植物建植对垃圾填埋场生物覆盖层甲烷氧化及其微生物群落的影响

利用柱试验模拟填埋场生物覆盖层,研究了白三叶和苜蓿建植对增强覆盖层甲烷(CH4)氧化能力及保持甲烷氧化优势菌群的影响。结果表明:植物建植能明显降低基质含水率,提高氮含量,改善O2和CH4扩散,提高基质CH4氧化能力;在CH4氧化的高速期和下降期,植物建植的CH4氧化速率显著高于对照,白三叶和苜蓿处理之间无显著差异;在CH4氧化的低速期,对照与植物建植之间的CH4氧化速率无显著差异,而苜蓿处理显著高于白三叶处理。基于磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)的微生物群落结构分析表明,植物建植有利于Ⅰ型菌在深层的分布,随着CH4氧化速率逐渐下降,柱体底部甲烷氧化细菌群落由Ⅰ型为主向Ⅱ型为主转变。     

PII,the key regulator of nitrogen metabolism in the cyanobacteria

PII proteins are a protein family important to signal transduction in bacteria and plants. PII plays a critical role in regulation of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in cyanobacteria. Through conformation change and covalent modification, which are regulated by 2-oxoglutarate, PII interacts with different target proteins in response to changes of cellular energy status and carbon and nitrogen sources in cyanobacteria and regulates cellular metabolism. This article reports recent progress in PII research in cyanobacteria and discusses the mechanism of PII regulation of cellular metabolism .     

Do nitrogen fertilizers stimulate or inhibit methane emissions from rice fields?

In rice cultivation, there are controversial reports on net impacts of nitrogen (N) fertilizers on methane (CH ₄) emissions. Nitrogen fertilizers increase crop growth as well as alter CH ₄ producing (Methanogens) and consuming (Methanotrophs) microbes, and thereby produce complex effects on CH ₄ emissions. Objectives of this study were to determine net impact of N fertilizers on CH ₄ emissions and to identify their underlying mechanisms in the rice soils. Database was obtained from 33 published papers that contained CH ₄ emissions observations from N fertilizer (28–406 kg N ha^?1) treatment and its control. Results have indicated that N fertilizers increased CH ₄ emissions in 98 of 155 data pairs in rice soils. Response of CH ₄ emissions per kg N fertilizer was significantly (P < 0.05) greater at < 140 kg N ha^?1 than > 140 kg N ha^?1 indicating that substrate switch from CH ₄ to ammonia by Methanotrophs may not be a dominant mechanism for increased CH ₄ emissions. On the contrary, decreased CH ₄ emission in intermittent drainage by N fertilizers has suggested the stimulation of Methanotrophs in rice soils. Effects of N fertilizer stimulated Methanotrophs in reducing CH ₄ emissions were modified by the continuous flood irrigation due to limitation of oxygen to Methanotrophs. Greater response of CH ₄ emissions per kg N fertilizer in urea than ammonia sulfate probably indicated the interference of sulfate in the CH ₄ production process. Overall, response of CH ₄ emissions to N fertilizers was correlated with N‐induced crop yield (r = +0.39; P < 0.01), probably due to increased carbon substrates for Methanogens. Using CH ₄ emission observations, this meta‐analysis has identified dominant microbial processes that control net effects of N fertilizers on CH ₄ emissions in rice soils. Finally, we have provided a conceptual model that included microbial processes and controlling factors to predict effects of N fertilizers on CH ₄ emissions in rice soils.     

Valine 77 of heterocystous ferredoxin FdxH2 in Anabaena variabilis strain ATCC 29413 is critical for its oxygen sensitivity

Ferredoxins are small iron sulfur proteins necessary for electron donation. FdxH1 and FdxH2 are associated with two different nif gene clusters where they transfer electrons for the reduction of nitrogenase complex. FdxH1 was observed to be stable towards oxygen, whereas, FdxH2 was relatively unstable. We had identified the amino acid involved in oxygen sensitivity of ferredoxin protein using protein modeling. The exchange of valine to leucine at position 77 was critical for ferredoxin proteins in relation to its oxygen sensitivity. This exchange leads to a longer side chain, which inhibits the accessibility of oxygen to the iron sulfur cluster. Site directed mutagenesis and in vitro experiments confirms that valine indeed is involved in the oxygen sensitivity. The exchange of leucine to valine in FdxH1 makes it oxygen unstable. Thus, from the above results we can conclude that the position of leucine at position 77 is critical for oxygen sensitivity of ferredoxin and protein modeling can be used to identify specific amino acids in other oxygen-sensitive proteins.     

