炮制加工对天麻化学成分影响的研究进展

天麻作为著名名贵药材和药食同源试点品种,其产量和消费量逐年上升,炮制加工对其化学成分及活性的影响成为诸多研究者关注的重点。本文从炮制加工(以蒸制和干制为代表)对天麻营养成分(如淀粉、蛋白质和维生素等)、功效成分(如腺苷、多酚及其酚苷和活性多糖等)及天麻微观结构的影响视角深入详细分析了天麻最近5年的研究进展,结果证实在加工过程中天麻化学成分的变化与其微观结构有一定的关联性,揭示了炮制加工影响天麻化学成分及其微观结构的内在原因,最后总结了天麻开发利用现状,为天麻的精细加工及多功能化研发提供了基础与依据。     

天麻矿物质吸收及其营养机理探讨

探讨了天麻吸收矿物质过程和天麻的营养机理。研究蜜环菌在天麻的金属元素、非金属元素吸收中起的作用, 阐明天麻的有机营养吸收过程。提出了天麻吸收非金属元素的两个途径,分析了天麻吸收金属元素的“泵”的作用机理。指出了天麻蜜环菌之间的游离氨基酸特别是天冬氨酸和谷氨酸的交流是天麻和蜜环菌生长发育的关键。     

天麻生长过程中可溶性蛋白和多糖的累积规律

以不同来源的蜜环菌 [(Armillariamellea(Vahl.exFr.)Qu啨ｌ.) ]4个菌株分别伴栽红天麻 (GastrodiaelataBl.f.elata)、乌天麻 (GastrodiaelataBl.f.glaucaS .Chow)以及红乌杂交天麻 ,对天麻生长发育过程中可溶性蛋白和多糖含量的变化规律进行了初步研究。结果表明 ,随着天麻的生长 ,菌株M1 、M2 、M3和M4 伴栽的红天麻、乌天麻以及红乌杂交天麻中 ,其可溶性蛋白含量均在逐步增加 ;在同一生长期内 ,4个菌株伴栽的红乌杂交天麻中可溶性蛋白含量大于红天麻和乌天麻。由菌株M1 、M2 、M3和M4 伴栽的红天麻、乌天麻以及红乌杂交天麻 ,其多糖含量呈现先升高后下降的趋势 ;在同一生长期中 ,4个菌株伴栽的红天麻的多糖含量大于乌天麻和红乌杂交天麻。     

天麻的第二营养来源研究

用同位素32P、15N、86Rb标记技术,证实天麻除必需由蜜环菌获得营养外,还能从土壤养分中得到补充营养,可称为第二营养来源。土壤养分(肥料)可通过蜜环菌或天麻表皮进入天麻体内(参与天麻代谢生理活动),可能影响天麻和蜜环菌的关系和天麻生长,因此研究天麻施肥技术和对产量、质量的影响是很有意义的。     

基于HPLC-MS的西藏天麻的化学成分分析与品质鉴定

目的:天麻具有许多药理作用和重要开发价值,通过探索天麻的未知化学成分和鉴定西藏天麻种群的品质,为深入研究、开发和利用西藏优良天麻种群提供科学技术支持。方法:本研究采用HLPC-MS(液质联用)技术测定西藏天麻的化学成分;采用高效液相色谱技术测定西藏6个天麻种群的生化指纹图谱,利用天麻素峰面积、数学公式和SPSS软件,计算和比较西藏6个天麻种群的平均天麻素含量和各种化学成分分离峰的总面。结果:从天麻块茎中发现了33个未报道的化学物质;西藏天麻的生化指纹图谱具有7个较大的共有特征分离峰,分别位于1.854、2.759、7.279、7.591、8.500、9.557、10.753min;根据生化指纹图谱特征可将它们分为三个主要类型;凡是带有一型生化指纹图谱的天麻个体和种群往往含有更高的天麻素和更大的分离峰总面积,品质更优良。结论:西藏天麻种群3和种群6以一型生化指纹图谱为主,其天麻素含量最高,分离峰总面积最大,品质最优良,具有重要研究、开发和保护价值。本研究成果对于天麻的化学成分分析与鉴定、天麻种群和品质鉴定与评价以及西藏天麻的品种选优、资源保护与利用具有重要指导意义和科学价值。     

天麻竞争性杂菌无公害防控技术

天麻属兰科多年生共生异养草本植物,其球茎具有很高的药用和保健价值,是主产于中国的传统常用名贵中药,三峡地区是天麻主产区之一。由于天麻病害日益加重,致使天麻品质退化、商品形态变劣、产量逐年降低,有的甚至出现种植绝收现象。为配合天麻GAP基地建设,在三峡地区对天麻病害进行了系统调查与研究,发现天麻竞争性杂菌是导致天麻产量质量下降的罪魁祸首之一,对其发生情况及其行之有效的无公害防控技术措施作了概述。     

