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1.
Pamela W. Roy Gail E. Ryan Edwin D. Bransome 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1976,12(2):115-119
Summary A simple method is described for primary culture and for maintenance of hormone-producing cells from normal human placenta. A consistent yield of cells was obtained and an average survival of 3 to 4 months in culture using 1 mm3 explants from the most vascular area of the placentas. These explants were placed in a variety of culture media in 30 ml flasks and incubated at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% air. The best yields in terms of cell growth were observed with Eagle’s MEM (minimum essential medium) with supplements of horse serum and fetal calf serum or human cord serum. (Ham’s F-10 with supplement of horse serum and fetal calf serum supports growth for the longest period and media containing human cord serum had the best yield of steroids.) Presented in part at the 25th meeting of the Tissue Culture Association, June 5, 1974, Miami Beach, Florida. Supported by a contract from the Agency for International Development (2491/csd) and a grant from the National Institutes of Health (CA-12455). 相似文献
2.
Veronika Aleksandrovych Jerzy A. Walocha Krzysztof Gil 《Journal of cellular and molecular medicine》2016,20(6):994-1000
Telocytes (TCs) are a newly discovered type of cell with numerous functions. They have been found in a large variety of organs: heart (endo‐, myo‐, epi‐ and pericardium, myocardial sleeves, heart valves); digestive tract and annex glands (oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, liver, gallbladder, salivary gland, exocrine pancreas); respiratory system (trachea and lungs); urinary system (kidney, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra); female reproductive system (uterus, Fallopian tube, placenta, mammary gland); vasculature (blood vessels, thoracic duct); serous membranes (mesentery and pleura); and other organs (skeletal muscle, meninges and choroid plexus, neuromuscular spindles, fascia lata, skin, eye, prostate, bone marrow). Likewise, TCs are widely distributed in vertebrates (fish, reptiles, birds, mammals, including human). This review summarizes particular features of TCs in the female reproductive system, emphasizing their involvement in physiological and pathophysiological processes. 相似文献
3.
4.
Mess A Carter AM 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology》2007,148(4):769-779
The chorioallantoic placenta is an organ of gaseous exchange that exhibits a high degree of structural diversity. One factor determining oxygen transfer across the placenta, the diffusion distance, is in part dependent on the number of cell layers separating maternal from fetal blood. This interhaemal barrier occurs in three principal variants. The focus of this review is on determining how the barrier evolved in placental mammals. The analysis was based on current knowledge of placental structure, as far as possible using ultrastructural data, and on current views about the evolution of placental mammals, derived from molecular phylogenetics. We show that epitheliochorial placentation, the least invasive type, is a derived state and discuss factors that may have determined its evolution with reference to conflict theory, as applied to the allocation of resources between mother and fetus. It is not yet possible to determine which of the two more invasive types of placentation occurred in the last common ancestor of crown placentals. Depending on tree topology and taxon sampling, the result achieved is either endotheliochorial, haemochorial or unresolved. Finally we discuss other factors important to placental gas exchange and point to physiological variables that might become amenable to phylogenetic analysis. 相似文献
5.
Naida M. Loskutoff Lonnie H. Kasman Bonnie L. Raphael Janis E. Ott-Joslin Bill L. Lasley 《Zoo biology》1987,6(3):213-218
In this investigation, an attempt was made to identify the major urinary estrogen metabolites in the okapi by radioisotope infusion and by chromatographic separation procedures. The results suggest that the urinary estrogens are excreted in concentrations below the limit of sensitivity of conventional assay systems. In addition, a variety of contaminants with estrogenic immunoreactivity are present in okapi urine that are not necessarily correlated with follicular activity. A great proportion of circulating estrogen is eliminated in fecal material. However, the rate of elimination is slow, and the extraction procedures necessary to detect the metabolites are tedious, which would prevent the practical application of this procedure for monitoring follicular activity. 相似文献
6.
