Potential difference responses due to K+, Na+ and Cl− changes in Bullfrog antrum with and without HCO3−

The effect of changing [K⁺], [Na⁺] and [Cl^?] in nutrient solution was studied in bullfrog antrum with and without HCO₃^? in nutrient. In 25 mM HCO₃^? (95% O₂/5% CO₂) and in zero HCO₃^? (100% O₂), nutrient pH was maintained at 7.3. Changing from 4 to 40 mM K⁺ or from 81 to 8.1 mM Cl^? gave a decrease 10 min later in transmucosal PD (nutrient became more negative) — a normal response. These responses were less in zero than in 25 mM HCO₃^?. A decrease from 102 to 8 mM Na⁺ decreased PD (anomalous response of electrogenic NaCl symport). This effect was attenuated or eliminated in zero HCO₃^?. In contrast, change from 4 to 40 mM K⁺ gave initial anomalous PD response and change from 102 to 8 mM Na⁺, initial normal PD response with either zero or 25 mM HCO₃^?. Both responses were associated with (Na⁺ + K⁺)-ATPase pump and were greater in zero than in 25 mM HCO₃^?. Initial PD increases in zero HCO₃^? are explained as due to increase in the resistance of passive conductance and/or NaCl symport pathways. Thus, removal of HCO₃^? modifies conductance pathways of nutrient membrane.     

NH4+对L-色氨酸发酵的影响

目的:探究NH₄⁺浓度对大肠杆菌E.coli TRTH发酵生产L-色氨酸的影响。方法:通过外源添加试验,利用30 L发酵罐进行分批补料发酵试验,考察E. coli TRTH发酵生产L-色氨酸过程中生物量、L-色氨酸产量、有机酸含量、耗糖速率、发酵液中NH₄⁺浓度及质粒稳定性变化。建立了大肠杆菌合成L-色氨酸的代谢流平衡模型,应用 MATLAB 软件计算出E. coli TRTH发酵中后期代谢网络的代谢流分布。结果:发酵结果显示,利用NaOH和氨水混合补料,控制NH₄⁺浓度在120 mmol/L以下,菌体能够以较长时间和较高比生长速率保持对数生长,最终菌体生物量和L-色氨酸产量分别提高了12.16%和19.80%。随着NH₄⁺浓度的增加,发酵液中丙酮酸、乳酸及乙酸浓度均略有增加,细胞质粒稳定性下降。控制NH₄⁺浓度在120 mmol/L以下,E. coli TRTH发酵生产L-色氨酸的代谢流量分析结果表明,EMP途径的代谢流量降低7.31%,PP途径的代谢流量增加7.14%,TCA循环的代谢流量降低22.04%。结论:高浓度的NH₄⁺导致菌体生长提前结束,耗糖速率降低,产酸受阻,控制NH₄⁺浓度在120 mmol/L以下,解除了NH₄⁺对菌体生长和产物生成的抑制,使得菌体生物量和L-色氨酸产量大幅提高,实现了高密度发酵培养的目的。     

NH4+离子和Cl-离子影响谷氨酰胺发酵的研究

在微酸性条件下,当有高浓度铵盐存在时,谷氨酸发酵将转向谷氨酰胺发酵。本文阐述了用硫酸铵和氯化铵作氮源时的不同发酵结果,以及用氯化铵时NH₄⁺离子和Cl^-离子对发酵的影响。     

Calculations of K+, Na+, and Cl? fluxes across cell membrane with Na+/K+ pump, NKCC, NC cotransport and ionic channels with non-Goldman rectification in K+-channels: Normal and apoptotic cells

