放牧格局和生境资源对矮嵩草（Kobresia humilis）分株生物量分配和补偿性生长的影响

为研究密集型克隆植物对放牧扰动和生境资源变化的生物量分配和补偿生长响应特性,验证克隆植物的觅食模型和3个有关植物个体补偿反应的假说(①放牧优化假说,grazing optimization hypothesis,GOH;②反应连续谱假说,continuum of responses hypothesis,CRH;③增长率模型,growth rate model,GRM),在具有不同放牧利用格局和土壤养分水平的高寒矮嵩草草甸(Ⅰ.畜圈草地:重度放牧、资源丰富;Ⅱ.牧道草地:中度放牧、资源贫乏;Ⅲ.封育草地:不放牧、资源贫乏)中通过设置扣笼/无扣笼样方对其建群种矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)进行了研究.结果表明不论当年解除家畜放牧与否,春季采摘率越高(畜圈草地),分株生物量向生长的投入越少,向贮藏器官的投入越多.繁殖分配在中度采摘下最高(牧道草地),扣笼内外分株各部分的生物量分配无差异.矮嵩草分株在中度采摘×资源贫乏条件下产生了超补偿响应,在重度采摘×资源丰富条件下为等量补偿,重度采摘导致分株密度显著减少.生物量分配格局与觅食模型的预测不符.补偿生长响应特性证实了GOH和GRM的预测,但与CRH的预测不符.这说明在研究地区放牧扰动格局对克隆植物矮嵩草分株的生物量分配和补偿生长具有重要影响,适度放牧利用更利于引起超补偿,而重度利用可能会对该种群的长期保持产生不利影响.     

盐碱条件下刈割干扰对羊草的氮素分配策略及补偿生长的影响

土地盐碱化和过度放牧是制约松嫩平原畜牧业发展的两大因素,羊草是松嫩平原上的优势种,被认为具有较强的耐牧及耐盐碱能力.本文通过田间原位试验,以叶面涂抹标记¹⁵N-尿素的方法,研究了不同盐碱条件下刈割干扰对羊草的氮素分配策略及补偿生长的影响.结果表明: 总体上叶面新吸收的氮60%以上保留在地上部分.与不施盐碱无刈割处理的对照相比,单纯的盐碱胁迫使新吸收的氮在细根中的分配率显著增加了5.1%;而盐碱胁迫下,中度刈割使叶面新吸收的氮在地上部分的分配率增加了11.6%,地上及总生物量发生超补偿生长,但是重度刈割使叶面新吸收的氮在茎基部的分配率显著增加了9.5%,地上、细根及总生物量均表现为欠补偿生长.上述结果表明盐碱胁迫下,中度刈割干扰时羊草采取积极的再生策略,促进其超补偿生长,但在重度刈割时羊草会采取增加氮素在茎基部存储的相对保守的氮素分配和生长策略.     

Competitive ability of two Brassica varieties in relation to biomass allocation and morphological plasticity under varying nutrient availability

Green cabbage (Brassica campestris, leafy variety) and turnip (Brassica campestris var. rapifera, rooty variety) were grown in both monocultures and mixtures at three nutrient levels to investigate their responses to nutrient availability with respect to biomass allocation, morphological plasticity and competitive ability. Their allocation parameters and leaf morphological traits were affected by both nutrient availability and developmental stage. Both of the varieties had a smaller biomass allocation to leaf blades, but a greater allocation to petioles at high nutrient levels. Root:shoot ratio (RSR) of green cabbage decreased with increasing nutrient availability, whereas that of turnip increased. Turnip had a smaller leaf blade weight ratio (LBWR) than cabbage, being compensated for by larger leaf area ratio (LAR) and specific leaf area (SLA). Leaf area ratio and SLA of both the varieties increased with increasing nutrient availability as did their mean dry weights. The mean dry weight of turnip was slightly greater than that of green cabbage in their respective monocultures, while that of green cabbage was greater than that of turnip in their 1:1 mixture. Therefore, green cabbage, having inherently greater biomass allocation to leaves, was generally more competitive than turnip with more biomass allocation to roots, especially at higher nutrient levels. However, within a variety, morphological plasticity (variation in LAR and SLA) was more important than the plasticity in biomass allocation (e.g. variation in RSR and LBWR) in determining competitive ability. The implication of our results is that competition models based on biomass allocation pattern alone may fail to predict competitive outcomes and that such models should also take morphological plasticity into full account.     

