水环境中磺胺嘧啶对异育银鲫肠道微生物的影响

【目的】了解水环境中磺胺嘧啶对异育银鲫肠道微生物组成及多样性的影响。【方法】异育银鲫分别暴露于0、1、100、10000μg/L的磺胺嘧啶水溶液中28 d,根据细菌16S rRNA的保守性设计引物,构建文库,进行高通量测序,最后进行数据分析。【结果】厚壁菌门、变形菌门和拟杆菌门是异育银鲫肠道中主要的细菌类群,经不同浓度磺胺嘧啶胁迫处理后,不仅弧菌、假单胞菌属和幽门螺杆菌属的数量显著减少,双歧杆菌、乳酸菌和芽孢杆菌的含量也下降。Venn图、稀释性曲线以及多样性指数分析结果表明,磺胺嘧啶胁迫处理后异育银鲫肠道微生物的多样性显著降低。【结论】磺胺嘧啶会使异育银鲫肠道微生物多样性显著降低,并且在抑制一些病原菌生长的同时对一些有益菌也产生了不良的影响。此结果为磺胺类药物的合理使用以及其对异育银鲫的健康生长和病害防控提供一定的理论支持。     

异育银鲫消化道微生物群落对恢复投喂的响应

以实验室养殖的异育银鲫（Carassius auratus gibelio）中科3号成鱼为对象, 利用PCR-DGGE技术比较研究了其经饥饿与恢复投喂后消化道微生物多样性的变化。实验共检测到23条谱带, 其中饥饿组、投喂组谱带数分别为18条和17条（共有谱带12条）, 投喂组大部分谱带亮度高于饥饿组。基于PCR-DGGE所得到的谱带进行的CA （Correspondence Analysis）分析和聚类都表明饥饿组与投喂组消化道微生物存在明显不同。结果表明, 在充分饥饿处理后, 恢复饲料投喂可导致消化道微生物种类减少及微生物平均密度的增加, 同时对消化道微生态系统内微生物种类组成有显著影响。研究为进一步阐述消化道微生物功能基因奠定了基础, 也为水产鱼类肠道菌群研究提供一些基础数据。     

饲料中铜浓度对异育银鲫和斑点叉尾的影响

通过4周的生长实验,研究饲料中不同铜含量对异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)[初始体重(128.6±2.0)g]和斑点叉尾(Ictalurus punctatus)[初始体重(159.4±2.0)g]的生长、饲料利用、血液生化以及组织中铜积累量的影响。两种实验鱼的实验饲料均以CuSO4?5H2O为铜源,铜含量分别为3.1(对照)、7.5、49.8、100.5、506.9、965.1和1491.1 mg/kg饲料。实验结果表明,异育银鲫摄食量(FI)随饲料中铜含量的增加无显著影响(P0.05),特定生长率(SGR)随着饲料中铜含量的增加而显著下降,在铜含量为1491.1 mg/kg时出现最低值(P0.05),饲料效率(FE)表现出与特定生长率相似的变化趋势。肝体比(HSI)和脏体比(VSI)均随着饲料中铜含量的增加而显著下降(P0.05),各处理组间的肥满度(CF)差异不显著(P0.05)。血浆中谷草转氨酶(GOT)在铜含量为7.5 mg/kg时达到最低值(P0.05),然而血浆中谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu-ZnSOD)活性及红细胞压积(Hct)、血红蛋白浓度(Hb)均不受饲料中铜含量的影响(P0.05)。肝脏中铜积累量随着饲料中铜含量的增加而无显著影响(P0.05),而肌肉中铜含量没有显著差异(P0.05)。斑点叉尾FI随饲料中铜含量的增加而显著上升(P0.05),SGR随饲料中铜含量的增加表现出下降的趋势,但是差异不显著(P0.05),FE随饲料中铜含量的增加显著降低(P0.05)。HSI和CF随饲料中铜含量的变化而显著下降。Hct随铜含量的增加呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,当铜含量为100.5 mg/kg时达到最大值(P0.05),然而饲料铜水平对血浆中GPT、GOT、Cu-Zn SOD活性及Hb、VSI均无显著影响(P0.05)。铜在各组织中的积累表现出与异育银鲫相同的变化趋势。饲料中较高浓度铜可抑制斑点叉尾和异育银鲫的生长和饲料利用,且异育银鲫对铜的耐受性高于斑点叉尾。     

肠道微生物对肥胖影响

肠道微生物是哺乳动物最密集的微生物群落,也是最多样化的微生物群落之一。随着宏基因组学的不断发展,肠道微生物成为热门的研究领域。肠道微生物具有保护和代谢等功能,在胰岛素抵抗和肥胖等疾病中发挥重要作用。本文介绍了肠道微生物及其代谢物通过调节食欲、神经递质合成分泌、炎性反应进而调节肥胖,探讨了肠道微生物的影响因素,展望了肠道微生物对治疗人类肥胖的应用前景。     