泥炭固体发酵生产单细胞蛋白研究

对以泥炭为唯一碳源,固体发酵生产单细胞蛋白(SCP)进行了一系列的研究。选用酵母菌和黑曲霉进行混合发酵培养,考察影响单细胞蛋白生产的各个因素,如菌种接种量,培养基含水量,发酵时间,发酵温度,培养基外加氮源等。通过正交实验设计确定了优化的培养条件。即:菌种接种量为10%,培养基含水量为300%,28℃培养72 h,以蛋白胨为氮源。     

腐乳废水生物转化单细胞蛋白的研究

利用腐乳酿造过程中所排放的废水,以白地霉1315为菌种,采用液体深层发酵法培养,使白地霉菌体蛋白产率达到10 g/L左右,产品的蛋白质含量达41.6%。发酵前后废液中COD(化学耗氧量)平均降低71.1%,SS(悬浮物)含量平均降低73.4%,从而实现了腐乳生产废水资源化利用的目的。     

Single muscle fiber proteomics reveals unexpected mitochondrial specialization

Mammalian skeletal muscles are composed of multinucleated cells termed slow or fast fibers according to their contractile and metabolic properties. Here, we developed a high‐sensitivity workflow to characterize the proteome of single fibers. Analysis of segments of the same fiber by traditional and unbiased proteomics methods yielded the same subtype assignment. We discovered novel subtype‐specific features, most prominently mitochondrial specialization of fiber types in substrate utilization. The fiber type‐resolved proteomes can be applied to a variety of physiological and pathological conditions and illustrate the utility of single cell type analysis for dissecting proteomic heterogeneity.     

A Methodology for Establishing Cleanup Objectives in the Unsaturated Soil Zone Using Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis for Chemical Fate and Transport

To support the Corrective-Measures and Cleanup-Alternatives Studies (CMS) prepared by Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) at the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PORTS) in Portsmouth, Ohio, a soil-leaching numerical analysis was conducted to help establish cleanup objectives for deep-soil contamination. For approximately 60 pollutants that exist at the PORTS site, the study defined those deep-soil concentrations that would most likely not cause groundwater contamination in excess of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guidelines. These values were then used as the technical basis for defining soil-cleanup goals. Numerical modeling of environmental systems provides project managers with unique information that is not available from other sources. With its ability to quantify the important aspects of problem physics, modeling allows one to rapidly accumulate the physical insight needed to solve a problem in a systematic and focused manner. This increased understanding acquired early in the planning stages of a project permits managers to make decisions that are typically more thorough, cost effective, and defensible. This article describes one such numerical study conducted jointly by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and SAIC for the PORTS.     

A new technique for assaying cytochrome P450 enzyme activity in a single cell

A new microspectrofluorometric technique for measuring the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A1 in single living cells is described. The system, which uses a perfusion chamber and an HPLC pump, allowed cells to be stained, fixed, blocked, and washed by injecting each treatment solution into the on-line carrier stream of buffer from the sampling block of the HPLC pump. After addition of the substrate 7-ethoxyresorufin, the fluorescence intensity of the metabolite resorufin was measured in individual cells. Fluorescence intensity steeply increased to a unique peak for each cell and then decreased to the basal level. Furthermore, CYP1A1 in each cell was stained with its antibody and quantified using the fluorescence intensity of an FITC-conjugated secondary antibody. EROD activity was normalized using the FITC fluorescence. The results show that the initial slopes and peak values of resorufin production by the cells were dependent on the CYP1A1 level. Treatment of hepatocytes with two nonspecific P450 inhibitors, cimetidine and SKF-525A, suppressed EROD activity.     

