基于遥感的湿地景观格局季相分析

以中国东北地区三江平原北部为研究区域,利用2012年多季相遥感影像作为数据源,结合野外调查数据,应用面向对象的分类方法,根据影像的物候、时相等特征,提取不同月份的湿地信息,进行景观格局季相分析。结果表明:(1)研究区湿地面积、类型格局在同一年不同季节不同月份会有不同幅度的变化,总体呈现缓增骤减的态势。湿地主要分布在低洼地区,主要湿地类型为草本沼泽,其次为河流,其他湿地占总面积比例较小。(2)研究区各阶段湿地都有转化,主要发生在湿地和非湿地之间,多数表现在草本沼泽和草地之间的转化。(3)湿地分布和湿地转化面积主要集中在低海拔区域和低坡度区域,其中海拔100 m和坡度5°以下范围内的湿地分布面积和湿地转化面积占湿地总面积及湿地转化面积的绝大部分。(4)年内季节性湿地转化与降水、温度和湿地植被物候关系密切。     

高分辨率影像支持的群落尺度沼泽湿地分类制图

湿地作为众多野生动物和植物的栖息地,具有稳定环境及物种基因保护等重要功能.但是,湿地复杂的水陆交界生境特征及难以进入等客观条件限制给湿地研究造成了很大的困难.因此,遥感技术作为地表生态环境过程参量获取的重要工具,在当今湿地科学领域发挥着重要作用,特别是,当前高空间分辨率影像的性能与应用水平不断得到提高.以自然状态下的黑龙江三江平原洪河国家级自然保护区为研究对象,应用飞艇搭载的空间高分辨率摄像系统获取影像地面分辨率为0.13m的影像数据,主要结合面向对象分类方法,开展了基于湿地植物群落尺度的分类制图研究.结果表明:①因飞艇影像对植物形态、纹理等细致特征的刻画非常充分,沼泽植被型、草甸植被型和各种乔木、灌木植被型,都可以在合适的遥感分类方法下提取出来,总体分类精度能达到91.77％;②通过采用针对高分辨率影像面向对象的分类方法与传统的最大似然比遥感分类方法对比,前者达到很高的精度,而后者效果不理想,说明遥感分类方法的选择对于群落尺度湿地植物分类制图结果非常重要;③遥感分类制图的结果显示出研究区湿地植物群落分布格局受到水分环境梯度和微地貌的共同控制,呈现交替环带状分布规律.     

时空变化视角下北京市湿地优先保护格局

气候变化通过改变湿地水文过程等影响湿地的空间分布,城市化进程加剧了湿地破碎化程度并导致湿地生境退化,构建连续的湿地生态保护网络体系有利于应对气候变化和城市发展带来的负面影响、提高生物多样性保护水平。北京市现有湿地空间分布呈现斑块面积小、破碎化程度高等特点,为优化湿地保护区格局并应对气候变化和城市发展对北京市湿地生物多样性的影响,基于系统保护规划方法,以Marxan作为空间优化模型,结合PLUS模型和MaxEnt模型,模拟预测北京市湿地优先保护格局、识别湿地保护空缺并构建湿地分级保护区格局。研究表明:2020年北京市湿地存在80.15km²的保护空缺、2035年和2050年优化后湿地保护区占比分别为87.54%和85.95%,在满足本研究预设的生物多样性保护目标的前提下符合北京市湿地保护规划对湿地保护率的要求。为最优化资源分配,综合时空变化对湿地保护区空间分布的影响,构建了湿地分级保护区格局,将湿地保护区分为湿地永久保护区、湿地一级临时保护区和湿地二级临时保护区三个等级,以期为北京市分期建设湿地保护区、优化湿地生态保护网络体系和保护湿地生物多样性提供依据。     