Omar S. Al-Attas 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》1995,151(1):27-31
Insulin receptor binding was examined in the microvillous membranes of mid-term (20–22 weeks of gestation, MT) and full-term (FT) placentas from patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and in normal pregnant control (N). Mid-term placentas were obtained from patients who have had spontaneous abortion. The maximum per cent specific binding (%SB) in MT placenta for GDM was significantly lower (4.8%) compared with the FT placenta (22%, p<0.001), while in the N group the maximum per cent specific binding for MT placenta was 14.1% compared with 26% for the FT placneta (p<0.001). Binding data from FT placenta of well-controlled GDM patients were similar with the FT placenta from N group (22%SB for GDM VS 26% SB for N). Even as there were similarities in the binding characteristics of FT placentas from both groups the placental membrane protein content in the GDM group was lower by 50% compared with the N control (2.5±0.11 VS 4.8±0.15 mg protein/g placenta respectively, p<0.001) suggesting that in the GDM group achieving a tight glycemic control could improve receptor affinities. Data from the competitive binding assay of GDM patients showed that the insulin necessary to achieve 50% inhibition (ID50) was significantly lower in MT compared with the FT placenta (0.9×10–9 M VS 3.8×10–9 M, p<0.001) but in the N placenta there was no alteration in the ID50 of MT and FT placentas (3.1×10–9 M VS 4×10–9 M, p<0.01, respectively). The present study demonstrated that in GDM the placental insulin receptor binding was significantly lower in spontaneously aborted placenta compared with placentas collected at full-term. Furthermore, these data suggest that the objective to achieve a tight glycemic control in GDM patients could optimize insulin receptor function similar to that of a normal pregnancy. Thus a full term placenta from GDM patients under a well managed glycemic control throughout the entire duration of pregnancy would result in an optimum insulin receptor function. 相似文献
7.
Swieca A Rybakowska I Nagel-Starczynowska G Kossowska E Kaletha K 《Molecular and cellular biochemistry》2003,252(1-2):363-367
AMP-deaminase from human term placenta was chromatographed on a phosphocellulose column and physico-chemical and immunological properties of the purified enzyme were investigated. At physiological pH7.0, in the absence of regulatory ligands (control conditions) studied AMP-deaminase manifested sigmoid-shaped substrate saturation kinetics, with half-saturation parameter (S0.5) value of about 7 mM. Addition of important allosteric effectors (ATP, ADP or orthophosphate) modified kinetic properties of studied AMP-deaminase, influencing mainly the value of S0.5 parameter. Micromolar concentrations of stearylo-CoA inhibited potently the enzyme making it no longer sensitive towards 1 mM ATP-induced activation. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis of the purified enzyme revealed presence of 68 kDa protein fragment, reacting with anti-(human) liver AMP-deaminase antibodies. Experimental results presented indicate that liver type of AMP-deaminase is an enzyme form present in human term placenta. 相似文献
8.
我们用DFY-I型超声图像定量分析诊断仪,测定组织结构超声图像的分贝,灰阶值,本文检测分析了39例正常台盘测值。 相似文献
9.
类固醇受体激活物(steroid receptor activator, SRA)是一种 类固醇受体辅激活物.最初的研究认为,SRA只存在RNA形式,不存在蛋白质 形式.但是后来的研究发现,SRA是在RNA和蛋白质两个水平上发挥功能的分 子,其cDNA序列存在687 bp保守的核心区域,该核心区域对其发挥转录共激 活活性是必需的.SRA的RNA形式主要参与核受体的转录共激活作用,其表达 与乳腺癌的发生有很大关系,SRA的蛋白质形式(steroid receptor activator protein ,SRAP)也具有类似的功能.但是不同于RNA形式, SRAP可结合到特定基因的启动子区域,并起到阻遏物的作用.本文对SRA的 特点、表达及功能等方面的最新研究进展及其可能的作用机制与作用形式 进行概述. 相似文献
10.
D. M. Stoddart 《Human Evolution》1998,13(2):73-89
In the cavum axillae of humans lies a glandular organ composed of tightly packed apocrine glands with secrete a colourless, or slightly pigmented fluid — the so-called axillary organ. It develops during childhood but remains inactive until the onset of sexual maturity when it grows hairs and embarks on a lifetime of secretion. A similar structure occurs in African apes but in no other Primates. Being equally well-developed in males and females the axillary organ is not a secondary sexual characteristic, even though it produces secretions rich in steroidal compound relating to sex and sexual status. It is argued that, with the development of gregariousness, the brain’s recognition template for odorous oestrus advertisement was blocked in order to protect the bond between parents which was necessary for ensuring maximum offspring survival. The axillary organ took on a new role, namely to provide odorous stimulation for strengthening the pairbond, and lost its previous role as advertiser of individuality. 相似文献
11.
