溃疡分枝杆菌、溃疡分枝杆菌素与溃疡分枝杆菌毒素

1948年,MacCALLUM在澳大利亚东南沿海维多利亚一个儿童的腿部溃疡中分离到一种新的分枝杆菌,并称之为溃疡分枝杆菌（Mycobacterium ulcerans）,并证明是这种溃疡的病原菌。这种由溃疡分枝杆菌引起的皮肤感染主要存在于热带、亚热带地区,尤以西非地区更盛,具有地方性流行,现在通常称谓Bumli溃疡,中国也有发现,世界卫生组织（WHO）已组建全球Buruli溃疡行动委员会,开展对该病的防治研究,现已认为溃疡分枝杆菌感染（Bundi溃疡）是一种新发的感染病。     

不太引人注目的新发感染病:溃疡分枝杆菌感染(Buruli溃疡)

Buruli溃疡(Buruli ulcer,Bu)是由溃疡分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium ulcerans,Mu)引起的慢性,进行性,坏死性皮肤感染,也称为溃疡分枝杆菌感染(Mycobacterium ulcerans infection)或溃疡分枝杆菌病(Mycobacterium ulcerans disease)[1],具有地方     

细胞因子和microRNA与结核分枝杆菌感染的研究进展

细胞因子是由免疫细胞和某些非免疫细胞经刺激而合成、分泌的一类具有广泛生物学活性的小分子蛋白质,其作为细胞间信号传递分子,主要参与调节免疫应答、免疫细胞分化发育、组织修复、介导炎症反应、刺激造血功能等。micro RNA(mi RNA)是存在于真核细胞内的一种非编码小RNA,可以调控基因转录后的表达,同时还可作为不同生理和病理状态的分子标记。许多研究表明,细胞因子相关基因的多态性与结核感染、肺结核发病易感性密切相关,而mi RNA在肺部疾病的正负调节功能与肺部疾病感染的发生、发展、转化与治疗有关。我们简要叙述了细胞因子、mi RNA与结核分枝杆菌感染三者之间的关联,以期有利于及时筛查潜伏结核感染和肺结核患者,降低结核感染率和发病率。     

耻垢分枝杆菌在感染与免疫研究中的应用

耻垢分枝杆菌属革兰阳性腐生菌,具有快速生长,无致病性,与结核分枝杆菌基因高度同源、细胞结构相似等特点,较多应用于分枝杆菌感染及相关免疫学研究,是一种相对理想的实验模型。同时,其在非分枝杆菌感染及其他相关免疫研究中也有拓展性的应用。本文就耻垢分枝杆菌在感染与免疫研究中的应用现状进行综述。     

结核分枝杆菌的热休克蛋白及其抗原

<正>由病原性分枝杆菌引起的疾病,仍然是人类发病率和死亡率引起的主要原因,在发展中国家的死亡率中仅结核病就达7％。目前预防和控制分枝杆菌感染的研究,已转向包括病原菌与其哺乳类宿主细胞间相互关系的分子机理的阐明。根据结核杆菌和麻风杆菌一些重要蛋白抗原的序列分析,已知它们是热休克蛋白谱系中的成员,和大肠杆菌蛋白的Dnak、GroEL和GroES相关。本文分析了热休克对结核杆菌蛋白合成的作用,以期为阐明分枝杆菌分子遗传学与宿主-寄生间相互关系提供重要资料。     

结核分枝杆菌持续感染相关基因及其调控网络分析

结核分枝杆菌是结核病的致病菌, 也是迄今最成功的人类致病菌之一. 结核分枝杆菌能逃避宿主免疫攻击, 在人体内持续感染或呈休眠状态. 当人体免疫功能低下时, 持续感染或休眠的致病菌可能被重新激活. 结核分枝杆菌的持续感染是制约结核病控制计划成功的主要障碍之一. 揭示结核分枝杆菌持续感染的分子机制、寻找其中薄弱环节、发现适当的药物靶标并开发全新药物及免疫干预措施, 被认为是遏制结核病蔓延的关键. 结核分枝杆菌持续感染和再激活是众多基因协同的系统适应过程. 本文在全面分析全球结核分枝杆菌持续感染相关基因研究文献的基础上, 通过文本挖掘, 综合本实验室前期研究结果, 提出了结核分枝杆菌持续感染相关基因的调控网络, 为揭示结核分枝杆菌持续感染的机制, 筛选控制结核病的新靶标和免疫干预节点提供研究基础.     

结核分枝杆菌与巨噬细胞相互作用的研究进展

结核分枝杆菌是一种胞内感染菌,巨噬细胞是其寄生场所。结核分枝杆菌通过阻止吞噬溶酶体的融合、减少巨噬细胞凋亡、降低巨噬细胞对刺激应答的敏感性等途径逃避巨噬细胞的免疫监视和攻击,并在细胞内存活、增殖;而巨噬细胞又是抗菌免疫的主要效应细胞,通过直接杀伤和分泌多种细胞因子,对结核分枝杆菌具有免疫调节、呈递抗原等作用。深入研究结核分枝杆菌对巨噬细胞的免疫逃逸机制及巨噬细胞抗结核免疫作用,对研究宿主抗结核免疫机制及设计新型结核病疫苗有重要意义。     

分枝杆菌

<正>一、分枝杆菌和分枝杆菌病 目前分枝杆菌的DNA诊断的靶物质并非是与分枝杆菌病原性直接相关的因子,而是核糖体RNA(rRNA)。分枝杆菌包括结核杆菌群、麻风杆菌和非定型分枝杆菌,分枝杆菌病则为由这些细菌引起的以慢性细胞性炎症为特征的感染症。为目前细菌感染症中最重要的传染病。日本每年有数千人因结核病而死亡,需要治疗的患者也有十几万人。在发展中国家,在最近的将来没有克服该病的希望。全世界患者达1600万—2000万人,每年因结核病而死亡者计有300万人。 非定型分枝杆菌的毒性比结核杆菌弱,故作为病原菌一直被忽视,但最近因发现其中有引起条件感染症的菌种而始引入注目。尤其在美国的AIDS患者中普遍检测到该菌。该菌的问题焦点是既存的抗结核制剂对大多数菌种无效。在AIDS患者中多     

结核分枝杆菌耐药性的分子机理研究进展

结核分枝杆菌内,抗结核药物的作用靶编码基因已在细菌染色体上定位,使人们能在分子水平上研究耐药结核分枝杆菌,并对其耐药机理有了深刻了解,本文就结核分枝杆菌对几种主要抗结核药物耐药性的分子机理相关的基因等方面的研究作一综述。     

哺乳动物Toll样受体对结核分枝杆菌的控制

针对胞内菌结核分枝杆菌最为有效的免疫应答主要取决于天然免疫应答对侵入细菌的早期发现及获得性免疫应答的活化。Toll样受体在天然免疫应答发现分枝杆菌相关性分子和介导抗菌效应分子的分泌上起作用。它能调节一些免疫调节分子,这些分子能促进基于Th1细胞的T细胞发育。因此,Toll样受体的活化在抗微生物感染的机制上起一定的作用。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.