kinabalu. By contrast, most genera are altitudinally monotypic on Haleakala. The number of sympatric congeners per genus, and the frequency of multi-specific genera per plot were high on lower slopes but decreased with increasing altitude on Kinabalu, whereas the values were low across all altitudes on Haleakala. These patterns suggest that sympatric and parapatric species radiation was less on Haleakala than on Kinabalu. This may be related to Haleakala's initially poor and disharmonic flora.     

Two new species of Leporinus (Characiformes: Anostomidae) from the Brazilian Amazon,and redescription of Leporinus striatus Kner 1858

Two new species of Leporinus are described from tributaries of the Rio Amazonas in Brazil. One species is known from the Jari and Tapajós River basins, and is identified on the basis of a gas bladder reduced in size, a dark midlateral stripe on the body, dark transverse bars on the dorsum, a subinferior mouth, three teeth on the premaxilla, four teeth on the dentary and 16 scale rows around the caudal peduncle. The second new species is known from the Tocantins, Xingu and Tapajós River basins, and is identified on the basis of three dark longitudinal stripes on the body, a subinferior mouth, three teeth on the premaxilla, four teeth on the dentary and 12 scale rows around the caudal peduncle. In addition, Leporinus striatus is redescribed based on type and additional specimens from the Río de La Plata, Amazonas, Orinoco, Atrato, Magdalena and Sinu River basins. Leporinus striatus is identified on the basis of four dark longitudinal stripes on the body, a subterminal mouth, three teeth on the premaxilla, four teeth on the dentary and 16 scale rows around the caudal peduncle.     

Habitat associations of California ground squirrels and Botta's pocket gophers on levees in California

Vegetation management on levees, especially removal of trees and shrubs, might affect burrowing mammals that are considered threats to levee integrity. We evaluated habitat associations of California ground squirrels (Otospermophilus beecheyi) and Botta's pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae) on levees in the Sacramento Valley to assess the effects of levee vegetation management on these species. Using burrows as an indirect measure of mammal presence, we found that the presence of trees had a negative effect on the occurrence and abundance of ground squirrels on levees, and on the location of their burrowing activities on the levee slope, potentially because visual occlusion caused by tall woody vegetation impedes detection of predators. Similarly, trees had a negative effect on the abundance of pocket gophers on levees and on the location of their burrowing activities on the levee slope, probably because of the effect of tree cover on food availability. The conversion of woodland habitats to grasslands on levees most likely will result in increased occurrence, abundance, or both of ground squirrels and pocket gophers, and thereby increase the potential threat that their burrowing activities pose to levee integrity. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.     

鸟类群落研究进展

鸟类群落的研究一直是鸟类生态学研究的重要领域,研究内容主要集中在以下几个方面:群落的组成结构、集团结构、生态位与种间关系、动态与演替、群落与栖息地关系以及城市化对鸟类群落影响。群落的组成与结构、动态与演替以及群落与栖息地关系的研究是过去20年间的研究热点,但有关城市化对鸟类群落影响的研究还比较少。本文在总结国内外鸟类群落生态学研究的基础上,重点讨论了目前的研究热点和今后的发展趋势,以期促进我国鸟类群落生态学的研究。     

浙江海岛鸟兽地理生态学的初步研究

对浙江洞头岛及舟山五岛的鸟兽调查表明,海岛动物的种数较相邻大陆为低,但种群密度却高于大陆,岛上的某些种类出现生态位扩展的现象。舟山五岛兽类的种数和岛屿面积呈正相关,其关系式为S=2.12A~(0.29),但种群密度随着岛屿面积的增大而下降。文中据此提出了保护和发展岛屿动物资源的某些措施。     

不同寄主植物对云南紫胶虫自然种群的影响

研究了云南紫胶虫(Kerria yunnanensis)在聚果榕、南岭黄檀、钝叶黄檀和偏叶榕上的发育、存活和繁殖情况.结果表明：在自然条件下,云南紫胶虫在钝叶黄檀上的种群初始密度最高,为181.17头·cm^-2,聚果榕上最低,为145.27头·cm^-2;雄虫占的比例以在南岭黄檀上最少,为0.19,偏叶榕和聚果榕上最多,为0.24;从幼虫到成虫的累积死亡率,南岭黄檀上最高,为90.03%,偏叶榕上最低,为87.05%;完成世代时间以在南岭黄檀上最长,为156 d,聚果榕上最短,为140 d;平均怀卵量以在南岭黄檀上最高,为536粒,聚果榕上最低,为345.86粒;虫体质量以在南岭黄檀上最大,为12.62 mg,偏叶榕上最小,为9.03 mg;世代净增值率以在南岭黄檀上最高,为48.51,聚果榕上最小,为32.79.综合比较4种不同寄主植物,南岭黄檀是云南紫胶虫夏季世代种群生长发育和繁殖最适宜的寄主.     

