促分裂原活化蛋白激酶磷酸酶

促分裂原活化蛋白激酶磷酸酶（mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatases,MKPs）是一类丝／苏氨酸和酪氨酸双特异性的磷酸酶。它在细胞分化、增殖和基因表达过程中起着重要的作用。MKPs可以选择性地结合促分裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK）,对MAPK进行去磷酸化,从而调节MAPK信号通路的活性。另一方面,MAPK也可以激活MKPs,它们的相互作用确保了细胞内信号的精确传递,并参与细胞功能的调节。     

MAPKs对磷酸酶MKP1-CD催化的激活作用研究

目的:丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases, MAPKs)是细胞内重要的信号传导通路,双位点特异性磷酸酶(Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Phosphatases, MKPs)去磷酸化MAPKs,负调控MAPKs的信号传递。在MKPs去磷酸化MAPKs的过程中,MAPKs同时会激活部分MKPs的催化能力,MKP1便是其中之一。本文旨在比较三种经典MAPKs底物,ERK2、JNK1和p38α对MKP1磷酸酶催化能力的激活效果,进一步理解MAPKs与MKP1的底物特异性机制。方法:以p NPP为底物,检测在不同浓度的非磷酸化ERK2、JNK1和p38α存在下,MKP1-CD催化结构域片段蛋白质去磷反应速度的变化,对比所得的动力学参数以确定MAPKs对MKP1激活程度的差异。结果:ERK2和JNK1能够激活MKP1的催化活力,将催化速率提升1.5～2倍,而ERK2与MKP1的结合力比JNK1弱约6倍;p38α则没有观察到对MKP1去磷酸化能力的激活效果。结论:三种经典MAPKs中,ERK2和JNK1能够激活MKP1催化活力,而p38α则无法激活MKP1,进一步揭示了MAPKs和MKPs间的特异性相互作用,以及底物对MKPs活力的影响。     

p38MAPK与心肌缺血再灌注损伤

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPKs)是广泛表达的丝氨酸/酪氨酸激酶,在哺乳动物细胞多种信号转导通路中起重要作用,MAPKs有3个主要家族:ERKs,JNKs和p38MAPKs.p38信号通路是MAPK通路的一重要分支,在心肌缺血再灌注的损伤中起很重要的作用,p38MAPK信号通路与心肌缺血再灌注机制都有或多或少的联系,本文就以p38MAPK在这一病理过程的研究进展做一综述.     

P38 MAPK 信号传导通路与卵巢癌关系的研究进展

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated proteinkinases,MAPKs)级联反应是细胞内重要的信号传导系统之一,参与细胞生长、发育、分化和凋亡等一系列生理、病理过程.P38 MAPK信号传导通路是MAPK通路的分支之一,介导了应激、炎性细胞因子、细菌产物等多种刺激引起的细胞反应,对细胞周期调控具有重要作用.但对不同的卵巢癌细胞系,或者不同的刺激,P38通路的作用不完全相同,甚至可能相反,提示对P38通路的功能仍需进一步的研究,他可能是肿瘤治疗的新靶点.本文就P38 MAPK信号传导通路与卵巢癌关系作一综述。     

P38MAPK信号传导通路与卵巢癌关系的研究进展

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（mitogen-activatedproteinkinases,MAPKs）级联反应是细胞内重要的信号传导系统之一,参与细胞生长、发育、分化和凋亡等一系列生理、病理过程．P38MAPK信号传导通路是MAPK通路的分支之一,介导了应激、炎性细胞因子、细菌产物等多种刺激引起的细胞反应,对细胞周期调控具有重要作用．但对不同的卵巢癌细胞系,或者不同的刺激,P38通路的作用不完全相同,甚至可能相反,提示对P38通路的功能仍需进一步的研究,他可能是肿瘤治疗的新靶点．本文就P38MAPK信号传导通路与卵巢癌关系作一综述。     