The balance of K⁺, Na⁺, and Cl⁻ fluxes across the cell membrane with the Na⁺/K⁺ pump, ion channels, and Na⁺K⁺2Cl⁻ (NKCC) and Na⁺-Cl⁻ (NC) cotransport was calculated to determine the mechanism of cell shrinkage in apoptosis. It is shown that all unidirectional K⁺, Na⁺, and Cl⁻ fluxes; the ion channel permeability; and the membrane potential can be found using the principle of the flux balance if the following experimental data are known: K⁺, Na⁺, and Cl⁻ concentrations in cell water; total Cl⁻ flux; total K⁺ influx; and the ouabain-inhibited pump component of the Rb⁺(K⁺) influx. The change in different ionic pathways during apoptosis was estimated by calculations based on the data reported in the preceded paper (Yurinskaya et al., 2010). It is found that cell shrinkage and the shift in ion balance in U937 cells induced to apoptosis with 1 μM staurosporine occur due to the coupling of reduced pump activity with a decrease in the integral permeability of Na⁺ channels, whereas K⁺ and Cl⁻ channel permeability remains almost unchanged. Calculations show that only a small part of the total fluxes of K⁺, Na⁺, and Cl⁻ account for the fluxes mediated by NKCC and NC cotransporters. Despite the importance of cotransport fluxes for maintaining the nonequilibrium steady-state distribution of Cl⁻, they cannot play a significant role in apoptotic cell shrinkage because of their minority and cannot be revealed by inhibitors.     

Activation of phosphates to substitution(II). A comparison of catalyses initiated directly by VO2+ and by oxidation of VO2+ by MnO4−

Vanadium(V)-induced hydrolyses of triphosphates in aqueous solutions were initiated in two ways: (1) oxidizing vanadium(IV)-polyphosphate complexes to produce metastable vanadium(V) complexes; (2) forming VO₂⁺-polyphosphate complexes by acidification of solutions of VO₄^3? and polyphosphate to yield equilibrium mixtures of V(V), polyphosphate, and their complexes. Hydrolysis rates for the complexes formed at 40°C ? T ? 25°C follow the order V₂PPP_i = 2(VPPP_i) ≌ (VO₂) ATP ? V(PPP_i)₂ ≌ PPP_i. The hydrolysis of (V(V))₂(PPP_i) was not very temperature sensitive; the activation enthalpy appears small and the activation entropy large and negative. Mechanistic studies reveal that requirements for the activated state in metal-ion-catalyzed hydrolysis of polyphosphates include monodentate polyphosphate ligated cis to H₂O or OH^? in the coordination sphere of the metal ion:

     

Electrically silent cotransport of Na+, K+ and Cl− in ehrlich cells

A cotransport system for Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^? in Ehrlich cells is described. It is insensitive towards ouabain but specifically inhibited by furosemide and other ‘high ceiling’ diuretics at concentrations which do not affect other pathways of the ions concerned. As the furosemide-sensitive fluxes of these ions are not affected by changes in membrane potential, and as their complete inhibition by furosemide does not appreciably alter the membrane potential, they appear to be electrically silent. Application of the pulse-response methods in terms of irreversible thermodynamics reveals tight coupling between the furosemide-sensitive flows of Na⁺, K⁺ and Cl^? ($\text{q}$ close to unity for all three combinations) at a stoichiometry of 1 : 1 : 2. The site for each of the ions appears to be rather specific: K⁺ can be replaced by Rb⁺ but not by other cations tested whereas Cl^? can be poorly replaced by Br^? but not by NO₃^?, in contradistinction to the Cl^?-OH^? exchange system. The cotransport system appears to function in cell volume regulation as it tends to make the cell swell, thus counteracting the shrinking effect of the ouabain-sensitive (Na⁺, K⁺) pump.The experiments presented could not clarify whether the cotransport process is a primary or secondary active one; while incongruence between transport and conjugated driving force seems to indicate primary active transport, it is very unlikely that hydrolysis of ATP supplies energy for the transport process, since there is no stimulation of ATP turnover observable under operation of the cotransport system.     

