Studies in the taxonomy of the Polypores II

The following genera are redefined:Albatrellus S. F. Gray,Heterobasidion Bref.,Haploporus Bond. et Sing. ex Sing.,Fomitopsis P. Karst. andRigidoporus Murrill two new subgenera are described:Polyporus subgen.Dendropolyporus Pouz. (type:Polyporus umbellatus) andRigidoporus subgen.Neooxyporus Pouz. (type:Polyporus latemarginatus); the genusOxyporus (Bourd. etGalz.)Donk is classified as a subgenus of the genusRigidoporus,Murrill and the generaBjerkandera P. Karst. andLeptoporus quél. are classified as subgenera of the genusTyromyces P. Karst. The new subfamilyAlbatrelloideae Pouz. (genera:Albatrellus andGrifola) is described and 14 new specific combinations are made. The new genusIrpicodon Pouz. (type:Irpex pendulus) is proposed.     

Differentiation of species in Gonioloboceras

The type specimen ofGonioloboceras goniolobum (Meek), rediscovered by Spath in the British Museum, is the foundation for a more accurate comparative study of this and other species ofGonioloboceras.Gonioloboceras described asG. goniolobum byElias in 1938 is differentiated asGonioloboceras schmidti, new species. Suture sets (new term) for several growth stages inG. goniolobum (Meek),G. welleriSmith,G. schmidtiElias, G.eliasiMiller &Owen, andG. asiaticumLibrovitch are assembled and used for differentiation of the species.The Kazakhstan goniatite faunule containingG. asiaticum is considered of very late Pennsylvanian age.     

Some notes onCornaceae

Colmeiroa F. v.Muell. ist a later homonym and therefore a new name is proposed—Paracorokia. Its systematic position is discussed: it seems to belong toCornaceae rather than toEscalloniaceae. SubgenusDiscocrania Harms of the genusCornus is published in a generic rank.     

New subfamily Proschizophoriinae of dalmanellid Brachiopds

Proschizophoria Maillieux is restudied and found to be related to the Silurian genusIdiorthis McLearn and a new genusCordatomyonia, type speciesCordatomyonia shupei, n. sp.Proschizophoria, Idiorthis, andCordatomyonia are united in the new subfamily Proschizophoriinae which is assigned to the dalmanellid family Rhipidomellidae. Rhipidomellidae and its included subfamilies Heterorthinae, Rhipidomellinae, and Proschizophoriinae are emended and newly diagnosed. A new dalmanellid genus,Megasalopina, is proposed for the Lower Devonian species“Dalmanella” elevata Williams & Breger and its allies. It is thought to have been derived from the draboviinid genusSalopina Boucot and therefore belongs to the Schizophoriidae.Dalmanellopsis Khalfin is removed from the synonymy ofLevenea and is shown to be related toSalopina.     

Über böhmische und türkische Vertreter vonAnetoceras (Ammon., Unterdevon)

The Bohemian speciesAnetoceras solitarius (Barrande 1865) is re-described, including the TurkishA. barrandei (De Verneuil 1866). The other Bohemian species areA. aff.advolvens Erben 1960 and?A. fritschi (Barrande 1877). A new speciesA. recticostatum n. sp. is described from the German Lower Devonian, and several still problematical species of the genus are discussed. Finally, the supposed phylogenetic position and the relations ofAnetoceras are pointed out. The Upper SiegenianA. hunsrueckianum Erben 1960 is regarded as most primitive coiled ammonoid and as connecting link between the bactritids, and early coiled ammonoids.Mimosphinctes Eichenberg is considered to be a descendant fromAnetoceras.     

Beiträge zur Sedimentation und fossilführung des hunsrückschiefers 14.Viriatellina fuchsi (Kutscher, 1931) im Hunsrückschiefer und im Tentaculitenknollenkalk thüringens

The new genusViriatellina Bou?ek, 1964 unites the two older species namedNovakia gemündina Runzheimer, 1932 andTentaculites fuchsi Kutscher, 1931. ThusViriatellina gemuendina (Runzheimer) is cancelled, on the other handViriatellina fuchsi (Kutscher) remains valid. RecentlyViriatellina fuchsi (Kutscher) has been found in the tentaculitiferous limestone of Thuringia.     