John A. Copland Melinda Sheffield‐Moore Nina Koldzic‐Zivanovic Sean Gentry George Lamprou Fotini Tzortzatou‐Stathopoulou Vassilis Zoumpourlis Randall J. Urban Spiros A. Vlahopoulos 《BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology》2009,31(6):629-641
Sex steroids, through their receptors, have potent effects on the signal pathways involved in osteogenic or myogenic differentiation. However, a considerable segment of those signal pathways has a prominent role in epithelial neoplastic transformation. The capability to intervene locally has focused on specific ligands for the receptors. Nevertheless, many signals are mapped to interactions of steroid receptor motifs with heterologous regulatory proteins. Some of those proteins interact with the glucocorticoid receptor and other factors essential to cell fate. Interactions of steroid receptor domain motifs with heterologous proteins affect specific target pathways; consequently, manipulation of specified protein modules complexed with steroid receptors may be a next major step for enhancing molecular targeted therapeutics. In the future, intervention at specific sections of receptor primary sequence may prove therapeutically more efficient in targeting pathways of choice than ligand selectivity can be. 相似文献
12.
Qingyuan Jiang Lei Dai Na Chen Junshu Li Yan Gao Jing Zhao Li Ding Chengbin Xie Xiaolian Yi Hongxin Deng Xiaodong Wang 《Journal of cellular and molecular medicine》2020,24(23):13837
Pernicious placenta previa with placenta percreta (PP) is a catastrophic condition during pregnancy. However, the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear. In the present study, the placental tissues of normal cases and PP tissues of pernicious placenta previa cases were collected to determine the expression profile of protein‐coding genes, miRNAs, and lncRNAs through sequencing. Weighted gene co‐expression network analysis (WGCNA), accompanied by miRNA target prediction and correlation analysis, were employed to select potential hub protein‐coding genes and lncRNAs. The expression levels of selected protein‐coding genes, Wnt5A and MAPK13, were determined by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical staining, and lncRNA PTCHD1‐AS and PAPPA‐AS1 expression levels were determined by quantitative PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization. The results indicated that 790 protein‐coding genes, 382 miRNAs, and 541 lncRNAs were dysregulated in PP tissues, compared with normal tissues. WGCNA identified coding genes in the module (ME) black and ME turquoise modules that may be involved in the pathogenesis of PP. The selected potential hub protein‐coding genes, Wnt5A and MAPK13, were down‐regulated in PP tissues, and their expression levels were positively correlated with the expression levels of PTCHD1‐AS and PAPPA‐AS1. Further analysis demonstrated that PTCHD1‐AS and PAPPA‐AS1 regulated Wnt5A and MAPK13 expression by interacting with specific miRNAs. Collectively, our results provided multi‐omics data to better understand the pathogenesis of PP and help identify predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for PP. 相似文献
13.
Purification and characterization of a low molecular weight zinc binding protein from human placenta
A low molecular weight, native zinc binding, cytosolic protein (LMZP) has been isolated, purified and characterized from human normal term placenta. Gel filtration of heat treated placental cytosol after sequential acetone precipitation (80% ppt) revealed a major zinc binding protein in the range of low molecular weight. This partially purified zinc binding fraction was further fractionated on DEAE-Sephadex A-25. The zinc was eluted in one of the three peak fractions. Further, the purity of zinc binding protein was confirmed on fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC). The purified placental LMZP was homogenous on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a single band. Ultraviolet (UV) spectrum of LMZP showed an absorption maximum at 257 nm which disappeared at pH 2. Molecular weight of LMZP as determined by gel chromatography, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and amino acid analysis was 6 kDa. It was calculated that 1 g atom of zinc was bound to 1 mole of the LMZP. Unlike in classical metallothionein, the amino acid composition of placental LMZP revealed the presence of aromatic amino acids, lower content of cysteine and higher content of histidine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid (10, 9 and 5 residues/mole, respectively). 相似文献
14.