天麻特异DNA序列的克隆及其在天麻鉴定中的应用

应用改进的RAPD方法测定了名贵中药材天麻基因组DNA指纹图谱;通过选择和回收各种天麻种群共有和优良种群特有的DNA片段,加以克隆、测序和生物信息学分析,证明其中5个DNA序列是未报道的,已被美国基因数据库收录,并运用高效液相色谱技术测定了天麻样本的有效成分天麻素含量。运用PCR技术研究了这些DNA序列在9个天麻种群中的分布及其与天麻素含量的关系。结果表明这5个DNA序列在这些天麻种群中的分布各不相同,其中DNA序列1是所研究的全部天麻种群共有、而其伪品没有的特异DNA分子标记;DNA序列2可能与天麻的天麻素含量高有关。这些DNA标记序列可用于天麻的真伪鉴别、品种鉴定和优选优育等。     

天麻初加工方法对主要成分含量的影响及加工方法的化学模式识别

为了阐明天麻初加工对其主要成分的影响,采用HPLC法测定酚类含量,试剂盒法测定多糖含量。并应用HCA、PLS-DA和GS-SVM对不同样品进行化学模式识别分析,寻找差异性成分对初加工方法进行追溯。结果表明:与对照组相比,不同初加工对酚类和多糖影响显著,发汗、蒸制和煮制使天麻素和巴利森苷类增加,对羟基苯甲醇和对羟基苯甲醛降低;酒制使天麻素增加,其他成分均不同程度降低。发汗和煮制使多糖增加,蒸制多糖减少,酒制多糖无显著变化。HCA和PLS-DA对不同样品分类有效,天麻素和多糖为追溯标志性成分。采用GS-SVM建立判别模型,交叉验证和预测正确率分别为97.37%和100%。因此,以天麻主要活性成分综合考察不同加工方法对天麻质量的影响,符合中药的特点、体现中药的特征;化学模式识别可作为追溯天麻不同加工方法的有效手段。     

基于HPLC—MS的西藏天麻的化学成分分析与品质鉴定

目的：天麻具有许多药理作用和重要开发价值,通过探索天麻的未知化学成分和鉴定西藏天麻种群的品质,为深入研究、开发和利用西藏优良天麻种群提供科学技术支持。方法：本研究采用HLPC．MS（液质联用）技术测定西藏天麻的化学成分;采用高效液相色谱技术测定西藏6个天麻种群的生化指纹图谱,利用天麻素峰面积、数学公式和SPSS软件,计算和比较西藏6个天麻种群的平均天麻素含量和各种化学成分分离峰的总面。结果：从天麻块茎中发现了33个未报道的化学物质;西藏天麻的生化指纹图谱具有7个较大的共有特征分离峰,分别位于1．854、2．759、7．279、7．591、8．500、9．557、10．753min;根据生化指纹图谱特征可将它们分为三个主要类型;凡是带有一型生化指纹图谱的天麻个体和种群往往舍有更高的天麻素和更大的分离峰总面积。品质更优良。结论：西藏天麻种群3和种群6以一型生化指纹图谱为主,其天麻素含量最高,分离峰总面积最大,品质最优良,具有重要研究、开发和保护价值。本研究成果对于天麻的化学成分分析与鉴定、天麻种群和品质鉴定与评价以及西藏天麻的品种选优、资源保护与利用具有重要指导意义和科学价值。     

天麻及其活性成分药效作用的实验研究

天麻属兰科植物,从天麻中提炼出的化学成份有天麻素、天麻苷元、香荚兰醇、香荚兰醛、天麻醚苷、对羟基苯甲醛、柠檬酸、琥珀酸等[1]。其中活性成份含量最高的有效单体成份是天麻素(化学名为对羟甲基苯-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷,又称天麻苷)[2]。天麻素在非酶体系中稳定,在肝、肾、脑组织匀浆中天麻素可被代谢为天麻苷元。在组织中的代谢,以肾最快,脑次之,肝最小;在脑组织中,天麻素在小脑、丘脑、脑桥与延脑区域代谢速度快于皮层、纹状体和海马区[3]。有关天麻及其活性成分药效作用的实验研究较多,可见天麻有效成分的开发利用远无止境,但是某些作用机制尚有待深入研究和阐明,本文对有关研究文献综述如下。     