绿茶摄入量对小鼠肠道微生物及酶活性的影响

目的 从肠道微生态角度研究绿茶摄入量对小鼠肠道微生物和酶活性的影响,探析饮茶（绿茶）有益健康的机制,为饮茶做出科学指导。方法 将SPF级实验小鼠随机分为正常对照组、低浓度绿茶摄入组、中浓度绿茶摄入组和高浓度绿茶摄入组。低、中、高浓度绿茶摄入组分别给予10%、20%和30%（g/g）的茶水溶液,连续灌胃1个月后采集空肠至回肠段内容物进行微生物和酶活性分析,同时观察实验动物体质量变化情况。结果 各实验组小鼠体质量增长与对照组相比无明显差异;与对照组相比,低浓度绿茶摄入组小鼠肠道乳酸菌数降低而细菌数升高,中浓度摄入组乳酸菌数、细菌以及双歧杆菌数显著降低,高浓度摄入组细菌数、双歧杆菌数升高而乳酸菌数显降低著,且中浓度摄入组乳酸菌数和细菌数均极显著地低于低浓度摄入组;由酶活性分析可看出,与对照组小鼠相比,各实验组小鼠肠道淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性均升高而木聚糖酶活性显著降低。结论 摄入一定量的绿茶对肠道微生物有一定的调节作用,可提高淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性而益于机体健康。     

重金属污染水环境的微生物修复技术

水环境的重金属污染已成为全球环境问题,威胁着水生生态系统和人类健康。传统的物理和化学方法虽然可以有效地去除重金属污染物,但成本高、操作复杂、易造成二次污染,限制了其应用。生物修复是消除多种有毒污染物的有效方法。细菌、真菌、微藻等微生物能将有毒重金属转化为毒性较小的形式,已成为水环境重金属污染修复中有效且环保的解决方案。本文综述了重金属污染的毒性和作用机制、微生物修复机理以及主要的微生物修复策略,为去除或减少水域环境的金属污染物以及进行相关工艺开发提供了参考。     

白蚁肠道微生物

对近年来白蚁肠道微生物方面的研究成果作一综述,主要强调白蚁肠道中存在的原生动物、发酵性细菌、固氮菌、螺旋体、同型产乙酸细菌、产甲烷细菌和硫酸盐还原菌对白蚁消化木质纤维素类食物有着重要的作用。     

食品添加剂对肠道微生物组的影响

肠道微生物参与宿主多种代谢途径的调节,对机体多种生理功能产生重要影响,并在许多慢性炎性疾病的发展中起核心作用,而饮食中的营养物质能够影响肠道微生物群落结构并为微生物的代谢提供底物。本文综述食品添加剂对肠道微生物组的影响,对预防和治疗与肠道微生物群落相关的许多疾提供科学依据。     

Innate immune response and disease resistance in Carassius auratus by triherbal solvent extracts

This study reports the effect of aqueous, ethanol and methanol triherbal solvent extract from Azadirachta indica, Ocimum sanctum and Curcuma longa on innate immune mechanisms such as phagocytosis activity, respiratory burst activity, alternative complement activity and lysozyme activity and disease resistance in goldfish (Carassius auratus) against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish were intraperitoneally injected with different doses of 0, 5, 50 and 100 mg kg⁻¹ body weight of each triherbal solvent extracts. The functional immunity in terms of percentage mortality and Relative Percent Survival (RPS) and innate immune response was assessed on week 1, 2 and 4 by challenging with live A. hydrophila (1 × 10⁷ cells ml⁻¹). All the chosen innate immune parameters were enhanced in the ethanol and methanol triherbal solvent extract treatment after week 2. However, the aqueous triherbal extract was enhanced only after week 4. The ethanol and methanol triherbal solvent extracts administration preceding the challenge with live A. hydrophila decreased the percentage mortality in the experimental groups with the consequence increase in RPS values. The study indicates that all the doses of ethanol or methanol triberbal solvent extracts could be positively influence the immune response and protect the heath status of goldfish against A. hydrophila infection.     