MAPK信号通路在辐射应答中的作用

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）超家族是介导细胞反应的重要信号系统,主要由MAPK、MAPK激酶（MAPKK）、MAPKK激酶（MAPKKK）等3类保守的蛋白激酶组成,通过级联反应不断磷酸化下游靶蛋白而参与细胞的增殖、分化、衰老、凋亡。辐射损伤使细胞膜受体和其他感应分子激活细胞内的MAPK信号通路,产生一系列应答反应。简要介绍MAPK家族中各条通路在辐射应答中的作用。     

SB239063通过抑制TNF-α和p38MAPK，减轻香烟烟雾暴露变应性鼻炎大鼠MKP-1的表达

摘要 目的：探讨p38MAPK抑制剂SB239063对香烟烟雾暴露变应性鼻炎大鼠p38MAPK信号通路、TNF-α、MKP-1表达的影响。方法：先构建变应性鼻炎（AR）大鼠模型,然后给予AR大鼠被动吸入香烟烟雾（CS）,再行腹腔注射AR大鼠SB239063（100 mg/kg）,分为AR组、AR+CS组、AR+CS+SB239063组。造模后对各组大鼠进行症状学评分;苏木精-伊红（HE）染色法观察大鼠鼻黏膜的形态学变化;实时荧光定量PCR（RT-PCR）检测鼻黏膜p38MAPK、MKP-1 mRNA的表达水平;酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)分析外周血、脾脏TNF-α的含量;Western blots检测鼻黏膜p38MAPK、p-p38MAPK、MKP-1蛋白的表达水平。结果：与AR组比较,AR+CS组大鼠的过敏症状（P<0.05）加重;鼻黏膜嗜酸性粒细胞（P<0.05）、中性粒细胞浸润（P<0.01）增多; MKP-1 mRNA及其蛋白的表达水平均升高（P<0.001）;外周血、脾脏TNF-α的表达水平升高（P<0.001）;p-p38MAPK蛋白的表达水平升高（P<0.001）。与AR+CS组比较,AR+CS+SB239063组大鼠过敏症状评分下降（P<0.01）;鼻黏膜中嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞计数下降（P值均< 0.05）;p38MAPK mRNA的表达水平降低（P<0.05）,MKP-1 mRNA及其蛋白的表达水平下降（P<0.001）;外周血、脾脏TNF-α的表达水平降低（P值均< 0.001）;p38MAPK、p-p38MAPK蛋白的表达水平降低,差异均具有显著统计学意义（P值均 < 0.001）。结论：SB239063通过抑制TNF-α、p38MAPK及其自磷酸化,减轻香烟烟雾暴露变应性鼻炎大鼠MKP-1的表达。     

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激活蛋白激酶(MK)研究进展

丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路介导多种重要的细胞生理反应.对下游蛋白激酶的磷酸化是MAPK家族成员发挥生理作用的重要方式.在MAPK的下游存在3个结构上相关的MAPK激活蛋白激酶(MAPKAPKorMK),即MK2,MK3和MK5.在被MAPK激活后,MK可将信号传递至细胞内不同靶标,从而在转录和翻译水平调节基因表达,调控细胞骨架和细胞周期,介导细胞迁移和胚胎发育.最近,在基因敲除研究的基础上,不同MK亚族成员之间的功能区分已经逐渐明晰,使我们对于MK的认识有了长足的进步.     

JNK活化机制的研究进展

cJun氨基末端激酶(JNK)家族是促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)超家族成员之一,MAPK信号通路是多级蛋白激酶的级联反应,包括三个关键的激酶:MAPK、MAPK的激酶(MAPKK)和MAPK激酶的激酶(MAPKKK).JNK信号通路中有许多支架蛋白,如:JIP、JAMP、POSH等,能够与JNK及JNK信号通路中相关成员结合成复合物,调节它们的活性和细胞内定位,JNK信号通路可被细胞因子、生长因子、应激等多种因素激活,大量实验提示JNK活化在细胞增殖、细胞凋亡、应激反应以及多种人类疾病的发生与发展中起着重要的作用.JNK信号通路与其他信号通路间也有着相互作用.现对JNK活化机制的研究进展进行综述.     