提前钩梢对雷竹地上构件生物量分配及其异速生长的影响

为摸清提前钩梢对雷竹地上构件生物量积累与分配及其异速生长模式的影响,为雷竹林合理钩梢提供参考,调查了5月(提前钩梢)、6月(常规时间钩梢)钩梢和未钩梢雷竹林新竹当年(1年生立竹)和第2年(2年生立竹)秆、枝、叶生物量,分析了立竹地上构件生物量积累与分配特征及其异速生长。结果表明:钩梢使雷竹1年生立竹秆、枝、叶生物量显著下降,秆生物量分配比例显著升高,枝、叶生物量分配比例显著下降,枝、叶-总生物量异速生长指数显著增大,秆-总生物量异速生长指数显著减小,且常规时间钩梢立竹叶生物量及其分配比例和出叶强度均显著高于提前钩梢立竹。钩梢也导致雷竹2年生立竹秆、枝、叶生物量明显下降,但秆、枝、叶-总生物量异速生长指数均显著增大,常规时间钩梢立竹叶生物量仅略低于未钩梢立竹,且叶生物量分配比例及出叶强度均显著高于未钩梢和提前钩梢立竹。研究表明提前钩梢对雷竹叶生物量及其分配比例、出叶强度及异速生长均有明显的负面影响,不利于雷竹林光合能力的发挥,因此,雷竹林不宜提前钩梢。     

密度对尖头叶藜生物量分配格局及异速生长的影响

植物器官指示植物不同的功能,而植物器官生物量分配比例的变化表征了植物对资源获取能力的调整。在植物生长发育过程中,植物各器官呈一种明显的异速生长规律。利用异速生长分析方法,通过模拟不同密度(16、44.4、100、400株/m~2)下尖头叶藜(Chenopodium acuminatum)的生长特性,研究密度对尖头叶藜器官生物量分配格局及异速生长的影响。结果表明,随密度增加,尖头叶藜地上和地下器官都存在不同程度的竞争:其中,根和主茎生物量分配增加,茎和地上生物量分配减少,而叶和繁殖生物量分配不随密度变化而变化。研究发现,尖头叶藜各器官间具有显著的异速生长关系:其中叶∶主茎、根∶地上部分、根∶茎、根∶主茎、繁殖器官∶地上部分及繁殖器官∶根生物量间的异速生长不随密度变化而变化,属于表观可塑性;而叶∶地上部分、叶∶根、叶∶茎、茎∶地上部分、主茎∶地上部分、繁殖器官∶茎、繁殖器官∶主茎生物量间具有极显著的异速生长关系,异速指数和个体大小显著受密度变化影响,属于真正可塑性,这表明密度能够影响尖头叶藜各器官的生长变化。尖头叶藜叶∶主茎、叶∶根及主茎∶地上部分生物量间的异速指数在D4-密度时与3/4差异不显著(P0.05),符合生态代谢理论,而在D1—D3密度时与3/4差异显著(P0.05),表明充分竞争的植株更符合代谢理论,而竞争不激烈的植株对资源的投入具有物种特异性。     