RS和GIS支持的洪河地区湿地生态健康评价

洪泛平原淡水自然湿地对于生态多样性保护具有重要意义。当前自然湿地普遍面临气候变化与人类活动干扰和影响,其生态健康的状况令人担忧,结合新的地学信息技术探索自然湿地生态健康评价分析方法具有重要意义。本研究选择位于三江平原东北部的洪河国家级自然保护区湿地及其周边农场湿地为研究区,依据遥感和地理信息系统技术支持,结合野外生态调查与水文气象监测数据,从水文地貌特征、景观特征和人类扰动3方面选取一系列评价指标因子,利用层次分析法和综合指数方法,对研究区湿地进行了定量生态健康分析评价。研究结果表明：（1）洪河自然保护区的湿地生态健康状况是最好的,其周边农场从鸭绿河农场、前锋农场到洪河农场的湿地生态健康状况依次递减。（2）洪河自然保护区功能分区生态健康状况由好到差的顺序为：核心区>缓冲区>实验区,与实际野外调查情况一致。（3）本研究建立的评价指标体系和相应分析方法能够科学的评价湿地生态健康。评价分析结果显示水文地貌要素是影响湿地生态健康的关键性因素。本研究利用RS和GIS技术与传统生态学评价分析方法结合,以栅格为单位基于区域生境特征进行湿地生态健康综合评价具有一定的方法先进性。     

白洋淀湿地生态系统水分条件遥感监测方法

湿地水文条件对湿地生态系统结构和功能起到关键作用。利用遥感获取与湿地水分条件直接相关的生物物理变量,包括归一化植被指数（NDVI）和地表温度,探讨监测湿地挺水植物缺水状况的可能性,并探讨了建立湿地水分遥感监测的新方法。回归分析表明,对于同一挺水植物而言,在湿地旱化的条件下,由于植物的蒸腾作用的差异,在植被生长状况（NDVI）相同的情况下,地势较高处植物的冠层温度亦较高;在生长处高度相同的情况下,植被覆盖度高（NDVI值高）的地方,植物的冠层温度较低。这说明可以通过地表温度和NDVI来监测挺水植物的缺水程度。     

Biodiversity dynamics of freshwater wetland ecosystems affected by secondary salinisation and seasonal hydrology variation: a model-based study

Freshwater wetlands worldwide are under threat from secondary salinisation and climate change. Given that many freshwater wetlands naturally have highly variable hydrology, it is important to understand the combined effects of salinity and water regime on wetland biodiversity. Here a mathematical model has been developed to explore the biodiversity dynamics of freshwater wetland ecosystems affected by secondary salinisation and seasonal hydrology variation. The model shows that seasonal hydrological change can drive the wetland ecosystem into a stable oscillatory state of biodiversity, with the same period as the wetting and drying cycle. The initial condition of a wetland mediates the ecological response of the wetland ecosystem to salinity and seasonal variability. There are two manifestations of stability that occur in relation to wetland biodiversity: monostability and bistability. In model simulations, some wetland ecosystems may respond to the effects of seasonal change quickly, while others may do so more slowly. In ‘slow response’ wetlands, seasonal variability has a weak impact on the ecosystem properties of stability, resilience, sensitivity and the species richness–mean salinity relationship. In contrast, ‘fast response’ wetlands are seasonally controlled heavily. Seasonal variability can play a critical role in determining ecosystem properties. Changes in the strength of seasonality can induce the transition between monostability and bistability. Seasonal variability may also reduce wetland resilience, exacerbating the risk of secondary salinisation. On the other hand, seasonal variability may provide opportunities for the restoration of salinised wetlands by increasing their sensitivity to management actions and facilitating recovery processes. Model simulations show that the response of the stable biodiversity oscillation to changing mean salinity is dependent on seasonality strength (primarily for fast response wetlands) and other wetland conditions. Generally, there are two types of wetland responses to changes in mean salinity: type 1 wetlands exhibit a graded response of species richness (a surrogate for biodiversity), whereas a hysteretic response occurs in type 2 wetlands. Species diversity displays critical behaviour: regime shifts in diversity occur at the thresholds of mean salinity, strength of seasonality or initial species diversity. The predictions are consistent with previously-published field observations in salinised freshwater wetlands. Handling editor: D. Hamilton     