小流域内植被类型对土壤NO3-/NH4+空间变化的影响

流域内植被类型、地形地貌特征对土壤氮循环过程有重要的作用,是影响下游水体无机氮素来源以及富营养化的关键因子。通过比较小流域内4种植被类型(落叶松人工林、油松人工林、天然阔叶次生林和农田(玉米))对土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N含量空间变化的影响,揭示流域内不同立地条件下水源涵养林与土壤无机氮变化特征之间的关系。结果表明:4种植被类型土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N含量差异显著(P<0.05);由坡上到坡下土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N含量显著降低;在土壤表层NO3--N和NH4+-N含量最高,随着土层深度增加无机氮含量减少;与水源涵养林天然植被和人工林植被相比,农田土壤NO3--N含量最高(11.86mg·kg-1),有较高的氮流失风险。     

原始森林土壤NH4+/NO3-生境特征与某些针叶树种的适应性

在陆地生态系统中,生存地段的土壤养分环境构成了植物的“营养生境”。植物在长期进化过程中往往产生对原生营养生境的生态适应,其中对NH4 和NO3-两种无机氮源的吸收、利用特性便可能是这种适应的一个重要方面。由于硝化抑制(限制)或微生物对NO3-的强烈吸收、固持作用,酸性、弱酸性的原始森林土壤中NH4 含量大都远高于NO3-,从而形成了以NH4 占绝对优势的“氮营养生境”。很多针叶树种(尤其是演替晚期阶段占优势者)对其长期所处的NH4 优势生境产生了充分适应,以致对非还原态氮(NO3-)的吸收、利用能力严重下降。这些针叶树往往表现出典型的“喜铵性”,而在NO3-优势环境中则会引起氮代谢失调和生长下降。从氮同化酶、高耐铵性、根对NH4 和NO3-的相对吸收能力及NO3-吸收的反馈控制、养分关系与养分平衡、根部碳流失、光合作用及耐荫性等多方面阐述了喜铵针叶树适应的生理生化机制。这种生态适应可能是顶极森林群落维持长期稳定的重要机制之一,而采伐干扰后NO3-明显增加的立地条件则可能会导致喜铵的“原优势针叶树种”更新困难。在温带退化森林生态系统恢复与重建过程中,顶极针叶树种对NH4 营养生境的固有适应性是必须充分考虑的问题。     

酸雨作用下的森林冠层盐基离子(Ca2+,Mg2+,K+)淋洗

在韶山针阔叶混交林中设立了10个30 m×30 m的样方,对1年中各个季节的森林截留沉降、降雨后树冠层总滤出量、盐基离子滤出量以及树冠层对H+和NH4+的摄入量进行了分析和估算.韶山森林湿沉降成分中以Ca2+为主,Mg2+,K+含量较低.树冠层盐基离子总滤出量中Ca2+最高,达到155.34 mmo1 m-2a-1,Mg2+最低,为30.74mmol m-2a-1,K+居中,为84.13 mmol m-2a-1.Ca2+的大量滤出表明它是树冠层缓冲降水酸度的主要介质,同时也表明酸雨对韶山森林的潜在危害,其在总滤出量中的比重的季节变化是夏(58.4%)＞春(54.1%)＞冬(51.4%)＞秋(32.5%).盐基离子的滤出量以冬→春→夏→秋依次递减,但是树冠层季节摄入NH4的量在30-100mmo1 m-2而对H+的摄入量则在30-180 mmol m-2.     

(Na+/K+)-ATPase研究概况

本文概述(Na⁺/K⁺)-ATPase的一般分子性质。介绍神经元和脂肪细胞中两种不同分子形式(Na⁺/K⁺)-ATPase的分离鉴定和功能性质,以及(Na⁺/K⁺)-ATPase主要功能亚基一级序列和高级结构研究所取得的一些进展。     

Unusual suppression properties of lysogens containing derivatives of ?80 psu3+

Summary Nonsense codon suppressing lysogens of E. coli have been made using 80 psu ₃ ⁺ -A2 and 80 psu _oc ⁺ -A2, heat-sensitive amber and ochre suppressing derivatives, respectively, of bacteriophage 80. The various lysogens selected differ in strength of suppression as well as in heat sensitivity of suppressor function. Heat-resistant derivatives, some still carrying the A2 mutation, can be selected from the heat sensitive parents. Mapping expreiments indicate that the 80 derivatives integrate at the tyrTV locus, which contains two copies of tRNA ₁ ^Tyr . The origin of the various suppressor phenotypes appears to be related to the great variety of distinctive recombination events possible either between the incoming tRNA ₁ ^Tyr gene and the host copies, or among the three copies of this gene in the lysogens.     