二化螟水稻种群与茭白种群光周期反应的比较

本文报道了用水稻和茭白分别饲养二化螟水稻种群和茭白种群的光周期反应。光周期反应曲线显示,用水稻饲养茭白种群或用茭白饲养水稻种群,无论是在短光照还是在长光照条件下,绝大多数幼虫被诱导进入滞育,丧失了各自原有的光周期反应特性,表明这两个种群已分化到仅适应其本身寄主的程度。用水稻饲养的茭白种群仅有5%～6%的个体化蛹,且其幼虫期较用茭白饲养的延长了15～18天;而用茭白饲养的水稻种群有30%～40%的个体化蛹,其幼虫期与水稻饲养的仅相差3～8天。茭白种群用水稻饲养时32日龄幼虫体重仅为茭白饲养的53.1%,而水稻种群用水稻饲养时32日龄幼虫体重为茭白饲养的79.5%。这些结果表明,茭白种群不适应取食水稻,而水稻种群对取食茭白则有一定的适应能力。根据这些结果,我们认为：（1）这两个种群已出现种下分化的迹象;（2）茭白种植不会对水稻田二化螟的发生产生大的影响。     

红树林湿地恢复技术的研究进展

本文从红树林育苗造林技术、次生林改造技术和红树植物引种试种与种源选择的研究等方面试述红树林湿地恢复技术的研究进展,并针对我国的目前现状,提出今后亟待加强研究的如下几个方面:加强红树植物引种扩种,恢复植被,提高红树林生态工程质量的原理研究;监测外来引进种对我国红树林湿地的生态影响;研究半红树植物在沿海防护林体系工程建设中的作用;加强红树植物对潮汐水位适应能力的研究;开展红树人工林生态恢复过程中的综合定位观测等。     

棉田亚洲玉米螟生物学的研究

亚洲玉米螟为棉花上一种重要的钻蛀性害虫。该虫产卵于棉抹中下部主茎叶和果技叶上,但二、三代代次之间产卵部位有明显差抖。幼虫可为害棉株的嫩头、叶柄、蕾、花、铃、茎秆等多个器官,棉花同-器官上各龄幼虫之间的分布、以及同龄幼虫在棉花不同器官之间的分市．均存在显差异。1头幼虫一生破坏棉花器官的单位效二代为3.373个．三代为2.202个。二年的试验结果表明,田间二代亚洲玉米螟种群趋势指数差异大。三代幼虫越冬场所广泛。     

Predation risk and the evolutionary ecology of reproductive behaviour

A large literature exists on the effects of predation risk on foraging and survival-related behaviours. In contrast, with some notable exceptions, relatively few theoretical or experimental studies have examined the effects of predation risk on reproductive behaviours. Existing literature on risk and reproductive behaviour and suggestion directions for future study are reviewed. In particular: (1) effects on predation risk on mating behaviour; (2) the influence of spatial patchiness on interactions between risk and reproductive behaviour; (3) the potential influence of multi-species interactions on the effects of predation risk on mating dynamics; (4) the importance of looking at sets of inter-related antipredator traits; and (5) some effects of predation risk on prey population patterns due to changes in prey reproductive behaviour are discussed. To illustrate various points examples involving fish and other aquatic organisms are used.     