The effects of dopamine on temperature regulation in goldfish

Summary Microinjections of dopamine (DA) were made into specific forebrain loci in goldfish (Carassius auratus: 40–85 g) to study the involvement of DA in behavioral thermoregulation. Injections of 25, 50, 100 and 250 ng DA into the anterior aspect of the nucleus preopticus periventricularis (NPP) led to consistent, dose-dependent decreases in selected temperature was observed following injections of 5 or 10 ng DA. Injections of the control solution were without effect.Injections of DA into other forebrain loci, including the posterior half of the NPP, either had no thermoregulatory effect or had minor thermoregulatory effects which, in comparison to injections into the most effective sites, were inconsistent and required larger doses to obtain. The decrease in selected temperature following injections of 100 ng DA into the anterior NPP was blocked by haloperidol, a dopaminergic antagonist, but not by phentolamine, a noradrenergic antagonist. Injections of haloperidol alone resulted in a minor, but statistically significant, increase in selected temperature.The most sensitive DA sites lie caudal to the sites most sensitive to norepinephrine within the anterior NPP. DA acts on the dopaminergic receptors of central thermoregulatory neurons in the anterior NPP of goldfish. These receptors appear to mediate behavioral responses to excessively warm environments.Abbreviations DA dopamine - NE norepinephrine - NPP nucleus preopticus periventricularis - PBS phosphate buffer solution     

Growth and potential photosynthesis of cyanobacteria are stimulated by viable gut passage in crucian carp

Growth and potential photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton passed through intestine of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) from a small Siberian reservoir were compared with those of phytoplankton taken the directly from the reservoir. The dominant phytoplankton species in the reservoir, Microcystis aeruginosa, showed a significant increase of growth after the passage. Subdominant Planktothrix agardhii also showed an increase in growth rate, while subdominants Anabaena flos-aquae and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae were not stimulated by the gut passage.     

Immunocytochemical localization of hypocalcin in the endocrine cells of the corpuscles of Stannius in three teleost species (trout,flounder and goldfish)

Summary In order to identify the cell-type responsible for the production of hypocalcin (the recently isolated hypocalcemic hormone of teleost fish), the corpuscles of Stannius (CS) of trout, flounder and goldfish, were immunocytochemically stained with antisera raised against trout hypocalcin. The secretory granules of the type-1 cells of the CS, considered to be the hypocalcin-producing cells, showed intense immunoreactivity in all species examined. However, in trout and flounder, the secretory granules produced by the type-2 cells, which have been suggested to represent a functionally different cell-type, also showed an intense immunoreactivity. In goldfish, no type-2 cells were observed. We tentatively conclude that type-1 and type-2 cells represent structurally different forms of the same functional cell-type.     

经历捕食胁迫后鲫对化学预警信息的行为响应特征

诸如化学预警信息(Chemical alarm cues, CAC)之类的外部线索已被证明对鱼类的个体行为响应具有深刻的影响,然而化学预警信息对鱼类集群行为影响的研究鲜有关注。由于栖息环境中捕食者的存在,鱼类面临巨大的被捕食风险,而捕食胁迫已被证实可改变鱼类个体水平的行为响应,进而影响鱼群的群体凝聚力和协调性。以喜集群的鲫(Carassius auratus)幼鱼为实验对象,测定不同捕食胁迫处理下(无捕食者、有捕食者)鲫幼鱼对三种化学信息素(食物、CAC、捕食者信息)和水的个体和群体水平的行为响应特征。结果显示:(1)在无捕食胁迫处理组(对照组)中,食物信息素和水的添加导致个体水平上的个体游泳速度和运动时间比均显著降低,捕食者信息素的添加导致个体水平上的个体游泳速度和运动时间比均显著增加;添加三种化学信息素和水后,个体水平的静止时间显著增加。(2)对照组中,食物信息素和水的添加导致鱼群的群体运动速度均显著减慢,CAC和捕食者信息素的注入导致鱼群的群体运动速度增加,而CAC的注入降低了鱼群的个体游泳速度同步性和群体极性。(3)在有捕食胁迫处理组(实验组)中,添加CAC和捕食者信息素后鱼群的群体运动速度和群体运动时间比均显著增加,而食物信息素和CAC的加入增加了鱼群的个体间距离和最近邻距离;食物信息素和水的添加降低了鱼群的个体游泳速度同步性,而捕食者信息素的添加降低鱼群的个体游泳速度同步性和群体极性。研究表明:在个体水平上,捕食胁迫会降低鲫幼鱼个体对化学信息素的行为响应程度,而在群体水平上,捕食胁迫和化学信息素均会降低鲫鱼群的群体凝聚力和协调性。在捕食胁迫条件下鲫鱼群对化学信息素的敏感性相对较高,但在游泳过程中鱼群排列更加无序和分散。     