刈割、施肥和浇水对矮嵩草补偿生长的影响

通过对青海海北高寒矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸进行为期3年的野外控制试验, 研究了刈割(留茬1 cm、3 cm及不刈割)、施肥(2.5 g·m^-2尿素+ 0.6 g·m^-2磷酸二胺、不施肥)和浇水(20.1 kg·m^-2、不浇水)处理对矮嵩草补偿生长(包括分株密度、株高和分株地上生物量)的影响, 及其比叶面积、叶片净光合速率和相对增长率的变化, 探讨矮嵩草补偿生长的机制。研究结果表明: 刈割后, 矮嵩草的补偿生长高度和比叶面积显著降低; 分株密度有增加的趋势, 但会随刈割强度的增加而下降; 株高和生物量的相对增长率随刈割强度的增加而呈上升趋势; 补偿地上生物量在重度刈割处理下最高。施肥能显著增加矮嵩草的补偿高度、分株密度、补偿地上生物量、株高相对增长率、生物量相对增长率、比叶面积和净光合速率; 与不浇水处理相比, 浇水处理对重度刈割处理下的分株地上生物量、密度相对增长率、比叶面积和净光合速率无影响, 而显著降低了中度刈割处理下的补偿高度和株高相对增长率, 提高了不刈割处理下的分株密度和重度刈割处理下的生物量相对增长率。刈割、施肥和浇水处理的交互作用也显示出刈割与施肥对矮嵩草补偿生长具有拮抗效应, 而刈割与浇水具有协同效应。上述结果说明, 矮嵩草在刈割后可通过增加分株密度和相对增长率等途径来提高补偿能力, 弥补在生长高度上出现的低补偿, 而施肥可显著抵消刈割的不利影响, 提高矮嵩草的补偿能力。     

刈割、施肥和浇水对垂穗披碱草补偿生长的影响

植物的补偿生长特性受放牧强度和生境资源获得性的影响。通过为期2年的野外控制实验,研究了刈割高度(留茬1cm、3cm及不刈割)、施肥(施、不施)和浇水(浇、不浇)处理对垂穗披碱草(Elymus natans)补偿生长的影响,并结合对各处理分株密度、比叶面积、净光合速率和相对生长率的变化研究,探讨了其补偿生长机制。结果表明:刈割后垂穗披碱草分株种群密度显著增加,补偿生长高度显著降低,比叶面积和相对生长率随刈割强度增加而呈上升趋势,叶片净光合速率变化不显著;施肥能显著增加垂穗披碱草的补偿生长高度、比叶面积、叶片净光合速率和相对生长率;浇水处理以及刈割、浇水、施肥处理之间的交互作用均不显著。可见,在刈割条件下,垂穗披碱草具有一定的密度补偿机制,但由于刈割抑制补偿性高生长,导致分株高度出现低补偿。因此,即使刈割后比叶面积和株高相对生长率显著增加,也不一定必然引起株高的超补偿;但施肥可显著提高垂穗披碱草的补偿能力,增加耐牧性,证实了改进后的限制资源模型的预测。     

空气断根对侧柏实生苗生物量分配和根系生长的影响

为探求林木幼苗生物量分配和根系生长对空气断根的响应,以侧柏(Platycladus Orientalis)实生苗为材料,设置空气断根(T)和不断根(CK)处理,研究了空气断根10、30 d和50 d后对侧柏生物量、根系形态特征及吸收面积的影响。结果表明:(1)T处理的侧柏幼苗地上生物量、根生物量、总生物量、根长、根表面积、根体积及根尖数在断根10、30 d和50 d后均大于CK,且显著扩大了根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积。(2)空气断根显著影响了侧柏实生苗的生物量分配格局,其根冠比在整个试验阶段呈先增大后减小的趋势,而CK逐渐减小。(3)两种处理的侧柏幼苗根系直径集中在0-0.5 mm。与CK相比,T处理侧柏随空气断根时间延长,单株根系直径在0-0.5 mm的根数量急剧增多,占总根尖数的79%,根平均长度、根表面积、根体积和根尖数显著增大。(4)生物量参数和根形态参数之间关系密切。根生物量与地上生物量及总生物量呈显著正相关(P0.05)。除根系平均直径外,根生物量、地上生物量和总生物量分别与根长、根表面积、根体积、根尖数呈显著正相关,根冠比与地上生物量呈负相关。因此,空气断根有效改善了侧柏幼苗的根系形态特征,提高了吸收面积,显著促进侧柏实生苗在生长早期快速发育。     