菟丝子提取物在PC12细胞株中的神经营养因子样活性

以常用的PC12细胞株为实验模型,考察了菟丝子提取物诱导PC12细胞分化及对相关激酶活性的影响.发现该提取物在诱导PC12细胞分化的同时,可明显提高有丝分裂原激活的蛋白激酶(MAPK)磷酸化.MAPK激酶的特异抑制剂PD98059,能够有效地抑制菟丝子提取物诱导PC12细胞中MAPK的磷酸化和突起的延伸,表明该提取物诱导PC12细胞分化可能与MAPK途径有关.同时还发现,该提取物能一定程度地抑制去血清引起的细胞凋亡,表明它具有一定的神经营养因子样作用.     

Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (MKP)-1 in immunology, physiology, and disease

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are key regulators of cellular physiology and immune responses, and abnormalities in MAPKs are implicated in many diseases. MAPKs are activated by MAPK kinases through phosphorylation of the threonine and tyrosine residues in the conserved Thr-Xaa-Tyr domain, where Xaa represents amino acid residues characteristic of distinct MAPK subfamilies. Since MAPKs play a crucial role in a variety of cellular processes, a delicate regulatory network has evolved to control their activities. Over the past two decades, a group of dual specificity MAPK phosphatases (MKPs) has been identified that deactivates MAPKs. Since MAPKs can enhance MKP activities, MKPs are considered as an important feedback control mechanism that limits the MAPK cascades. This review outlines the role of MKP-1, a prototypical MKP family member, in physiology and disease. We will first discuss the basic biochemistry and regulation of MKP-1. Next, we will present the current consensus on the immunological and physiological functions of MKP-1 in infectious, inflammatory, metabolic, and nervous system diseases as revealed by studies using animal models. We will also discuss the emerging evidence implicating MKP-1 in human disorders. Finally, we will conclude with a discussion of the potential for pharmacomodulation of MKP-1 expression.     

MAPK phosphatases--regulating the immune response

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphatases (MKPs) are protein phosphatases that dephosphorylate both the phosphothreonine and phosphotyrosine residues on activated MAPKs. Removal of the phosphates renders MAPKs inactive, effectively halting their cellular function. In recent years, evidence has emerged that, similar to MAPKs, MKPs are pivotal in the regulation of immune responses. By deactivating MAPKs, MKPs can modulate both innate and adaptive immunity. A number of immunomodulatory agents have been found to influence the expression of MKP1 in particular, highlighting the central role of this phosphatase in immune regulation. This Review discusses the properties, function and regulation of MKPs during immune responses.     

Mice lacking MAP kinase phosphatase-1 have enhanced MAP kinase activity and resistance to diet-induced obesity

The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) play critical roles in the pathogenesis of diabetes and obesity. The MAPKs are inactivated by MAPK phosphatases (MKPs) either in the cytosol or nucleus. Here we show that mice lacking the nuclear-localized MKP, MKP-1 (mkp-1(-/-)), have enhanced Erk, p38 MAPK and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) activities in insulin-responsive tissues as compared with wild-type mice. Although JNK promotes insulin resistance, mkp-1(-/-) mice exhibited unimpaired insulin-mediated signaling and glucose homeostasis. We reconciled these results by demonstrating that in mkp-1(-/-) mice, JNK activity was increased in the nucleus, but not the cytosol. Significantly, mkp-1(-/-) mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity due to enhanced energy expenditure, but succumb to glucose intolerance on a high fat diet. These results suggest that nuclear regulation of the MAPKs by MKP-1 is essential for the management of metabolic homeostasis in a manner that is spatially uncoupled from the cytosolic actions of the MAPKs.     

A Novel MAPK phosphatase MKP-7 acts preferentially on JNK/SAPK and p38 alpha and beta MAPKs