Die systematische Stellung von Angustiphyllum cuneiforme n. gen. n. sp., einer eigenartigen Tetrakoralle aus dem Mitteldevon Nordspaniens

The newly found tetracoralAngustiphyllum cuneiforme n. gen. n. sp. from theGosseletia-Sandstein (Couvinium) of Candás/Prov. Oviedo (Northern Spain) is described and designed an ancestor of the so called “cuneate corals”Homalophyllum Simpson, 1900,Xenocyathellus Bassler, 1937 andHomalophyllites Easton, 1944 from the Devonian and Mississippian of North-America. Because of their undoubtful genetic relations the whole group of cuneate corals is joined to the subfamily Homalophyllidae n. subfam. within the family ZaphrentoididaeSchindewolf, 1938. Evidently the evolution developed in a progressive orthogenetic manner from the new genesAngustiphyllum (Middle Devonian) toXenocyathellus (higher Middle Devonian) andHomalophyllites (Mississippian), whileHomalophyllum (Middle Devonian) separated from this line in a early stage and thenceforth had its own evolution.     

Flechtensystematische Studien IV. Die GattungGyalidea Lett

Im Artikel wird die ursprüngliche Gattungsdiagnose derGyalidea Lett. um die Merkmale der Pilzkomponente ergänzt. Die angenommenen verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen derGyalidea zu der FamilieAsterothyriaceae werden diskutiert. Alle bisher festgestellten Arten mit Übersichten der revidierten Proben werden kurz beschrieben. Neue Taxa und Kombinationen:Gyalidea dodgei spec. n.,G. epiphylla spec. n.,G. mayaguezensis spec. n.,G. portoricensis spec. n.,G. fritzei (Stein) comb. n.,G. fritzei var.rivularis (Eitn.) comb. n.,G. hyalinescens (Nyl.) comb. n.,G. lecideopsis var.convarians (Nyl.) comb. n.,G. lecideopsis var.stigmatoides (Nyl.) comb. n.,G. mexicana (B. de Lesd.) comb. n. undG. subscutellaris (Vězda) comb. n.     

Remarks on the Nomenclature of“Dryopteris borreri Newman I854”

The nameDryopteris borreri Newman 1854 was not validly published in the specific rank. A new nameDryopteris pseudo-mas (Wollaston) Holub etPouzar 1967 is proposed as the correct name for this European species.     

The variability of critical species ofLotus L. in Iran and in the neighbouring countries I. the circle ofL. corniculatus L. andL. gebelia Vent.

The region of Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan and the neighbouring countries is important for some groups of the speciesLotus L., especially those of the circle ofL. corniculatus L. andL. gebelia Vent. The first group is represented by the speciesL. corniculatus L. with 4 subspecies (3 of which are important for this region), andL. tenuis Waldst. etKit. which here attains the eastern boundary of the continuous area of distribution, and by the eastern speciesL. krylovii Schischk. etSerg. andL. rechingeri Chrtková-?ertová. The second group is represented by the speciesL. gebelia Vent.,L. michauxianus Ser. in DC. andL. libanoticus Boiss. their areas of distribution covering mostly those regions. Most of the species show considerable variability within the species.     

Synthesis of a tetra- and a trisaccharide related to an anti-tumor saponin “Julibroside J<Subscript>28</Subscript>” from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Albizia julibrissin</Emphasis>

Simple and convergent synthesis of a tetra- and a trisaccharide portions of an antitumor compound Julibroside J₂₈, isolated from Albizia julibrissin, that showed significant in vitro antitumor activity against HeLa, Bel-7402 and PC-3M-1E8 cancer cell lines is reported. The tetrasaccharide has been synthesized as its p-methoxyphenyl glycoside starting from commercially available d-glucose, l-rhamnose and l-arabinose. The trisaccharide part has been synthesized from commercially available N-acetyl d-glucosamine, d-fucose and d-xylose using simple protecting group manipulations. Sulfuric acid immobilized on silica has been used successfully as a Brönsted acid catalyst for the crucial glycosylation steps.     

Some chromosome numbers of the CzechoslovakLeguminosae

Chromosome numbers of the Czechoslovak species of the genusLotus, from various localities have been determined. The paper includes the speciesLotus uliginosus Schkuhr,L.tenuis Waldst. etKit. andL. borbásii Ujhelyi.     