The simple-septate basidiomycetes: a synopsis

The simple-septate basidiomycetes comprise more than 8,000 species that show a high morphological and ecological heterogeneity. To gain insight in the phylogenetic relationships within this group, we compared several ultrastructural features such as septal pore apparatus, form, and behavior of the spindle pole bodies, types of host–parasite interaction, presence or absence of colacosomes, symplechosomes, atractosomes, and cystosomes as well as nuclear rDNA sequences coding for small- and large-subunit rRNA. Based on our integrated analysis, we propose a new classification system for the simple-septate basidiomycetes with the subphylum Pucciniomycotina and the classes Agaricostilbomycetes, Atractiellomycetes, Classiculomycetes, Cryptomycocolacomycetes, Cystobasidiomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, Mixiomycetes, and Pucciniomycetes. We also propose the pucciniomycotinous taxa Cystobasidiales, Erythrobasidiales, Helicobasidiales, Mixiales, Naohideales, Pachnocybales, Spiculogloeales, and Kondoaceae and the new subphyla Agaricomycotina (equivalent to the current Hymenomycetes) and Ustilaginomycotina (equivalent to the current Ustilaginomycetes).     

Neutrino intergalactic communication,metal life,and viruses: Part 1 quo vadis ex machina

At one spectrum extreme, Astrobiology conjectures that for exoplanets with Goldilocks conditions, terrestrial-like life is inevitable. Moreover, it is envisaged that via panspermia, terrestrial-like life and its precursors are transferred among galaxies, stars, and within solar systems via transiting comets, asteroids, and planetoids. In addition, expelled stars, which have solar systems, it is inferred, transfer life as well. However, at the other extreme, we propose a paradigm shift that on some planets, subject to non- Goldilocks conditions, metal machine life could arise, ab initio, and evolve viruses, intelligence, and civilizations, conjointly. Accordingly, intelligent mechanized civilizations could readily and efficiently commence space exploration. Furthermore, as a counter paradigm shift, such civilizations could experiment and produce non-metallic life, based on carbon and other non-metal elements, under suitable conditions, related to Goldilocks life. Even a single example of validated interstellar or intergalactic communication received on the Earth would support the existence of life elsewhere. However, the communication platform should not be restricted to electromagnetic radiation. Other platforms should be included as well - one such example, which would require sophisticated technology, is neutrino communication. This is the case for any advanced civilization, be it metal-machine based, biological-based, and carbon-based. In sum, civilizations based on machine life, would be highly productive due to the longevity and hardiness of machine life. However, significant caveats are raised in this brief report, because possibly dissimilar psychologies and intelligence may lead to conflicts between metal machine life and biological life, inter-paradigm conflict.     

Unusual metals as carcinogens

A review of the literature on unusual metals as carcinogens was carried out. The metals covered are some of the rare earths, copper, silver, gold, mercury, germanium, tin, antimony, lead, platinum, palladium, aluminum, titanium, niobium, manganese, scandium, yttrium, indium, rhodium, and gallium.     

Molecular phylogeny of the gobioid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Gobioidei)

The phylogeny of groups within Gobioidei is examined with molecular sequence data. Gobioidei is a speciose, morphologically diverse group of teleost fishes, most of which are small, benthic, and marine. Efforts to hypothesize relationships among the gobioid groups have been hampered by the prevalence of reductive evolution among goby species; such reduction can make identification of informative morphological characters particularly difficult. Gobies have been variously grouped into two to nine families, several with included subfamilies, but most existing taxonomies are not phylogenetic and few cladistic hypotheses of relationships among goby groups have been advanced. In this study, representatives of eight of the nine gobioid familes (Eleotridae, Odontobutidae, Xenisthmidae, Gobiidae, Kraemeriidae, Schindleriidae, Microdesmidae, and Ptereleotridae), selected to sample broadly from the range of goby diversity, were examined. Complete sequence from the mitochondrial ND1, ND2, and COI genes (3573 bp) was used in a cladistic parsimony analysis to hypothesize relationships among the gobioid groups. A single most parsimonious topology was obtained, with decay indices indicating strong support for most nodes. Major phylogenetic conclusions include that Xenisthmidae is part of Eleotridae, and Eleotridae is paraphyletic with respect to a clade composed of Gobiidae, Microdesmidae, Ptereleotridae, Kraemeriidae, and Schindleriidae. Within this five-family clade, two clades are recovered. One includes Gobionellinae, which is paraphyletic with respect to Kraemeriidae, Sicydiinae, Oxudercinae, and Amblyopinae. The other contains Gobiinae, also paraphyletic, and including Microdesmidae, Ptereleotridae, and Schindleriidae. Previous morphological evidence for goby groupings is discussed; the phylogenetic hypothesis indicates that the morphological reduction observed in many goby species has been derived several times independently.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Sensory evaluation of fruit quality and nutritional composition of 20 breadfruit (Artocarpus, Moraceae) cultivars

Twenty breadfruit cultivars growing in afield genebank at Kahanu Garden, National Tropical Botanical Garden, Hana, Maui, Hawaii, were evaluated for sensory attributes and nutrient composition. A taste panel scored eight flavor/aroma attributes, five textural attributes, and color. There were significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) in aroma, visual texture, flavor intensity, sweetness, starchiness, moistness, stringiness, firmness, and color. The greatest differences were in color and texture. Nutrient analyses showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for energy, carbohydrates, ash, crude protein, potassium, magnesium, sodium, iron, copper, and zinc. Considering the versatility of breadfruit as a food, its ease of production, and its nutritional value, the numerous good quality flavorful cultivars available should be more widely grown for sustainable agriculture and food security.     