谷氨酰胺高产菌株在不同NH4+浓度下的基因差异表达

GH15菌株在高NH₄⁺浓度下能够积累过量的谷氨酰胺,并且随着NH₄⁺浓度的增加,谷氨酰胺的产量逐渐增加,但谷氨酸的产量却逐渐降低,这表明该菌株在不同NH₄⁺浓度下其高胞内的氮代谢及调控行为有很大的改变。利用抑制消减杂交技术分别构建了NH₄⁺菌株在高NH₄⁺浓度下和低NH₄⁺浓度下的基因表达抑制消减文库。通过对文库的测序得到了35个差异表达的基因。这些差异基因主要是细胞生长相关基因、能量代谢基因以及氨基酸合成代谢相关的基因,我们认为正是这些基因差异导致该菌株在高NH₄⁺下高产谷氨酰胺。     

Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白和植物耐盐性

Na⁺H⁺逆向转运蛋白对植物耐盐起着重要作用 ,它利用质膜H⁺ATPase或液泡膜H⁺ATPase及Ppiase泵H+产生的驱动力把Na⁺排出细胞或在液泡中区隔化以消除Na⁺的毒害。主要讨论植物中Na⁺H⁺逆向转运蛋白研究在分子水平的最新进展.     

KcsA 通道对Na+、K+及Rb+离子选择性的统计热力学研究

钾离子的通透率至少比钠离子的通透率大10000倍,这个问题至今没有很好地解决.为了在分子水平阐释钾离子通道的选择性机制,以KcsA钾通道X射线衍射结构为基础,采用密度泛函理论计算了不同离子在离子通道中的位能.计算结果表明,Rb+离子具有与K+离子相类似的位能曲线,但是其在通透过程遇到的位垒要比K+离子的位垒高,因而所对应的通透率也就小于钾离子的通透率,而钠离子的的通透率仅仅是钾离子通透率的0.0067%.文中所涉及的系统仅仅包含269个原子,而用分子动力学虽然也可以得到相近的结果,但是它的系统大小为41 000个原子.     

梭梭Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因克隆及分析

采用RT-PCR、RACE方法从超旱生、耐盐植物梭梭中扩增出Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因的开放阅读框架,其核苷酸序列长1 683bp,推测的氨基酸序列全长为560个氨基酸残基。含有多个物种Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因的高度保守序列氨氯砒嗪脒的结合位点(LFFIYLIPPI)。序列一致性分析结果显示,该cDNA片段与同科植物NHX基因的一致性为70%～80%,但与不同科植物的一致性较低,仅为60%,表明该基因在进化上存在多样性,但它们都具有氨氯砒嗪脒结合位点,对Na+具有高度专一性,对植物的耐盐性起着重要作用。     

Measurements of the gas temperature in an oxygen plasma by spectroscopy of the O2( b 1Σ g+ ) → O2( X 3Σ g? ) transition

A method for measuring the gas temperature in an oxygen plasma by spectroscopy of the electronic transition from the O₂(b ¹Σ _g ⁺ , v = 0) metastable state of molecular oxygen into the O₂(X ³Σ _g ⁻ , v = 0) ground state is considered in detail. The method is verified experimentally for the plasma of dc glow discharge in pure oxygen. It is shown that the gas temperature can be determined by analyzing high-resolution spectra of the P branch of this transition, no matter whether its fine structure (^P P and ^P Q branches) is resolved or masked, provided that the rotational structure of the spectrum is resolved. The feasibility of the method proposed in 1999 by P. Maco and P. Veis for determining the gas temperature from the ratio between the intensity maxima of the R and P branches of the O₂(b ¹Σ _g ⁺ , v = 0) → O₂(X ³Σ _g ⁻ , v = 0) transition in a poorly resolved spectrum was studied experimentally. It is shown that, in order to use this method, it is necessary to know the spectrograph instrumental function. The effect of the spatial inhomogeneity of the temperature and concentration of O₂(b ¹Σ _g ⁺ ) molecules on the accuracy of integral (over the plasma volume) measurements of the gas temperature is investigated using spatially resolved spectroscopy of the O₂(b ¹Σ _g ⁺ , v = 0) → O₂(X ³Σ _g ⁻ , v = 0) transition. It is shown that precise measurements of the temperature require that the optical measurement system be thoroughly adjusted in order for the temperature and concentration of the emitting particles to vary insignificantly over the optically selected volume. Original Russian Text ? S.M. Zyryanov, D.V. Lopaev, 2007, published in Fizika Plazmy, 2007, Vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 563–574.     