137Cs辐照对橘小实蝇雄虫肠道菌群多样性的影响

【目的】为研究137Cs辐照前后橘小实蝇雄虫肠道菌群多样性和丰度的变化及其肠道菌群在不同分类阶元上的显著差异物种。【方法】本研究利用IlluminaHiSeq高通量测序技术对辐照组和对照组共6个样品进行测序分析。【结果】变形菌门和厚壁菌门分别以60.38%、24.33%的比例作为橘小实蝇肠道中的优势菌门和次优势菌门,肠杆菌科和肠球菌科分别以60.38%和15.69%作为优势菌科和次优势菌科。米勒氏菌属(Moellerella)、摩根氏菌属(Morganella)、Cosenzaea属、链球菌科未知属和酸热菌属(Acidothermus)是组间显著差异的菌属。【结论】本研究发现橘小实蝇在辐照后的肠道菌群多样性和丰度均有显著性降低,并在目至属等3个分类阶元上找到辐照后具有显著差异的物种,为后期利用差异菌群来改善辐照对橘小实蝇的消极影响及修复辐照损伤提供理论基础。     

In vivo Testing of Functional Properties of Three Selected Probiotic Strains

Summary Lactobacillus acidophilus M92, Lactobacillus plantarum L4 and Enterococcus faecium L3 were previously selected as probiotic strains on the base of in vitro selection criteria. To investigate functional properties of these three probiotic strains in vivo, Swiss albino mice were used as animal model. Survival, competition, adhesion and colonization were monitored in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as the immunomodulating capability of L. acidophilus M92, L. plantarum L4 and E. faecium L3. During the feeding of mice with probiotic strains with daily dose of 2 × 10¹⁰ rifampicin-resistant cells, the number of lactic acid bacteria in the faeces increased and reduction of enterobacteria and sulphite-reducing clostridia was observed. Rifampicin-resistant colonies of probiotic strains could be reisolated from the faeces of mice fed with the rifampicin-resistant cells. The similar results were obtained in homogenates of small and large intestine of mice on the first and fourteenth days after feeding with L. acidophilus M92, L. plantarum L4 and E. faecium L3. The adherence of the probiotic strains obtained in vitro correlated with their capability to adhere to mouse ileal epithelial cells in vivo. After oral immunization of mice with viable cells of L. acidophilus M92, L. plantarum L4 and E. faecium L3 with a daily dose of 2 × 10¹⁰ cells, the concentrations of serum IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies from all groups of mice were significantly higher in comparison to the control.     

Cryopreservation of goldfish fins and optimization for field scale cryobanking

When gametes and embryos are not available, cryobanking of somatic tissues is one possibility to keep a genetic record of fish valuables in a context of biodiversity conservation and animal breeding management. Cryopreservation of whole fin pieces would be more advantageous than the commonly used cryopreservation of cells after fin culture, as it would allow extensive sampling without immediate need for laboratory facilities. The objective of this work was to assess the cryopreservation ability of fin pieces from goldfish (Carassius auratus) and to test whether a laboratory procedure could be adapted to field conditions. Caudal fin explants were cryopreserved in culture medium with 125 mM sucrose and 10% Me₂SO. After 14 days of culture, the frozen–thawed explants showed the same cell growth rate and grew the same somatic cell number as the fresh ones. Cells proliferated inside and around the explants as shown by BrdU labeling. Neither the size of the fin pieces nor the freezer type, −70 °C upright or −20 °C chest, influenced the outcome of cryopreservation. Fin pieces were stored 4 days at 4 °C in dry conditions prior to cryopreservation without alteration of the fin explant culture success. This study demonstrated that field collecting of goldfish fin pieces is possible as whole fin pieces can be stored in standard fridge or be shipped at subzero temperature before they are frozen into a plain −20 °C chest freezer. After incorporation in cryobanks in liquid nitrogen, thawed fin pieces reliably produce somatic cells in cell culture conditions.     

Segregation of FMRF amide-immunoreactive efferent fibers from NPY-immunoreactive amacrine cells in goldfish retina

Summary Immunocytochemical studies were conducted on goldfish to determine whether a retinal efferent fiber system, immunoreactive to the tetrapeptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH₂ (FMRFamide), might contain instead a substance similar to one of the 36-amino acid pancreatic polypeptides, the C-terminus of which is similar to FMRFamide.Our results demonstrate the presence of two separate peptidergic systems, one containing FMRFamide-like, and the other pancreatic polypeptide-like peptides. Antisera to FMRFamide reveal the efferent fibers, whose axons exit the optic nerve and terminate in layer 1 of the inner plexiform layer, as previously described. Antisera to porcine neuropeptide Y, and to avian and bovine pancreatic polypeptides label a sparse population of putative amacrine cell bodies and a dense fiber plexus in layers 1, 3, and 5 of the inner plexiform layer. Based on intensity of staining, this amacrine cell peptide appears to be most similar to neuropeptide-Y.Radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemical staining of retinas in which the efferent fiber peptide was depleted by optic nerve crush confirm in large part the observation that the two peptide systems are distinct. However, there is some cross-recognition of the FMRFamide-like tissue antigen by pancreatic polypeptide antibodies.Double-label studies with antisera to tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide-Y indicate that the pancreatic polypeptide antigen is not co-localized with catecholamines.