Effects of moisture availability on clonal growth in bamboo Pleioblastus maculata

The effects of moisture availability on clonal growth and biomass investment in the bamboo Pleioblastus maculata were investigated over a four-year period by transplanting Pleioblastus maculata clones into soils with different levels of moisture availability in the field. The results showed that: (1) The higher the moisture availability, the greater the total biomass of P. maculata clones. Although fewer culms are produced at the higher moisture levels, mean tiller biomass is greater. (2) Under different levels of moisture availability, obvious differences in the total rhizome length (p < 0.01), spacer length (p < 0.05) and the sizes of bamboo culms (height, p < 0.01; diameter, p < 0.01) were observed. Thus, the higher the moisture availability, the shorter the rhizomes and the larger ramets. (3) In microhabitats with low moisture availability, bamboo allocated more biomass to underground organs, which promotes elongation of rhizomes and increases root production, thereby helping to capture underground resources essential to growth. In microhabitats of high moisture availability, the biomass is primarily allocated to the aboveground growth of ramets. (4) We suggest that soil moisture availability effects the foraging strategies of bamboo, that bamboo plants growing with low moisture availability produce longer rhizomes (that is, more, although shorter, spacers) with more biomass allocation than plants in high moisture and have a better ability to forage to increase the probability of locating adequate moisture patches. Also, longer length distance between shoots (that is, longer spacers) in high soil moisture than in low is adapted to avoid intense competition from faster growing aboveground growth in high moisture patches.     

珍稀濒危植物张氏红山茶花的花发育形态及生理特性研究

以珍稀濒危植物张氏红山茶为材料,对其花发育形态及分化过程中生理指标动态变化进行了研究.采用定株调查的方法,通过观察、统计、解剖等确定张氏红山茶盛花期花芽着生位置并划分5个发育阶段,以分光光度法测定了5个发育阶段可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和核酸含量等的动态变化.结果表明:盛花期花芽着生位置主要在枝条顶端,占70.0％;花芽和叶...     

The effect of nutrient availability on biomass allocation patterns in 27 species of herbaceous plants

We investigated allocation to roots, stems and leaves of 27 species of herbaceous clonal plants grown at two nutrient levels. Allocation was analyzed as biomass ratios and also allometrically. As in other studies, the fraction of biomass in stems and, to a lesser extent, in leaves, was usually higher in the high-nutrient treatment than in the low-nutrient treatment, and the fraction of biomass in roots was usually higher under low-nutrient conditions. The relationship between the biomass of plant structures fits the general allometric equation, with an exponent 1 in most of the species. The different biomass ratios under the two nutrient conditions represented points on simple allometric trajectories, indicating that natural selection has resulted in allometric strategies rather than plastic responses to nutrient level. In other words, in most of the species that changed allocation in response to the nutrient treatment, these changes were largely a consequence of plant size. Our data suggest that some allocation patterns that have been interpreted as plastic responses to different resource availabilities may be more parsimoniously explained as allometric strategies.     

