华北棉区棉铃虫种群动态与其为害特征分析

本文述及棉铃虫为害特性及其与为害后棉株的补偿作用关系。根据棉株生命表资料,蕾期棉株蕾花的脱落主要系由棉铃虫为害所致。而铃期蕾铃的脱落,则主要系由棉株的生理条件。在蕾期,前三周内蕾花被害脱落后,棉株的补偿作用是很高的,从第四周起补偿作用逐渐下降,而到铃期阶段时补偿作用降至很低水平。因此蕾期棉株遭受一定数量以内的棉铃虫为害,而使蕾花脱落后,反而可促使棉花增产。根据棉铃虫生命表资料,从卵期至三龄末幼虫期的累计死亡率占总死亡率的90%以上,结合幼虫死亡率与不同龄期为害水平分析,棉铃虫对棉株的主要为害阶段系在2—3龄期,其对果实的为害量占总为害的65%。而棉株被害蕾铃的田间空间分布型系遵从负二项分布,期公共K值为3.4626。     

棉铃虫经济阈值研究中的几个问题

就华北棉区棉田棉铃虫经济阈值研究中的若干问题展开讨论。作者分析指出：１）用幼虫部分龄期的为害量取代全部龄期的为害量,导致经济阈值的过高估计;２）用一个世代为害期前半段中半段的单虫为害量取代整个世纪的单虫为害量,导致经济阈值的过高或过低估计;３）将以蕾为主的蕾铃被害量等同于成铃减少量,导致算出的经济阈值成倍下降;４）在确定产量损失与为害量关系的试验时,当某一处理的产量差异不显著,不能断言这一为害量对     

对于棉花早期蕾损失的补偿作用分析

1981—1984年在河北省饶阳县三种肥力水平地块上,以4个陆地棉Gossyium hirsutum L.品种为材料,进行了11次人工模拟第二代棉铃虫Heliothis armigera(Hübner)对棉蕾的为害试验,旨在确定受害株在繁殖器官水平上的补偿途径。每两天记录一次每处理各10株棉花各节位的发育状况。数据表明,每株去除8个左右的早期蕾的影响是:1)始花日推迟9.32天但不引起皮棉减产;2)有效花期缩短5.95天,这对产量有不利影响;3)现蕾总数(包括去除数)增加15.31％,合每株7.07个,这奠定了补偿的基础;4)开花速度加快17.21％,致使每株总花数比对照多0.43朵;5)幼铃脱落率降低9.85％;6)成铃数增加15.28％,合每株2.34个;7)果枝数、每铃籽棉重以及皮棉百分率都无显著变化。由此可以清楚看出,这些受害株能够基本上弥补损失的蕾数,同时开花速度显著加快,使得总花数略有增加,幼铃脱落率显著降低,结果成铃数显著增多。这些正作用的总效应远超出缩短有效花期造成的负作用。因此,遭受一定程度早期蕾损失的植株在一般情况下都能增产。这一认识动摇了华北棉区控制棉铃虫的通常对策,该对策把防治重点放在第二代上。     

棉田二代玉米螟危害损失测定及其防治对策的研究

通过1987～1988年对棉田二代玉米螟危害损失测定,表明棉花蕾花期的二代螟害对棉花产量与产值无明显影响。具体表现在螟害株单株结铃数、铃重、衣分及棉花品级等均无明显下降。二代螟害所造成的断株虽比对照健株单株皮棉下降12.24％,但断株的紧邻棉株具有与断株产量下降数相近的增铃补偿作用。由此根据当地历年棉田二代玉米螟发生情况及目前药剂防治费用等,在提出棉田二代玉米螟防治指标为蛀茎率42.13％的同时,提出正常年份对棉田二代玉米螟可不予防治或在早发棉田内实行兼治的防治对策。     

北方棉区棉铃虫观察

棉铃虫又名菸螟蛉,俗名青虫,在北方棉区尚少注意。年来为害渐趋扩大,棉花蕾铃被害之後脱落现象极为严重,局部严重地区仅因此虫为害脱落率即达百分之五十以上,药剂防治办法尚不很成熟,人工捕捉经验也感缺乏,—般任其为害,致使产量遭     

五千亩旱地棉花早期去蕾获增产

<正> 棉株本身对于现蕾至初花期的蕾损失具有很强的补偿能力,这种补偿能力随地块的肥、水条件的改进而增强。在目前施肥水平下,有灌溉条件的高肥棉田(近三年平均亩产皮棉130斤以上),二代棉铃虫百株累计卵量三百粒以下不施药,容许二代幼虫适度为害,并在6月底不迟于7月初之前,进行人工摘蕾,使每株棉花损失(虫咬加手摘)早期蕾6—8个,可以达到省药省工又增产的目的,从而显著提高经济生态学效益,这已为1983年和1984年连续     