Satellite remote sensing of wetlands

To conserve and manage wetland resources, it is important to inventoryand monitor wetlands and their adjacent uplands. Satellite remote sensing hasseveral advantages for monitoring wetland resources, especially for largegeographic areas. This review summarizes the literature on satellite remotesensing of wetlands, including what classification techniques were mostsuccessful in identifying wetlands and separating them from other land covertypes. All types of wetlands have been studied with satellite remote sensing.Landsat MSS, Landsat TM, and SPOT are the major satellite systems that have beenused to study wetlands; other systems are NOAA AVHRR, IRS-1B LISS-II and radarsystems, including JERS-1, ERS-1 and RADARSAT. Early work with satellite imageryused visual interpretation for classification. The most commonly used computerclassification method to map wetlands is unsupervised classification orclustering. Maximum likelihood is the most common supervised classificationmethod. Wetland classification is difficult because of spectral confusion withother landcover classes and among different types of wetlands. However,multi-temporal data usually improves the classification of wetlands, as doesancillary data such as soil data, elevation or topography data. Classifiedsatellite imagery and maps derived from aerial photography have been comparedwith the conclusion that they offer different but complimentary information.Change detection studies have taken advantage of the repeat coverage andarchival data available with satellite remote sensing. Detailed wetland maps canbe updated using satellite imagery. Given the spatial resolution of satelliteremote sensing systems, fuzzy classification, subpixel classification, spectralmixture analysis, and mixtures estimation may provide more detailed informationon wetlands. A layered, hybrid or rule-based approach may give better resultsthan more traditional methods. The combination of radar and optical data providethe most promise for improving wetland classification.     

Plant invasions in arid areas: special problems and solutions: a South African perspective

Management of invasive alien plants in arid areas is complicated by the cryptic and stochastic nature of the invasion process, the low density of researchers, extension officers and farmers in these areas, the complex, delayed and sometimes, indirect, effects of alien invasive plants on these ecosystems, and by high and shifting values placed on goods and services derived from invasive alien plant species. Fluctuating vegetation cover together with convergent adaptations for dispersal and facilitation enables some desert aliens to invade intact vegetation. Invasive plants in arid areas are not all arid-adapted: the most problematic species globally are phreatic, wetland or oasis specialists that can colonise remote wetlands and springs through a combination of wind-dispersed seeds and vegetative reproduction. Their success is often linked to disturbance and facilitated by agricultural activities including water extraction, cropping and livestock management. Invasive alien plants in arid region wetlands have an impact on forage, water resources and biodiversity in these key resource areas, that is disproportionately great relative to the area they occupy. Management of arid region aliens could include pre-introduction biocontrol planning that makes it possible to use aliens while reducing invasion risks. An alternative is to replace the aliens with extralimital indigenous plants that can supply the rangeland services perceived to be absent from arid environments—but such interventions may carry even greater risks.     

Relative importance of hydrological variables in predicting the habitat suitability of Euryale ferox Salisb.

Aims Aquatic ecosystems are a priority for conservation as they have become rapidly degraded with land-use changes. Predicting the habitat range of an endangered species provides crucial information for biodiversity conservation in such rapidly changing environments. However, the complex network structure of aquatic ecosystems restricts spatial prediction variables and has hitherto limited the use of habitat models to predict species occurrence in aquatic ecosystems. We used the maximum entropy model to evaluate the potential distribution of an endangered aquatic species, Euryale ferox Salisb. We tested the relative influence of (i) climatic variables, (ii) topographic variables, and (iii) hydrological variables derived from remote sensing data to improve the prediction of occurrence of aquatic plant species.Methods We considered the southern part of the Korean Peninsula as the modeling extent for the potential distribution of E. ferox. Occurrence records for E. ferox were collected from the literature and field surveys. We applied maximum entropy modeling using remotely sensed environmental variables and evaluated their relative importance as prediction variables with variation partitioning.Important findings The species distribution model predicted potential habitats of E. ferox that matched the actual distribution well. Floodplain wetlands and shallow reservoirs were the favored habitats of E. ferox. Quantitative loss and fragmentation of wetland habitats appeared to be a major reason for the decrease of E. ferox populations. Our results also imply that hydrological variables (i.e. normalized difference water index) derived from remote sensing data greatly increased model prediction (relative contribution: 10.5–37.0%) in the aquatic ecosystem. However, interspecific competition within a similar niche environment should be considered to increase the accuracy of the distribution model.     