8种致病真菌在5种材料上的存活时间研究

目的了解实验所用常见致病真菌能否在常用医用原材料上生存及生存时间。方法选择8种常见致病真菌,活化后将它们分别接种在5种常用的医用原材料上,接种后及以后的每24h将接种有真菌的医用材料放入巯基乙酸盐液体培养基中并观察能否生存,记录存活时间。结果红色毛癣菌和须癣毛癣菌在棉布、纸板、铁皮、玻璃表面存活25～28d,在地板胶表面存活14～15d;新生隐球菌在棉布、纸板、铁皮表面存活24～27d,在玻璃和地板胶表面存活14～18d;茄病镰刀菌在上述5种材料上存活22～27d;石膏样小孢子菌在棉布、纸板、铁皮和玻璃表面存活20～27d,在地板胶表面存活8d;申克孢子丝菌在棉布、纸板、玻璃和地板胶表面存活17～24d,在铁皮表面存活10d;白念珠菌在棉布、纸板、铁皮和地板胶表面存活15～20d,在玻璃表面存活4d;犬小孢子菌在棉布、纸板、铁皮、玻璃和地板胶上存活时间分别为10d、9d、3d、2d和1d。结论实验所用各种真菌在医用原材料上都能存活,其时间长短不仅与菌种有关,还与所存在的材料有关。真菌在吸水性强、表面粗糙的材料(棉布、纸板)上的平均存活时间长于在吸水性差、表面光滑的材料(玻璃、铁皮和地板胶)。     

梨小食心虫的产卵选择性

为了准确掌握梨小食心虫的产卵特性,研究模拟室外条件下该虫在不同寄主果树的叶片、桃枝不同部位及不同品种桃果上的产卵偏好.结果表明: 梨小食心虫成虫对7种寄主果树叶片的产卵偏好由高至低依次为:桃＞樱桃＞苹果＞李＞梨＞海棠＞杏.在桃树叶片上的产卵量占总产卵量的33.5%,平均单叶卵量达8.3粒;虫卵在不同寄主叶片正、反两面的分布有所差异,苹果和海棠叶片正面卵量多于背面,桃、李、梨、杏叶背面卵量多于正面,桃叶背面卵量是正面的3.3倍,樱桃叶两面卵量差异不明显;该虫在桃枝上产卵部位选择顺序为:叶片＞托叶＞叶柄＞枝条,叶片是其主要产卵部位,占总产卵量的88.7%;梨小食心虫在桃枝上主要选择靠近顶端未展叶的前10片桃叶背面产卵,前10叶卵量占总产卵量的725%,其中第3片叶上产卵最多,占9.3%;第25叶以后仅占总产卵量的1.1%;在不同类型桃果上的产卵偏好次序为:油桃＞蟠桃＞毛桃;绒毛疏密及其特点是影响梨小食心虫在寄主果树叶片和果实上产卵选择的首要因素.     

取食不同品种棉花的棉蚜对龟纹瓢虫功能反应的影响

本文以GK12、33B和SGK3213种转基因棉和对应的3种常规棉泗棉3号、33及石远321为材料,通过室内测定,研究了取食转基因棉的棉蚜却h／sgossypiiGlover对龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica Thunberg1—4龄幼虫功能反应的影响。结果指出,龟纹瓢虫对来自转基因棉田蚜虫的捕食量大多高于常规棉田,且捕食量随猎物密度的增加而增大。在1、2龄幼虫期,龟纹瓢虫取食转双价基因棉田蚜虫的数量多高于取食转单价基因棉田的蚜虫数量,但是在3、4龄幼虫时,龟纹瓢虫取食转双价棉田蚜虫的数量多低于取食转单价棉田的蚜虫数量。龟纹瓢虫对来自转基因棉田棉蚜的捕食功能反应符合HollingII型。龟纹瓢虫1龄幼虫取食GK12和SGK3212个转基因棉田蚜虫的最大日捕食量大于对照,处理时间短于对照;龟纹瓢虫P．japonica2、3龄幼虫取食33B和SGK3212个转基因棉田蚜虫A．gossypii的日最大捕食量大于对照,处理时间短于对照;4龄时取食转基因棉田蚜虫的数量都大于对照,处理时间均短于对照,其中取食转双价基因棉SGK321棉田蚜虫的日最大捕食量小于取食单伊棉田蚜虫的日最大捕食量。     

Demographic parameters of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover （Homoptera： Aphididae） on five cotton cultivars

Life table parameters of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, were estimated on five cotton cultivars （‘ Sealand＇ ,‘Siokra＇ ,＇ Vararnin＇ ,‘ Bakhtegan＇ and ‘ Sahel＇ ）. Demographic parameters of the cotton aphid were assessed at 27.5 ± 1 ℃, 65% ＋ 10% RH and a photoperiod of 14：10 （L： D）h. The shortest developmental time for the nymphal stages was 5.5 days on ‘Siokra＇ and the longest was 6.1 days on‘ Sealand＇. The highest offspring per female was 29.6 on ‘Sahel＇ and the lowest was 15.3 on ‘Sealand＇. The rm values varied from 0.272 on ‘Sealand＇ to 0.382 （day^-1） on ‘Varamin＇. Jackknife estimates of the A. gossypii parameters on these cultivars indicated the greatest developmental rate and fecundity on ‘ Varamin＇ and the poorest on ‘ Sealand＇ cultivar.     