Oxypred： Prediction and Classification of Oxygen-Binding Proteins

This study describes a method for predicting and classifying oxygen-binding pro- teins. Firstly, support vector machine (SVM) modules were developed using amino acid composition and dipeptide composition for predicting oxygen-binding pro- teins, and achieved maximum accuracy of 85.5% and 87.8%, respectively. Sec- ondly, an SVM module was developed based on amino acid composition, classify- ing the predicted oxygen-binding proteins into six classes with accuracy of 95.8%, 97.5%, 97.5%, 96.9%, 99.4%, and 96.0% for erythrocruorin, hemerythrin, hemo- cyanin, hemoglobin, leghemoglobin, and myoglobin proteins, respectively. Finally, an SVM module was developed using dipeptide composition for classifying the oxygen-binding proteins, and achieved maximum accuracy of 96.1%, 98.7%, 98.7%, 85.6%, 99.6%, and 93.3% for the above six classes, respectively. All modules were trained and tested by five-fold cross validation. Based on the above approach, a web server Oxypred was developed for predicting and classifying oxygen-binding proteins(available from http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/oxypred/).     

Systematics and phylogeny of the caryophyllidia-bearing dorids (Mollusca, Nudibranchia), with descriptions of a new genus and four new species from Indo-Pacific deep waters

The phylogenetic relationships of the caryophyllidia-bearing dorids are studied, based on the examination of the type species of all the genera previously described. The phylogenetic hypothesis supports that the caryophyllidia-bearing dorids are a monophyletic group and the sister group of the clade formed by Astemnotus Ehrenberg, 1831 and Halgerda Bergh, 1880. Several genera previously considered as valid or regarded as uncertain are here synonymized: Peronodoris Bergh, 1904, Trippa Bergh, 1877, Phlegmodoris Bergh, 1878, Petelodoris Bergh, 1881, Kentrodoris Bergh, 1876, Audura Bergh, 1878, Centrodoris P. Fischer, 1883, Anisodoris Bergh, 1898, Awuka Er. Marcus, 1955, Rhabdochiia P. Fischer, 1883, Boreodoris Odhner, 1939, Dictyodoris Bergh, 1880, Gravieria Vayssiere, 1912, Aporodoris Ihering, 1886. The following genera are regarded as valid: Astemnotus, Atagema J.E. Gray, 1850, Jorunna Bergh, 1876, Platydoris Bergh, 1877, Diaulula Bergh, 1878, Rostanga Bergh, 1879, Halgerda Bergh, 1880, Baptodoris Bergh, 1884, Gargamella Bergh, 1894, Alloiodoris Bergh, 1904, Sclerodoris Eliot, 1904, Taringa Er. Marcus, 1955, Thorybopus Bouchet, 1977. The new genus Nophodoris is described based on two new species from New Caledonia deep waters. Two additional new species from New Caledonia belonging to the genera Atagema and Gargamella are also described. Nomenclatural and taxonomic problems are discussed, and several type species, neotypes and lectotypes are selected.     

Nicotinic Agonists, Antagonists, and Modulators From Natural Sources

1. Acetylcholine receptors were initially defined as nicotinic or muscarinic, based on selective activation by two natural products, nicotine and muscarine. Several further nicotinic agonists have been discovered from natural sources, including cytisine, anatoxin, ferruginine, anabaseine, epibatidine, and epiquinamide. These have provided lead structures for the design of a wide range of synthetic agents.2. Natural sources have also provided competitive nicotinic antagonists, such as the Erythrina alkaloids, the tubocurarines, and methyllycaconitine. Noncompetitive antagonists, such as the histrionicotoxins, various izidines, decahydroquinolines, spiropyrrolizidine oximes, pseudophrynamines, ibogaine, strychnine, cocaine, and sparteine have come from natural sources. Finally, galanthamine, codeine, and ivermectin represent positive modulators of nicotinic function, derived from natural sources.3. Clearly, research on acetylcholine receptors and functions has been dependent on key natural products and the synthetic agents that they inspired.