Biodiversity and wetlands

The implications of the Biodiversity Convention of the UNCED Conference in Rio are discussed in terms of the obligations of participating states. The importance of biodiversity is outlined with special reference to wetland ecosystems. The values of wetlands and wetland biodiversity are discussed and a possible classification strategy for their conservation and wise use is suggested.Corresponding Editor: R.E. Turner     

Hyperspectral Analysis of Columbia Spotted Frog Habitat

Abstract: Wildlife managers increasingly are using remotely sensed imagery to improve habitat delineations and sampling strategies. Advances in remote sensing technology, such as hyperspectral imagery, provide more information than previously was available with multispectral sensors. We evaluated accuracy of high-resolution hyperspectral image classifications to identify wetlands and wetland habitat features important for Columbia spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris) and compared the results to multispectral image classification and United States Geological Survey topographic maps. The study area spanned 3 lake basins in the Salmon River Mountains, Idaho, USA. Hyperspectral data were collected with an airborne sensor on 30 June 2002 and on 8 July 2006. A 12-year comprehensive ground survey of the study area for Columbia spotted frog reproduction served as validation for image classifications. Hyperspectral image classification accuracy of wetlands was high, with a producer's accuracy of 96% (44 wetlands) correctly classified with the 2002 data and 89% (41 wetlands) correctly classified with the 2006 data. We applied habitat-based rules to delineate breeding habitat from other wetlands, and successfully predicted 74% (14 wetlands) of known breeding wetlands for the Columbia spotted frog. Emergent sedge microhabitat classification showed promise for directly predicting Columbia spotted frog egg mass locations within a wetland by correctly identifying 72% (23 of 32) of known locations. Our study indicates hyperspectral imagery can be an effective tool for mapping spotted frog breeding habitat in the selected mountain basins. We conclude that this technique has potential for improving site selection for inventory and monitoring programs conducted across similar wetland habitat and can be a useful tool for delineating wildlife habitats.     

挠力河流域平原区湿地景观完整性评价

探讨一种景观完整性评价方法对湿地管理和保护非常重要.利用遥感和GIS技术,选择10个指标构建景观完整性指数,对挠力河流域平原区开展景观完整性评价.结果显示,1950年挠力河流域洪泛平原中的湿地景观完整性远好于2005年;人类活动影响越强的区域湿地景观完整性越差;2005年仅河岸带湿地景观比其它区域具有较好的景观完整性.由于景观完整性指数包涵了必要的景观结构和功能完整性特征信息,对评价景观尺度生态完整性,诊断生态受损区域,保护、恢复和管理湿地具有重要作用.     

环境灾害遥感小卫星在辽河三角洲湿地景观制图中的应用

及时、准确地获得湿地的空间分布,对湿地的动态监测、保护与可持续利用具有重要的意义.环境灾害遥感小卫星星座A、B星(HJ-1A/1B星)是我国自主发射的陆地资源监测卫星,可为湿地类型的提取提供新的遥感影像数据源.本文通过对比我国环境灾害遥感小卫星CCD相机影像（HJ CCD）数据与Landsat TM5影像数据获取的湿地景观类型图的分类精度和各景观类型面积,验证和探究了HJ CCD数据在湿地景观动态变化监测中的适用性和应用潜力.结果表明：HJ CCD数据在地物识别分类方面可完全替代Landsat TM5数据;在实时动态监测方面,HJ CCD数据获取周期仅为2 d,优于Landsat TM5数据（16 d）.     