Dilly M Hambruch N Shenavai S Schuler G Froehlich R Haeger JD Ozalp GR Pfarrer C 《Theriogenology》2011,75(6):1104-1114
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and counteracting tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are balancing extracellular matrix (ECM) formation and degradation. The latter is believed to be an important aspect for the detachment of fetal membranes postpartum when loosening the feto-maternal connection which is a prerequisite to avoid placental retention a common disease in cows leading to considerable economic loss. Membrane-type (MT) MMPs have been suggested as potential activators controlling ECM remodelling. In particular, MT1-MMP (MMP-14) is able to degrade ECM substrates and activate MMP-2 through binding TIMP-2 at the cell surface. Since the connection between the trophoblast and the maternal caruncular epithelium is supported by integrin receptors bound to ECM, we hypothesize that impaired modulation of the ECM by TIMPs/MMPs participates in the aetiology of bovine retained fetal membranes. To analyse this involvement, placentomes were collected from cows after term parturition and timely release of fetal membranes (n = 4) and cows with retained fetal membranes after various treatments for the induction of parturition using progesterone antagonist (aglepristone), PGF2α analogue, glucocorticoid, and after elective caesarean sections (each group n = 3). The expression of MMP-14, MMP-2 and of TIMP-2 was examined by real-time-PCR, immunohistochemistry, Western blot and zymography. The relative mRNA expression levels of MMP-14 remained unchanged, while the expression levels of TIMP-2 and MMP-2 partly increased in animals with induced parturition and retention of fetal membranes compared to animals without placental retention. MMP-14 protein was expressed in cells of the uninucleated trophoblast, the fetal mesenchyme and maternal stroma. TIMP-2 was present exclusively in trophoblast giant cells, while MMP-2 could be detected in uninucleated trophoblast cells and the fetal mesenchyme. The presence of the activated enzyme was confirmed by zymography. In conclusion, MMP-14, MMP-2 and TIMP-2 are co-localized in the fetal compartment and therefore could influence the timely release of fetal membranes in cattle. 相似文献
15.
Two moieties of inhibin could be obtained by chromatography of partially purified preparations of inhibin from human placenta on Sephadex G-100, G-25 and ion exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethyl Sephadex A-50. The higher molecular weight moiety (14,000) designated as HPI-H appears to be similar to inhibin from human seminal plasma. While the lower molecular weight moiety (1500) designated as HPI-L appears to be similar to that of sheep testicular inhibin. The preparations from both human term placenta and human seminal plasma inhibited the binding of [125I] human follicle stimulating hormone to rat testicular receptors. This effect of inhibins could be neutralized by antisera raised against corresponding polypeptide. Further these antibodies could neutralize endogenous inhibin resulting in 2 to 3 fold increase in serum follicle stimulating harmone levels, which could then be reversed by exogenous administration of the isolated inhibin preparations. 相似文献
16.
Jason M. Ridlon Shigeo Ikegawa Jo?o M. P. Alves Biao Zhou Akiko Kobayashi Takashi Iida Kuniko Mitamura Genzoh Tanabe Myrna Serrano Ainee De Guzman Patsy Cooper Gregory A. Buck Phillip B. Hylemon 《Journal of lipid research》2013,54(9):2437-2449
Clostridium scindens American Type Culture Collection 35704 is capable of converting primary bile acids to toxic secondary bile acids, as well as converting glucocorticoids to androgens by side-chain cleavage. The molecular structure of the side-chain cleavage product of cortisol produced by C. scindens was determined to be 11β-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (11β-OHA) by high-resolution mass spectrometry, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. Using RNA-Seq technology, we identified a cortisol-inducible (∼1,000-fold) operon (desABCD) encoding at least one enzyme involved in anaerobic side-chain cleavage. The desC gene was cloned, overexpressed, purified, and found to encode a 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSDH). This operon also encodes a putative “transketolase” (desAB) hypothesized to have steroid-17,20-desmolase/oxidase activity, and a possible corticosteroid transporter (desD). RNA-Seq data suggests that the two-carbon side chain of glucocorticords may feed into the pentose-phosphate pathway and are used as a carbon source. The 20α-HSDH is hypothesized to function as a metabolic “rheostat” controlling rates of side-chain cleavage. Phylogenetic analysis suggests this operon is rare in nature and the desC gene evolved from a gene encoding threonine dehydrogenase. The physiological effect of 11β-OHAD on the host or other gut microbes is currently unknown. 相似文献
17.
From bulbs of Tristagma uniflorum the known sapogenins tigogenin, neotigogenin and (20S,22R,25S)-5α-spirostan-3β,25-diol, as well as the new (20S,22R,25R)-5α-spirostan-3β,25-diol, (20S,22S,25S)-5α-furostan-22,25-epoxy-3β,26-diol and (20S,22S,25R) -5α-furostan-22,25-epoxy-3β,26-diol, were isolated and characterized by spectroscopic (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS) methods. 相似文献
18.