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are inactivated via dephosphorylation of either the threonine or tyrosine residue or both in the P-loop catalyzed by protein phosphatases which include serine/threonine phosphatases, tyrosine phosphatases, and dual specificity phosphatases. Nine members of the dual specificity phosphatases specific for MAPKs, termed MKPs, have been reported. Each member has its own substrate specificity, tissue distribution, and subcellular localization. In this study, we have cloned and characterized a novel MKP, designated MKP-7. MKP-7 is most similar to hVH5, a member of previously known MKPs, in the primary structure. MKP-7 is predominantly localized in the cytoplasm when expressed in cultured cells, whereas hVH5 is both in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. MKP-7 binds to and inactivates p38 MAPK and JNK/SAPK, but not ERK. Furthermore, we have found that MKPs have the substrate specificity toward the isoforms of the p38 family (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta). MKP-7 binds to and inactivates p38 alpha and -beta, but not gamma or delta. MKP-5 and CL100/MKP-1 also bind to p38 alpha and -beta, but not gamma or delta. Finally, we propose a tentative classification of MKPs based on the sequence characteristics of their MAPK-docking site.     

CD40-modulated dual-specificity phosphatases MAPK phosphatase (MKP)-1 and MKP-3 reciprocally regulate Leishmania major infection

The macrophage-expressed CD40 regulates immune responses to Leishmania major infection by reciprocal signaling through p38 MAPK and ERK1/2. CD40-induced IL-10 or IL-12 plays crucial roles in the promotion or protection from L. major infection, respectively. Because p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 are dephosphorylated by dual-specificity MAPK phosphatases (MKPs), we tested the role of CD40 in the regulation of MKPs in L. major infection. MKP-1 expression and activity increased whereas MKP-3 expression and activity decreased in virulent L. major-infected macrophages. CD40 differentially regulated the expression and activity of MKP-1 and MKP-3, which, in turn, reciprocally regulated CD40-induced p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and effector functions in macrophages. Triptolide, an inhibitor of MKP-1 expression, and lentivirally expressed MKP-1 short hairpin RNA enhanced CD40-induced anti-leishmanial functions and significantly protected susceptible BALB/c mice from L. major infection. Similarly, lentivirally overexpressed MKP-3 significantly reduced disease progression and parasite burden in susceptible BALB/c mice. Thus, to our knowledge, our data show for the first time that CD40 reciprocally regulates MKP-1 and MKP-3 expression and activity while the MKPs contribute to the reciprocal CD40 signaling-regulated anti-leishmanial functions. The findings reveal a novel parasite-devised immune evasion strategy and an effective target to redirect CD40-regulated immune responses.     

Phosphorylation of the kinase interaction motif in mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphatase-4 mediates cross-talk between protein kinase A and MAP kinase signaling pathways

MAP kinase phosphatase 4 (DUSP9/MKP-4) plays an essential role during placental development and is one of a subfamily of three closely related cytoplasmic dual-specificity MAPK phosphatases, which includes the ERK-specific enzymes DUSP6/MKP-3 and DUSP7/MKP-X. However, unlike DUSP6/MKP-3, DUSP9/MKP-4 also inactivates the p38α MAP kinase both in vitro and in vivo. Here we demonstrate that inactivation of both ERK1/2 and p38α by DUSP9/MKP-4 is mediated by a conserved arginine-rich kinase interaction motif located within the amino-terminal non-catalytic domain of the protein. Furthermore, DUSP9/MKP-4 is unique among these cytoplasmic MKPs in containing a conserved PKA consensus phosphorylation site (55)RRXSer-58 immediately adjacent to the kinase interaction motif. DUSP9/MKP-4 is phosphorylated on Ser-58 by PKA in vitro, and phosphorylation abrogates the binding of DUSP9/MKP-4 to both ERK2 and p38α MAP kinases. In addition, although mutation of Ser-58 to either alanine or glutamic acid does not affect the intrinsic catalytic activity of DUSP9/MKP-4, phospho-mimetic (Ser-58 to Glu) substitution inhibits both the interaction of DUSP9/MKP-4 with ERK2 and p38α in vivo and its ability to dephosphorylate and inactivate these MAP kinases. Finally, the use of a phospho-specific antibody demonstrates that endogenous DUSP9/MKP-4 is phosphorylated on Ser-58 in response to the PKA agonist forskolin and is also modified in placental tissue. We conclude that DUSP9/MKP-4 is a bona fide target of PKA signaling and that attenuation of DUSP9/MKP-4 function can mediate cross-talk between the PKA pathway and MAPK signaling through both ERK1/2 and p38α in vivo.