基于站点的生物多样性星空地一体化遥感监测

科学制定生物多样性保护和恢复政策, 需要空间上连续、时间上高频的物种和生境分布以及物种迁移信息支持, 遥感是目前能满足该要求的有效技术手段。近年来, 遥感平台和载荷技术高速发展, 综合多平台、多尺度、多模式遥感技术, 开展基于站点的星空地一体化遥感观测试验, 可以对地表进行时空多维度、立体连续观测, 为生物多样性遥感监测提供了新的契机。本文总结了使用遥感技术监测生物多样性的主要方法, 回顾了典型的星空地一体化遥感观测试验。综述以往研究发现, 一方面, 现有遥感试验还缺少对生物多样性直接监测指标的观测, 另一方面, 生物多样性遥感监测方法也缺少星空地多维立体观测平台的支撑, 亟需加强两者的融合, 开展基于站点的生物多样性星空地一体化遥感监测研究。以设于我国四川王朗大熊猫国家级自然保护区内的王朗山地生态遥感综合观测试验站为例, 展示了星空地一体化遥感综合观测试验平台在生物多样性监测中的应用潜力。星空地一体化遥感观测可以提供物种和生境的综合定量信息, 与生态模型有机结合, 可以刻画生物多样性的时空格局与动态过程, 有助于挖掘过程机理, 提高生物多样性监测的信息化水平。     

航空航天遥感在物种多样性研究与保护中的应用

人类活动导致全球范围内生物多样性丧失日趋严重。物种多样性是研究最为深入以及最贴近生物多样性管理的层次。物种多样性的研究往往受到多时空尺度生态过程的影响, 传统物种多样性调查方法受到人力物力影响, 局限性大, 物种多样性的研究与管理亟需整合不同来源的数据。遥感技术从传统的光学遥感阶段发展到不同平台、不同维度相结合的多源遥感阶段, 并逐渐进入以高空间分辨率和高光谱为特征、以激光雷达为前沿发展方向的综合遥感阶段。遥感技术因为其监测范围广、能监测人迹罕至地区以及长期可重复等特性, 为研究不同时空尺度的生态学科学问题提供了更新更优的研究手段。本文围绕种群动态、种间关系与群落多样性、功能属性及功能多样性以及生物多样性保护管理等生物多样性研究热点问题, 系统地论述了航空航天遥感技术在物种多样性研究与保护领域的应用, 总结了航空航天遥感技术在研究与物种多样性有关的主要生态学问题中的机遇与挑战。我们认为航空航天遥感技术利用多光谱甚至高光谱与激光技术从空中监测物种多样性, 从不同视角、基于不同光源提供了物种多样性不同侧面的信息, 能够减小地面调查强度, 在大范围和边远地区的物种多样性调查研究中有着至关重要的作用。依据光谱特性的物种判别以及依据激光雷达的三维结构量测将促进生物多样性的研究与管理, 加强遥感学家和生物多样性研究者的沟通交流将有助于促进不同时空尺度的生物多样性与遥感技术的结合。     

三江平原孤立湿地景观空间结构

受人类活动的影响,近几十年来三江平原大片连续湿地逐渐破碎化,形成了大量孤立湿地。湿地景观格局分析已成为湿地生态和全球变化研究领域的热点,因此以三江平原遥感影像为数据源,利用GIS技术和景观指数模型,在60m分析粒度下,对三江平原孤立湿地景观空间结构进行分析。结果表明:1研究区的中南部孤立湿地的斑块数量较多,而中东部孤立湿地的斑块面积较大,且孤立湿地斑块之间的邻近程度和连接度较高,三江、洪河自然保护区及研究区西部孤立湿地斑块的形状较复杂;2随着湿地斑块数量的递减,非孤立湿地在景观连接中起到的作用逐渐增加,孤立湿地在景观连接中起到的作用逐渐减小,但面积相对较大的孤立湿地斑块重要值一直处于较高水平,在景观连接中起着重要作用;3三江平原孤立湿地景观空间结构是地形地貌、农业开发活动、国家政策等因子综合作用的结果,应加强对孤立湿地的保护。     