NaHCO3胁迫下3种灌木Na+、K+、Ca2+的吸收及转运

通过盆栽试验,采用原子吸收分光光度法和非损伤微测技术,研究了NaHCO₃胁迫(300 mmol·L^-1)对大洋洲滨藜、四翅滨藜和宁夏枸杞3种灌木离子吸收及运转的影响.结果表明: 随着NaHCO₃浓度升高,两种滨藜和宁夏枸杞叶片中Na⁺含量升高,300 mmol·L^-1NaHCO₃胁迫下,宁夏枸杞叶肉细胞Na⁺的外排增加,两种滨藜净Na⁺外排降低;随着胁迫时间的延长,大洋洲滨藜和宁夏枸杞叶片的K⁺含量下降,Na⁺/K⁺升高,四翅滨藜叶片K⁺含量升高,Na⁺/K⁺降低;随着浓度的升高,宁夏枸杞叶片积累Ca²⁺减少,Na⁺/Ca²⁺高于对照,叶肉细胞Ca²⁺外排;两种滨藜叶Ca²⁺含量总体呈升高趋势,叶肉细胞Ca²⁺表现为内流.在NaHCO₃胁迫下,3种灌木通过不同的策略来消除Na⁺毒害.宁夏枸杞叶片Na⁺的积累抑制了对Ca²⁺的吸收;两种滨藜Ca²⁺的内流促使细胞质中游离Ca²⁺增加,增加的细胞质\[Ca²⁺\]cyt防治质膜H⁺ ATPase去极化,限制K⁺的外排,从而维持细胞内Na⁺/K⁺的平衡,其中四翅滨藜调控Na⁺/K⁺平衡的能力较强.     

Fe2+、Cu2+、Zn2+对植物生理特性影响的比较分析

以浸水处理为对照系统分析了Fe2+、Cu2+、Zn2+等金属离子对植物胁迫损伤相关的7个生理指标,并应用数理统计学和生物化学的相关原理和方法从氧自由基伤害的角度比较分析了这三种离子处理对植物生理特性的影响。结果表明:不同离子处理由于对植物造成的胁迫损伤不同,因而它们对植物生理特性的影响效应也有明显差异,并且这种差异与其所处理的离子胁迫性质间存在显著的关联性。     

Pb2+、Cd2+和Ce3+对猪胰α-淀粉酶活性的影响

分别研究了Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺和Ce³⁺对Ca(Ⅱ) α-淀粉酶活性影响及对其Ca²⁺的竞争作用.结果表明三种金属离子低浓度情况下（0.5～5 mmol/L）对α-淀粉酶具有激活现象,而较高浓度则抑制酶活力.Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺和Ce³⁺竞争置换α-淀粉酶中Ca²⁺能力的大小是：Pb²⁺＞Cd²⁺＞Ce³⁺,其抑制酶活作用大小：Pb²⁺＞Cd²⁺＞Ce³⁺.     

川楝素对K+、Ca2+通道活动及细胞内Ca2+浓度的调控

川楝素是我国学者从驱蛔中药中分离、鉴定的一个三萜化合物，已证明具选择地影响神经递质释放，有效地对抗肉毒中毒，促进细胞分化、凋亡，抑制肿瘤增殖，抑制昆虫发育和取食，影响K⁺、Ca²⁺通道活动等多种生物效应. 综述了证明川楝素抑制多种K⁺通道，选择地易化L型Ca²⁺通道和进而升高胞内Ca⁺浓度的研究资料，并对川楝素产生这些生物效应的机制进行了讨论.