间接性害虫为害与作物产量损失的关系：Ⅱ.取食繁殖器官害虫

本文试从分散的材料中概括出主要大田作物繁殖器官被害与产量损失之间的一般关系。不同作物对繁殖器官被害的产量反应有某些共同性。在生殖生长初期损失全部或部分繁殖器官经常引起增产,在后期损失幼嫩的繁殖器官对产量无不利影响,但在中期损失繁殖器官一般导致明显减产,表现了受害时的生长阶段的普遍重要意义。在繁殖器官损失量过大,作物品种晚熟或有限生长习性强,水、肥条件及温度与光照条件不良,补偿期过短,植株密度过小或过大,中部繁殖器官受害以及遭受连续为害情况下,减产的可能性增大。这与叶片损失后的产量反应有类似之处。本文归纳出的这一认识可供在作物产量损失测定等工作时参考。     

间接性害虫为害与作物产量损失的关系Ⅱ.取食繁殖器官害虫

本文试从分散的材料中概括出主要大田作物繁殖器官被害与产量损失之间的一般关系.不同作物对繁殖器官被害的产量反应有某些共同性.在生殖生长初期损失全部或部分繁殖器官经常引起增产,在后期损失幼嫩的繁殖器官对产量无不利影响,但在中期损失繁殖器官一般导致明显减产,表现了受害时的生长阶段的普遍重要意义.在繁殖器官损失量过大,作物品种晚熟或有限生长习性强,水、肥条件及温度与光照条件不良,补偿期过短,植株密度过小或过大,中部繁殖器官受害以及遭受连续为害情况下,减产的可能性增大.这与叶片损失后的产量反应有类似之处.本文归纳出的这一认识可供在作物产量损失测定等工作时参考.     

施肥与摘蕾对棉蚜、棉叶蝉种群数量及棉花产量的影响

分析比较了不同施氮水平(0-450kg·hm^-2)与不同摘蕾处理(0-12个·株^-1)对转Bt基因棉花(GK-12)和常规棉花(泗棉3号)的棉蚜、棉叶蝉种群数量以及棉花产量的影响．结果表明,两个品种的棉蚜、棉叶蝉种群数量和有效铃量没有显著性差异。在本实验水平下,施肥和摘蕾与施肥的交互作用对两种棉花的棉蚜数量有显著性的影响,而摘蕾、施肥和两者的交互作用对两种棉花的棉叶蝉数量没有显著影响．在花铃期,施氮肥能增加两种棉花的有效铃数．线性回归分析表明,两种棉花的棉蚜、棉叶蝉的数量与施氮肥量和摘蕾量成正相关关系;有效铃量与施氮肥量呈正相关,与摘蕾量呈负相关．     

华北棉区第三代棉铃虫的经济阈值

1980—1982、1984—1985年在河北省饶阳县的不同土壤肥力水平、不同棉花品种上进行了模拟为害和自然为害试验,旨在确定第三代棉铃虫 Heliothis armigera(Hubner)虫口密度与棉花产量之间的关系.结果表明,棉花对于第三代棉铃虫为害的补偿能力较弱.较好的土壤肥力亦不能促使棉株完全补偿三代期间的受害损失.每亩皮棉减产斤数Y与第三代百株累计卵量E₃的关系为:Y=-0.2801+0.0643E₃.根据防治的直接收益与直接代价,算出了第三代棉铃虫的经济阈值为百株累计卵量35粒,这一阈值可适用于不同肥力水平的地块.     

器官间关系对叶片衰老的影响

叶片衰老是整个植株生理特性的敏感表现,受根系、茎、生殖器官和其他叶片等器官的影响。器官间关系影响叶片衰老可能是通过竞争体内营养、水分等物质、竞争环境因子、源库关系、激素等信息系统调节等机制实现的。从整株水平上加强叶片衰老的生理机制和控制技术研究,将为生产上控制衰老、减少叶片异常衰老造成的产量和品质损失提供有效的技术途径。     

器官间关系对叶片衰老的影响

叶片衰老是整个植株生理特性的敏感表现,受根系、茎、生殖器官和其他叶片等器官的影响。器官间关系影响叶片衰老可能是通过竞争体内营养、水分等物质、竞争环境因子、源库关系、激素等信息系统调节等机制实现的。从整株水平上加强叶片衰老的生理机制和控制技术研究,将为生产上控制衰老、减少叶片异常衰老造成的产量和品质损失提供有效的技术途径。     

Cell wall invertase expression at the apical meristem alters floral, architectural, and reproductive traits in Arabidopsis thaliana

Resource allocation is a major determinant of plant fitness and is influenced by external as well as internal stimuli. We have investigated the effect of cell wall invertase activity on the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth, inflorescence architecture, and reproductive output, i.e. seed production, in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana by expressing a cell wall invertase under a meristem-specific promoter. Increased cell wall invertase activity causes accelerated flowering and an increase in seed yield by nearly 30%. This increase is caused by an elevation of the number of siliques, which results from enhanced branching of the inflorescence. On the contrary, as cytosolic enzyme, the invertase causes delayed flowering, reduced seed yield, and branching. This demonstrates that invertases not only are important in determining sink strength of storage organs but also play a role in regulating developmental processes.     