Holothurien-Sklerite aus dem Dachsteinkalk (Ober-Trias) der nördlichen Kalkalpen

By dissolving Dachstein-limestone with acetic acid, Holothurian sclerites were obtained, i. e. sieve plates and wheels. One new species of the genusCalclamna, two new species of the genusCalclamnella, and the well known speciesFissobractites subsymmetrica Kristan-Tollmann were received within the family Calclamidae. For the first time the family Priscopedatidae is represented in the Triassic by two new species of the genusPriscopedatus and byStaurocumites cf.bartensteini Deflandre-Rigaud. Within the family Theeliidae four new species can be adjoined to the genusTheelia whileAcanthotheelia spinosa Frizzell & Exline could be confirmed by comparison.     

Glacial relics in the bryoflora of the highlands Českomoravská vrchovina (Bohemian-Moravian Highlands); Their habitat and cenotaxonomic value

The paper sums up the information which the author has so far collected about the habitats and phytocenotic conditions of the glacial relics ofScorpidium scorpioides (Hedw.) Limpr.,Calliergon trifarium (Web. etMohr.)Kindb.,Paludella squarrosa (Hedw.) Brid., andMeesia triquetra (Hook. etTayl.)Aongstr. in the Highlands ?eskomoravská vrchovina (Bohemian-Moravian Highlands) in Czechoslovakia. Simultaneously, it presents a survey of the localities in which the occurrence of these species has been ascertained up to now.     

Karyo-taxonomic study of the genus<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudolysimachion</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Scrophulariaceae</Emphasis>) in the Czech Republic and Slovakia

Flow cytometry was used to determine ploidy levels in the Czech and Slovak taxa of the genusPseudolysimachion (W.D.J. Koch)Opiz (=Veronica auct. p.p.,Scrophulariaceae). In total, 123 populations from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine (one locality), Austria (one locality) and Hungary (one locality) were analyzed. InP. maritimum (L.)Á. Löve etD. Löve andP. spicatum (L.)Opiz, two cytotypes were found: diploid (2n=2x=34) and tetraploid (2n=4x=68). In both species the tetraploid cytotype predominated (P. maritimum: 41 tetraploid populations out of 45;P. spicatum: 57 tetraploid populations out of 58). The two cytotypes ofP. maritimum have no taxonomic significance because ploidy level is not obviously correlated with morphology, distribution pattern or ecology. Tetraploid populations ofP. spicatum belong to two morphologically different subspecies, subsp.spicatum and subsp.fischeri Trávní?ek. The diploid cytotype (one population only) should be provisionally classified as a third subspecies ofP. spicatum, which is morphologically similar to the Asian subsp.porphyrianum (Pavlov)Trávní?ek. Only diploid plants (2n=2x=34) ofP. orchideum (Crantz)Wraber were found; all 13 populations that were analyzed belong toP. orchideum s.str. One diploid population sample ofP. spurium subsp.foliosum (Waldst. etKit.)Holub (2n=2x=34) and one tetraploid sample ofP. incanum subsp.pallens (Host)Trávní?ek (2n=4x=68) were also analyzed. In addition, three tetraploid populations of hybrid origin were investigated:P. maritimum ×P. spicatum subsp.spicatum (one population) andP. maritimum ×P. spurium subsp.foliosum (two populations). While hybrid plants ofP. maritimum ×P. spicatum arose from tetraploid parental species, plants ofP. maritimum ×P. spurium probably resulted from a cross between tetraploidP. maritimum and diploidP. spurium. The putative origin and evolutionary importance of polyploids in thePseudolysimachion are discussed.     

Über die “forme elliptique” der primitiven Ammonoidea

In Devonian ammonoids occur two different developments of the initial whorl, called by J.Barrande the “forme elliptique” and the “forme circulaire”. The first one is characterized by a less pronounced curvature of the first half whorl, the second one by a circulare curvature that begins already in the earliest stage. The forme elliptique is here interpreted as an archaic phenomenon, its incomplete curvature being a hereditary feature homologous to the orthoconic to cyrtoconic shape of the ancestral bactritids (a. o.Cyrtobactrites) and preserved in the earliest ontogenetic stages of ammonoids. This Suggestion is supported by the following facts:

1. a)
   The occurrence of the forme elliptique is restricted to the stratigraphically oldest (Lower to early Middle Devonian) and morphologically most primitive ammonoids (all Mimoceratidae; in the Agoniatitidae and Anarcestidae: only genera having an umbilical Perforation).
    