Effects of sowing date and vernalisation on the growth of winter barley and its resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei)

Detailed studies on the production of individual leaves, and the development of powdery mildew on them, were made in field plots of winter barley sown on different dates. The greater severity of the disease on early-sown than on later-sown seedlings during the autumn and winter can probably be explained mainly by changes in the abundance of inoculum and the suitability of the weather for infection. Results from glasshouse experiments suggest that the differences may be reinforced by direct effects of vernalisation on the susceptibility of seedlings to the disease. Contrary effects of sowing date on mildew severity during summer are probably due to the progressively greater resistance to mildew of the later-formed than of seedling leaves, and the earlier appearance of corresponding leaves on early-sown than on later-sown plants. Early sowing can also increase the total number of leaves produced per stem. Therefore, because resistance of the leaves increases progressively, the maximum degree of resistance expressed by the later-formed (e.g. flag) leaves will often be greater on early-sown than on later-sown plants.     

异迟眼蕈蚊在不同植物上的生长发育及种群参数

【目的】异迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia difformis Frey的幼虫取食为害作物的地下部分,影响作物的品质,为了明确韭菜、蚕豆、生菜、白菜和甘蓝5种植物对异迟眼蕈蚊生长发育以及繁殖的影响。【方法】本试验采用室内人工饲养测定的方法,研究了5种不同植物对异迟眼蕈蚊生长发育,繁殖力和存活率的影响,并统计了其对异迟眼蕈蚊种群参数的影响。【结果】结果表明:卵到蛹的发育历期依次为甘蓝、白菜、韭菜、生菜、蚕豆;5种植物对雌雄虫寿命影响不显著,对雌虫产卵量以及蛹重均有影响,其中在韭菜上的产卵量最大,甘蓝最少,在韭菜上蛹最重,生菜上蛹最轻;异迟眼蕈蚊的存活率随着生长发育降低,总体在韭菜上的存活率高于其他寄主植物,在生菜上的存活率均最低。统计分析不同植物对异迟眼蕈蚊种群参数的影响,净增殖率和内禀增长率在韭菜上最大而在甘蓝上最小;平均世代周期在蚕豆上最短,甘蓝上最长;种群加倍时间在韭菜上最短,而在甘蓝上最长。【结论】由此可知,异迟眼蕈蚊均可以在韭菜,蚕豆,生菜,白菜和甘蓝上完成生长发育及繁殖,其对5种植物的适应性依次为:韭菜、蚕豆、白菜、甘蓝和生菜。     

烟草和香芋上斜纹夜蛾的自然种群生命表

应用作用因子生命表方法,组建烟草和香芋上第2、3代斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura（Fabricius）自然种群生命表,分析作用因子对斜纹夜蛾种群数量的控制作用。结果表明,2005和2006年烟草和香芋上第2、3代斜纹夜蛾种群的增长倍数均以香芋高于烟草。无论烟草还是香芋上第2、3代斜纹夜蛾,均以“捕食及其它”的排除作用控制指数最大。如排除所有天敌等作用因子的作用,2005年烟草上第2、3代斜纹夜蛾自然种群趋势指数将分别增长31．2029和50．0371倍,香芋上第2、3代斜纹夜蛾自然种群趋势指数将分别增长29．3492和41．2873倍;2006年烟草上第2、3代斜纹夜蛾自然种群趋势指数将分别增长33．1421和75．4167倍,香芋上第2、3代斜纹夜蛾自然种群趋势指数将分别增长31．5357和70．5355倍。说明天敌等自然作用因子对斜纹夜蛾种群数量有较为明显的控制作用,而烟草上的自然作用因子的作用要强于香芋上的自然作用因子。