耕作方式及施氮量对砂姜黑土区小麦氮代谢及籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响

为明确砂姜黑土区小麦(Triticum aestivum)产量和品质形成的耕作方式及施氮量最优组合, 在大田试验条件下, 以深松、旋耕和常规耕作3种耕作方式为主区, 0、120、225、330 kg·hm^-2 4个施氮量为副区, 研究了不同耕作方式及施氮量组合对小麦拔节后氮代谢、籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明, 随着生育期的推进, 叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、游离氨基酸含量和可溶性蛋白含量均呈先升后降的趋势, 深松方式配合中高氮处理的峰值在花后10天, 而常规耕作和旋耕的4个施氮处理以及深松的低氮处理峰值多在开花期。与常规耕作和旋耕相比, 深松耕作显著降低了10-40 cm的土壤容重, 提高了土壤总空隙度和根干质量, 有利于中后期根系氮素吸收。耕作方式和施氮量对籽粒产量和蛋白质含量影响显著, 均以深松方式最高。3种耕作方式下小麦产量和蛋白质含量均随施氮量增加而增加, 籽粒产量以深松方式配合330 kg·hm^-2施氮量最高, 而常规耕作和旋耕方式的产量在施氮量为225 kg·hm^-2时达到最大。3种耕作方式下籽粒蛋白质含量均以施氮225 kg·hm^-2最高。因此, 在砂姜黑土区宜采用深松耕作方式配合适宜的施氮量, 以改善土壤条件, 促进根系氮素吸收, 延长叶片功能期, 达到产量与蛋白品质提升之目的。     

The glutathione dependence of inorganic sulfate formation from l- or d-cysteine in isolated rat hepatocytes

The GSH dependence of the metabolic pathways involved in the conversion of cysteine to sulfate in intact cells has been investigated. It was found that hepatocyte-catalysed sulfate formation from added

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-cysteine did not occur if hepatocyte GSH was depleted beforehand, but was restored when GSH levels recovered. Furthermore, sulfate formation did not recover in GSH-depleted hepatocytes if GSH synthesis was prevented with buthionine sulfoximine. Thiosulfate formation was, however, markedly enhanced in GSH-depleted hepatocytes. These results suggest that thiosulfate is an intermediate in the formation of inorganic sulfate from

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-cysteine and that GSH was required for the conversion of thiosulfate to inorganic sulfate. Much less sulfate was formed if the cysteine was replaced with cysteinesulfinate. Furthermore, sulfate formation from

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-cysteine was markedly inhibited by the addition of the transaminase inhibitor

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-cycloserine or the γ-cystathionase inhibitor

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-propargylglycine. The major routes of sulfate formation from

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-cysteine therefore seems to involve pathways that do not involve

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-cysteinesulfinate. Similar amounts of sulfate were formed from

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-cysteine as

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-cysteine. Thiosulfate instead of sulfate was also formed in GSH-depleted hepatocytes. However, sulfate formation from

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-cysteine differed from

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-cysteine in that it was inhibited by the

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-aminoacid oxidase inhibitor sodium benzoate and was not affected by transaminase or γ-cystathionase inhibitors. These results suggest that thiosulfate is an intermediate in sulfate formation from

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-cysteine and involves the oxidation of

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-cysteine by

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-amino acid oxidase to form β-mercaptopyruvate.     

不同保护性耕作措施对武威绿洲灌区冬小麦水分利用的影响

2006—2008年通过田间定位试验,研究了武威绿洲灌区不同耕作措施（传统耕作、秸杆翻压、免耕不覆盖、免耕秸杆立茬、免耕秸杆覆盖）对冬小麦土壤水分空间分布、动态变化、作物耗水量、水分利用效率和产量的影响.结果表明：返青至拔节期,免耕秸杆覆盖（NTS）和免耕秸杆立茬（NTSS）处理显著提高了0～30 cm土壤贮水量,处理间差异较大,在小麦拔节后差异变小;返青至成熟期,NTS和NTSS处理30～150 cm土壤贮水量都大于传统耕作处理（T）;播种期,NTS、NTSS和NT（免耕不覆盖）处理0～150 cm土层总贮水量分别比T处理增加29.55～34.69、17.32～21.79和0.89～15.68 mm,收获期分别增加37.59～38.35、5.70～22.14和4.61～13.93 mm,且随着土层深度的增加处理间土壤贮水量差异增大.NTS、NTSS、NT和TIS（秸杆翻压）处理小麦产量分别比T处理提高15.65%～16.84%、6.98%～12.75%、5.88%～11.74%和3.92%～8.16%,水分利用效率分别提高17.15%～17.52%、7.75%～9.65%、8.24%～10.00%和4.17%～9.91%.免耕秸杆覆盖（NTS）和免耕秸杆立茬（NTSS）处理提高了冬小麦产量和水分利用效率,是改善该区域水资源匮乏的有效耕作措施.