2. b)
   All genera advanced as far as having lost their umbilical Perforation, have developed exclusively the forme circulaire.
    
3. c)
   In the sequence of genera considered by H. K.Erben as the origin of the Ammonoidea, there is a particular distribution in the frequency of both developments:
    

Anetoceras = elliptique predominant, circulaire unknown —Teicherticeras = ? —Convoluticeras = elliptique predominant, circulaire occurring but rarely —Mimagoniatites = elliptique less frequent, circulaire common —Anarcestes = elliptique occurring rarely, circulaire strongly predominant — succeeding genera = no elliptique, circulaire occurring exclusively.Thus, the forme elliptique appears as a primary feature that became replaced successively during the evolution of the earliest ammonoids by the forme circulaire.The appearance of subtrigonal initial whorls and of a “second umbilical perforation” is discussed.     

Die Arten der Foraminiferen-GattungAsterigerina d'Orb. im Tertiär NW-Deutschlands

Some species ofAsterigerina are described and discerned, as they occur in different levels of the sequence from Eocene to Miocene in northwestern Germany.Asterigerina bartoniana (Dam) in the Eocene is followed byAsterigerina rotula haeringensis Lühr andAsterigerina brandhorstiana n. sp. in the Lower Oligocene (sensuBeyrich).Asterigerina gürichi gürichi (Franke), typical for the lowermost part of sequences of Upper Oligocene age, is furnished with a lectotype out ofFrankes material. This species is substituted by the subspeciesAsterigerina gürichi staeschei (Dam & Reinhold) in the Miocene. The localities of Lower Oligocene in littoral facies near Bünde (Westfalia) are mentioned and described. (Localities “Brandhorst” resp. “Hof Fahrenkamp” and newer outcrops).     

Characterization of<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps"> D</Emphasis>-lactic acid,spore-forming bacteria and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Terrilactibacillus laevilacticus</Emphasis> SK5-6 as potential industrial strains

In this study, we screened and isolated D-lactic acid-producing bacteria from soil and tree barks collected in Thailand. Among the isolates obtained, Terrilactibacillus laevilacticus SK5-6 exhibited good D-lactate production in the primary screening fermentation (99.27 g/L final lactate titer with 0.90 g/g yield, 1.38 g/L?h, and 99.00% D-enantiomer equivalent). Terrilactibacillus laevilacticus SK5-6 is a Gram-positive, endospore-forming, homofermentative D-lactate producer that can ferment a wide range of sugars to produce D-lactate. Unlike the typical D-lactate producers, such as catalase-negative Sporolactobacillus sp., T. laevilacticus SK5-6 possesses catalase activity; therefore, a two-phase fermentation was employed for D-lactate production. During an aerobic preculture stage, a high-density cell mass was rapidly obtained due to aerobic respiration. When transferred to the fermentation stage at the correct physiological stage (inoculum age) and proper concentration of cell mass (inoculum size), T. laevilacticus rapidly converted glucose into D-lactate under anaerobic conditions, resulting in a high final lactate titer (102.22 g/L), high yield (0.84 g/g), and high productivity (2.13 g/L?h). When the process conditions were shifted from an aerobic to an anaerobic environment, unlike other lactate-producing bacteria, the mixed acid fermentation route was not activated in the culture of T. laevilacticus SK5-6 during the fermentation stage when some trace oxygen still remained. Our study demonstrates the excellent characteristics of this isolate for D-lactate production; in particular, a high product yield was obtained without byproduct formation. Based on these key characteristics of T. laevilacticus SK5-6, we suggest that this isolate is a novel D-lactate producer for use in industrial fermentation.     

Glacial relics in the bryoflora of the highlands Českomoravská vrchovina (Bohemian-Moravian Highlands); Their habitat and cenotaxonomic value

The paper sums up the information which the author has so far collected about the habitats and phytocenotic conditions of the glacial relics ofScorpidium scorpioides (Hedw.) Limpr.,Calliergon trifarium (Web. etMohr.) Kindb.,Paludella squarrosa (Hedw.) Bred., andMeesia triquetra (Hook. etTayl.) Aongstr. in the Highlands ?eskomoravská vrchovina (Bohemian-Moravian Highlands) in Czechoslovakia. Simultaneously, it presents a survey of the localities in which the occurrence of these species has been ascertained up to now.