光照强度对8种红树植物幼苗生长和生物量分配的影响

选取无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala Buch-Ham.)、卤蕨(Acrostichum aureum Linn.)、桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum Blanco.)、老鼠簕(Acanthus ilicifolius Linn.)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Lam.)、秋茄(Kandelia candel Druce.)、银叶树(Heritiera littoralis Ait.)和黄槿(Hibiscus tiliaceus L.)为研究对象,通过遮荫控制实验,研究这8种红树植物幼苗在不同光照强度(自然光强的100%、45%、30%、10%)下的生长和生物量分配特征。结果表明:(1)遮荫对无瓣海桑幼苗相对生长速率、生物量积累、基径的增长和叶片数的增长均有显著的抑制作用;(2)桐花和老鼠簕在遮荫处理下生长状况较好,遮荫对桐花生长的影响不显著,对老鼠簕幼苗的生长则有一定的促进作用;(3)当光照强度降低时,无瓣海桑、秋茄、老鼠簕、桐花树的幼苗都对地上部分投入了更多的生物量,其中秋茄、老鼠簕和桐花树通过提高叶生物量来获取更大的光能捕获能力。研究结果表明,从对光照的生长适应角度来看,桐花、老鼠簕和卤蕨适宜种植在郁闭度较高的林下;秋茄适宜在郁闭度较低的林下种植;真红树无瓣海桑和木榄以及半红树黄槿和银叶树则不适合在林下种植。     

枝条覆盖对平茬花棒生长特征和浅层土壤水分的影响

为了综合评价枝条覆盖对不同立地(平地、丘顶、丘间低地)平茬花棒(Hedysarum scoparium)生长特征和浅层土壤水分的影响,以吉兰泰荒漠-绿洲过渡区平茬花棒为研究对象,于2017年4—10月对覆盖与无覆盖平茬花棒物候期、土壤容积含水量、土壤储水量和生长指标等相关指标进行测定。实验结果表明:(1)枝条覆盖有利于平茬花棒提前萌芽,较无覆盖提前5 d以上。(2)枝条覆盖使不同立地平茬花棒生长初期和生长末期0—100 cm土层平均土壤容积含水量增加20.12%以上,且土壤含水量变异系数随土层深度增加变化减缓;土壤储水量在生长初期和生长末期枝条覆盖较无覆盖增加27%以上。(3)枝条覆盖使平茬花棒株高、新生枝数、基径、冠幅较无覆盖增加10.91%以上,同时其生物量鲜重和干重较无覆盖分别增加4.45%—24.17%和3.78%—18.93%。尤其丘间低地平茬花棒生物量增加效果更加明显(P>0.05)。但枝条覆盖不能改变平茬花棒生物量分配格局;(4)枝条覆盖和平茬对花棒生长均具有积极作用,枝条覆盖对丘间低地平茬花棒生长促进作用最好。     

Effects of windspeed on the growth and biomass allocation of white mustard Sinapis alba L.

Summary We examined how different wind speeds and interactions between plant age and wind affect growth and biomass allocation of Sinapis alba L. (white mustard). Physiological and growth measurements were made on individuals of white mustard grown in controlled-environment wind tunnels at windspeeds of 0.3, 2.2 and 6.0 ms^–1 for 42 days. Plants were harvested at four different dates. Increasing wind speed slightly increased transpiration and stomatal conductance. We did not observe a significant decline in the photosynthetic rate per unit of leaf area. Number of leaves, stem length, leaf area and dry weights of total biomass and plant parts were significantly lower in plants exposed at high wind speed conditions. There were no significant differences in the unit leaf rate nor relative growth rates, although these were always lower in plants grown at high wind speed. Allocation and architectural parameters were also examined. After 42 days of exposure to wind, plants showed higher leaf area ratio, root and leaf weight ratios and root/shoot ratio than those grown at control treatment. Only specific leaf area declined significantly with wind speed, but stem and reproductive parts also decreased. The responses of plants to each wind speed treatment depended on the age of the plant for most of the variables. It is suggested that wind operates in logarithmic manner, with relatively small or no effect at lower wind speeds and a much greater effect at higher speeds. Since there is no evidence of a significant reduction in photosynthetic rate of Sinapis with increasing wind speed it is suggested that the effect of wind on plant growth was due to mechanical effects leading to changes in allocation and developmental patterns.     