The use of cholesterol-based cationic lipids and the ability of glucocorticoids to reduce local inflammatory response to lipoplexes motivated an investigation of structure-activity relationships for cationic steroids. A one-step synthetic scheme using iminothiolane was developed to link spermine to the 21-OH position of steroids via an amidine linkage. Five steroids (cortisol, dexamethasone, corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, and 11-deoxycorticosterone) with increasing hydrophobicity of the parent steroid (Log P(ster) from 1.51 to 3.01) were conjugated with spermine, formulated with dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) at DOPE : steroid mole ratios (R) of R = 0.5 to 2, and then complexed with 1 microg enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) plasmid DNA at charge ratios (CR) = 2 to 24 amines per phosphate (0.5 to 6 steroids per phosphate). The resulting 105 different formulations of the cationic steroid series were used to lipofect bovine aortic endothelial cells. Transgene expression data at either 24 or 48 h post-lipofection for all formulations was collapsed onto master curves when plotted against a single empirical dimensionless parameter, the lipofection index (LI) = CR (Log P(liposome))(Log P(ster)/|DeltaLog P|) [R/(R + 1)] where DeltaLog P = Log P(DOPE)- Log P(ster) and Log P(liposome) is a mole-weighted average of the DOPE/cationic steroid liposome hydrophobicity. For 7 < LI < 29, the EGFP expression at 24 or 48 h post-lipofection increased linearly with LI (EGFP approximately 0 for LI < 7), but did not increase further for LI > 29, thus providing a predictive design rule based on Log P of the hydrophobic moiety of the cationic steroid lipid. 相似文献
19.
Measurement of urinary and fecal steroid metabolites during the ovarian cycle in captive and wild Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
We measured the concentration of steroid hormones from urine, feces, and blood samples of two captive Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata, during nonconceptive ovarian cycles to compare the patterns of the excreted steroids with those of circulating steroids. Urine and feces were analyzed for estrone conjugates (E1C) and pregnanediol-3-glucronide (PdG) using enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), while plasma was analyzed for estradiol-17beta(E2), progesterone (P), and luteinizing hormone (LH) using radioimmunoassays (RIAs). Urinary and fecal E1C and PdG levels were approximately parallel to plasma E2 and P levels, respectively. The E1C profiles of daily urinary and fecal samples revealed a midcycle peak, followed by a sustained PdG increase lasting up to two weeks from the E1C peak. A fecal E1C peak was one day later than the urinary E1C peak. One of the captive females exhibited a discrete plasma LH peak, one indicator that ovulation has occurred, on the day following the urinary E1C peak, i.e., the same day of fecal E1C peak. We measured excreted steroids in nine wild females and determined the timing of ovulation by comparing fecal steroid profiles to those obtained in captive monkeys. Data from wild females indicated that eight of nine females conceived during their first ovulatory cycle of the sampling period, whereas the remaining female failed to conceive during the sampling period even though she ovulated. In the eight females that conceived, E1C increased again following the detected or estimated E1C peak, with levels comparable to the preovulatory peak levels, and sustained elevations of PdG for over 40 days. These data illustrate that the urinary and fecal profiles of ovarian steroid excretion obtained through the application of these noninvasive techniques provide an accurate approach for monitoring conceptive and nonconceptive ovarian cycle in captive and free-living Japanese macaques. 相似文献
20.
Martins JM Riottot M de Abreu MC Viegas-Crespo AM Lança MJ Almeida JA Freire JB Bento OP 《Journal of lipid research》2005,46(7):1539-1547
The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of cholesterol-enriched casein (CAS) and blue lupin seed (BL) diets on the cholesterol metabolism of intact (INT) and ileorectal anastomosed (IRA) pigs. For 3 weeks, four groups of six pigs were allocated to the treatments (CAS-INT, CAS-IRA, BL-INT, and BL-IRA). Diet-induced hypercholesterolemia was inhibited by the BL through a substantial decrease in plasma LDL-cholesterol. The BL also reduced liver esterified and total cholesterol, increased hepatic LDL receptor synthesis and HMG-CoA reductase activity, and stimulated intestinal bile acid reabsorption. The neutral sterol output was higher in BL- than in CAS-fed pigs. The bile acid output was lower in IRA than in INT pigs. Surgery also prevented steroid microbial transformation, but it did not influence plasma cholesterol levels. These results suggest that the hypocholesterolemic effect of the BL, compared with the CAS, is attributable to impaired intestinal cholesterol absorption, probably involving increased bile acid reabsorption and higher contents of dietary phytosterols, both factors that reduce the micellar solubilization of cholesterol. Furthermore, according to our data, the contribution of the large intestine to cholesterol metabolism is very weak. 相似文献