植物离体器官发生控制机理研究进展

植物离体器官发生不仅是获得大量无性繁殖植物和进行基因转化的重要途径,而且亦是研究植物发育问题的主要实验系统之一。迄今为止,包括营养器官和生殖器官在内的几乎所有的器官都可以在离体条件下得到再生,为深入研究植物离体器官发生的分子机理奠定了基础。本文着重介绍了营养器官发生过程基因表达的调节及重要功能基因的作用,并对器官特征决定基因在生殖器官发生过程中的作用进行了分析,提出了揭示离体器官发生分子机理的主要途径。     

植物离体器官发生控制机理研究进展

植物离体器官发生不仅是获得大量无性繁殖植物和进行基因转化的重要途径, 而且亦是研究植物发育问题的主要实验系统之一。迄今为止, 包括营养器官和生殖器官在内的几乎所有的器官都可以在离体条件下得到再生, 为深入研究植物离体器官发生的分子机理奠定了基础。本文着重介绍了营养器官发生过程基因表达的调节及重要功能基因的作用, 并对器官特征决定基因在生殖器官发生过程中的作用进行了分析, 提出了揭示离体器官发生分子机理的主要途径。     

Respiration and reproductive effort in Xanthium canadense

* BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The proportion of resources devoted to reproduction in the plant is called the reproductive effort (RE), which is most commonly expressed as the proportion of reproductive biomass to total plant biomass production (RE(W)). Reproductive yield is the outcome of photosynthates allocated to reproductive structures minus subsequent respiratory consumption for construction and maintenance of reproductive structures. Thus, RE(W) can differ from RE in terms of photosynthates allocated to reproductive structures (RE(P)). * METHODS: Dry mass growth and respiration of vegetative and reproductive organs were measured in Xanthium canadense and the amount of photosynthates and its partitioning to dry mass growth and respiratory consumption were determined. Differences between RE(W) and RE(P) were analysed in terms of growth and maintenance respiration. * KEY RESULTS: The fraction of allocated photosynthates that was consumed by respiration was smaller in the reproductive organ than in the vegetative organs. Consequently, RE(P) was smaller than RE(W). The smaller respiratory consumption in the reproductive organ resulted from its shorter period of existence and a seasonal decline in temperature, as well as a slower rate of maintenance respiration, although the fraction of photosynthates consumed by growth respiration was larger than in the vegetative organs. * CONCLUSIONS: Reproductive effort in terms of photosynthates (RE(P)) was smaller than that in terms of biomass (RE(W)). This difference resulted from respiratory consumption for maintenance, which was far smaller in the reproductive organ than in vegetative organs.     

Reproductive compensation in the evolution of plant mating systems

Reproductive compensation, the replacement of dead embryos by potentially viable ones, is known to play a major role in the maintenance of deleterious mutations in mammalian populations. However, it has received little attention in plant evolution. Here we model the joint evolution of mating system and inbreeding depression with reproductive compensation. We used a dynamic model of inbreeding depression, allowing for partial purging of recessive lethal mutations by selfing. We showed that reproductive compensation tended to increase the mean number of lethals in a population, but favored self-fertilization by effectively decreasing early inbreeding depression. When compensation depended on the selfing rate, stable mixed mating systems can occur, with low to intermediate selfing rates. Experimental evidence of reproductive compensation is required to confirm its potential importance in the evolution of plant mating systems. We suggest experimental methods to detect reproductive compensation.     

Drought affects the rate and duration of organ growth but not inter-organ growth coordination

Drought at flowering and grain filling greatly reduces maize (Zea mays) yield. Climate change is causing earlier and longer-lasting periods of drought, which affect the growth of multiple maize organs throughout development. To study how long periods of water deficit impact the dynamic nature of growth, and to determine how these relate to reproductive drought, we employed a high-throughput phenotyping platform featuring precise irrigation, imaging systems, and image-based biomass estimations. Prolonged drought resulted in a reduction of growth rate of individual organs—though an extension of growth duration partially compensated for this—culminating in lower biomass and delayed flowering. However, long periods of drought did not affect the highly organized succession of maximal growth rates of the distinct organs, i.e. leaves, stems, and ears. Two drought treatments negatively affected distinct seed yield components: Prolonged drought mainly reduced the number of spikelets, and drought during the reproductive period increased the anthesis-silking interval. The identification of these divergent biomass and yield components, which were affected by the shift in duration and intensity of drought, will facilitate trait-specific breeding toward future climate-resilient crops.

When affected by drought, the plant responds by adjusting the growth of individual organs but not the coordination between the organs.