钠盐胁迫对藜科一年生草本植物生长和生物量分配的影响

选取河西走廊荒漠绿洲过渡带典型藜科一年生草本植物雾冰藜、刺沙蓬和白茎盐生草为研究对象,分析不同浓度盐分（NaCl和NaHCO₃,0、50、100、150、200 mmol/L）对3种藜科植物生长、繁殖和生物量分配的影响。研究结果表明：（1）钠盐胁迫下,3种藜科植物的存活率随盐浓度的增加呈下降趋势,雾冰藜和刺沙蓬在200 mmol/L NaCl和200 mmol/L NaHCO₃胁迫下无法存活或存活率极低,白茎盐生草在200 mmol/L NaHCO₃胁迫下无法存活;（2）钠盐胁迫显著抑制了刺沙蓬的生长和生物量积累,而一定浓度的盐分（50、100 mmol/L）可以促进雾冰藜和白茎盐生草的生长,较高浓度的盐分则抑制其生长;（3）3种植物的根冠比在钠盐胁迫下呈下降趋势,地上部生物量分配随盐浓度增加呈上升趋势,其中低盐胁迫下（50、100 mmol/L）繁殖分配比例增加明显,中高度盐胁迫下（150、200 mmol/L）茎、叶生物量分配比例增加显著,但根系生物量分配随盐分浓度增加而下降,这说明盐分胁迫下增加生物量在地上部的分配是藜科一年生草本植物应对盐胁迫的方式之一;（4） NaHCO₃的胁迫作用大于NaCl,3种植物中,白茎盐生草的耐盐性最强,而雾冰藜和刺沙蓬的耐盐能力较差。     

增温对入侵植物马缨丹生物量分配和异速生长的影响

气候变暖已是不争的事实。外来入侵植物随着温度升高有可能作出积极的响应,采取有效策略来扩大入侵范围,造成更大的危害。以世界性杂草马缨丹(Lantana camara)为研究对象,对不同温度处理下(22、26℃和30℃)的生长和分配特征及构型效应进行对比研究,并借助异速生长分析方法,对不同温度下马缨丹幼株各构件生长关系进行分析。结果表明:随着温度升高,马缨丹幼株减少了对地下生物量的分配,地上部分生物量投资的增加主要表现在对茎的投资上,并利用有限的叶生物量投资扩大叶面积,即在高度和广度两方面都增加了对光能的获取。这些响应有利于其同化作用的增强从而提高竞争力,表明温度增加会增强马缨丹的入侵力,这也是马缨丹在全球气候变暖背景下扩大其分布范围的有效策略。     

Biomass allocation and growth responses of Scots pine saplings to simulated herbivory depend on plant age and light availability

This study experimentally analyses the response to simulated herbivory of juvenile Scots pine of two different ages in contrasting abiotic scenarios, focusing on the potential dual role of browsing ungulates: negative, by removing aerial biomass, and positive, by stimulating compensation capacity and providing nutrients by depositing their excrement. Compensation against herbivory was investigated by experimentally clipping a set of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L. nevadensis) juveniles, grown under different levels of light and nutrient availability. The responses analysed were survival, trunk-diameter growth, leader-shoot growth, increment in number of meristems, RGR, biomass of needles, shoots, root and whole plant, and root-to-shoot ratio. Clipping consistently resulted in a worse survival and performance of pines with respect to unclipped ones. From the factors analysed, light availability was responsible mainly for the variations in plant performance, while the addition of nutrients was much less important. Age was also important, with older pines showing in general better performance after clipping. Overall, clipping invariably had a negative effect on Scots pine, since none of the combinations of abiotic factors used resulted in overcompensation. However, the intensity on this negative effect proved quite variable, from almost an exact compensation in clipped older pines under full sunlight availability to very poor performance and high death probability in younger pines in shade. Scots pine cannot overcompensate after clipping, but, depending of the environmental conditions, the negative result of clipping varies from severe undercompensation to almost exact compensation. Also, small differences in sapling age can promote significant differences in sapling response to clipping and light environment.     

指数施肥对楸树无性系生物量分配和根系形态的影响

为探求楸树不同无性系生物量分配和根系形态的差异,2011年3-8月在甘肃省天水市小陇山林科所,以2年生楸树无性系1-4、7080和015-1组培苗为试验材料,设置了CK、6、10、14 g尿素/株4个处理,研究指数施肥对楸树无性系生物量分配和根系形态的影响.结果表明:(1)同一无性系中,10 g尿素/株的根、茎、叶生物量及总生物量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根平均直径均高于其它处理.无性系015-1的生物量和根系形态参数整体上高于无性系1-4和7080.无性系015-1在10 g尿素/株的根、茎、叶生物量及总生物量分别为89.44 g、61.30 g、79.97 g、230.71 g,是CK的1.48、1.52、2.09、1.66倍;根长、根表面积和根体积为22667 cm、6260 cm2、578.14 cm3,是CK的1.94、1.54、2.43倍.(2)指数施肥和无性系的遗传差异明显影响楸树不同无性系生物量的分配格局.适量施氮明显促进3个楸树无性系生物量的积累,而氮素缺乏或过量均不利于生物量的积累.8月同一无性系的根冠比均随施氮量的增加而降低;同一处理下无性系7080的根冠比高于无性系1-4和015-l.无性系1-4和7080的生物量主要向叶和茎分配,而无性系015-1主要向叶分配.(3)指数施肥在6月和7月主要促进细根根长和根表面积的增加;指数施肥在8月主要促进细根、中等根和粗根体积的急剧增加,分别比7月高达36.88％、124.96％、154.79％.这利于根系在中后期吸收更多养分,从而引起生物量分配格局的变化.(4)生物量参数和根系形态参数关系密切.根生物量、地上生物量、总生物量分别和根长、根表面积、根体积、根平均直径极显著正相关;根冠比和根长、根表面积、根体积、根平均直径极显著负相关;比根长和地上生物量、总生物量显著正相关,和根冠比极显著负相关.     

Climate factors affect forest biomass allocation by altering soil nutrient availability and leaf traits

Biomass in forests sequesters substantial amounts of carbon; although the contribution of aboveground biomass has been extensively studied, the contribution of belowground biomass remains understudied. Investigating the forest biomass allocation is crucial for understanding the impacts of global change on carbon allocation and cycling.Moreover, the question of how climate factors affect biomass allocation in natural and planted forests remains unresolved. Here, we addressed this question by coll...     

Effects of light and nutrient availability on the growth,allocation, carbon/nitrogen balance,phenolic chemistry,and resistance to herbivory of two freshwater macrophytes

Phenotypic responses of Potamogeton amplifolius and Nuphar advena to different light (7% and 35% of surface irradiance) and nutrient environments were assessed with field manipulation experiments. Higher light and nutrient availability enhanced the growth of P. amplifolius by 154% and 255%, respectively. Additionally, biomass was allocated differently depending on the resource: high light availability resulted in a higher root/shoot ratio, whereas high nutrient availability resulted in a lower root/shoot ratio. Low light availability and high nutrient availability increased the nitrogen content of leaf tissue by 53% and 40% respectively, resulting in a 37% and 31% decrease in the C/N ratio. Root nitrogen content was also increased by low light and high nutrient availability, by 50% (P=0.0807) and 77% respectively, resulting in a 20% and 40% decrease in root C/N ratio. Leaf phenolics were significantly increased 72% by high light and 31% by high nutrient availability, but root phenolic concentrations were not altered significantly. None of these changes in tissue constituents resulted in altered palatability to crayfish. N. advena was killed by the same high nutrient treatment that stimulated growth in P. amplifolius, preventing assessment of phenotypic responses to nutrient availability. However, high light availability increased overall growth by 24%, but this was mainly due to increased growth of the rhizome (increased 100%), resulting in a higher root/shoot ratio. High light tended to increase the production of floating leaves (P=0.09) and significantly decreased the production of submersed leaves. High light availability decreased the nitrogen content by 15% and 25% and increased the phenolic concentration by 88% and 255% in floating and submersed leaves, respectively. These differences in leaf traits did not result in detectable differences in damage by herbivores.