Classifying habitat characteristics of wetlands using a self-organizing map

Wetlands are nutrient-rich and biodiverse ecosystems that provide habitats for various animals and plants and protect against flooding. Classification of wetlands provides information to conservation planners and resource managers for ecosystem service determination. Many ecological case studies illuminate the self-organizing map (SOM) as a robust and powerful data classification and visualization tool. In this study, we use the SOM to analyze the habitat characteristics of inland wetlands in South Korea. We surveyed the plants, benthic macroinvertebrates, and bird species inhabiting 530 nationwide wetlands for four years from 2016 to 2019. Nine environmental features, including the proportion of urban area, farmland, grassland, a forest within a 1 km buffer zone, distance from the river and nearest wetland, area, perimeter, and average slope of wetland polygons, were used to train the SOM and examine the habitat characteristics of the surveyed living components. A map size of 10 × 11 pixels was considered for SOM training, and the output data were classified into eight clusters. Based on the occurrence frequency of the surveyed species group, most species were distributed in all clusters, whereas some dominated in specific clusters. We believe that our study contributes significantly to the literature because it highlights the significance of the SOM approach to cluster wetlands with dependent habitats and provides ecological information to build sustainable wetland conservation policies.     

Ecohydrodynamics of Cold-Water Coral Reefs: A Case Study of the Mingulay Reef Complex (Western Scotland)

Ecohydrodynamics investigates the hydrodynamic constraints on ecosystems across different temporal and spatial scales. Ecohydrodynamics play a pivotal role in the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems, however the lack of integrated complex flow models for deep-water ecosystems beyond the coastal zone prevents further synthesis in these settings. We present a hydrodynamic model for one of Earth''s most biologically diverse deep-water ecosystems, cold-water coral reefs. The Mingulay Reef Complex (western Scotland) is an inshore seascape of cold-water coral reefs formed by the scleractinian coral Lophelia pertusa. We applied single-image edge detection and composite front maps using satellite remote sensing, to detect oceanographic fronts and peaks of chlorophyll a values that likely affect food supply to corals and other suspension-feeding fauna. We also present a high resolution 3D ocean model to incorporate salient aspects of the regional and local oceanography. Model validation using in situ current speed, direction and sea elevation data confirmed the model''s realistic representation of spatial and temporal aspects of circulation at the reef complex including a tidally driven current regime, eddies, and downwelling phenomena. This novel combination of 3D hydrodynamic modelling and remote sensing in deep-water ecosystems improves our understanding of the temporal and spatial scales of ecological processes occurring in marine systems. The modelled information has been integrated into a 3D GIS, providing a user interface for visualization and interrogation of results that allows wider ecological application of the model and that can provide valuable input for marine biodiversity and conservation applications.     

Vulnerability, livelihood assets and institutional dynamics in the management of wetlands in Lake Victoria watershed basin

This paper uses data from 600 households in the Lake Victoria watershed in Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda to analyze the effects of vulnerabilities and shocks on the management and exploitation of wetlands within the context of agricultural activities and high poverty levels. A multinomial logit model is used to determine variables that influence the perception of wetlands degradation, while a tobit model is used to establish the determinants of willingness to pay for wetland conservation and the imputed value of wetland product extracts. The model results show that although the perception of wetland degradation is modest, it is influenced by attributes of social capital. Variables such as floods, diseases and droughts significantly influence the households’ willingness to pay for wetland conservation. Land size and ownership, education level and household size all influence households’ likelihood to actively engage in wetland resource exploitation and willingness to pay for its conservation. The implications of these results hinge on measures that would moderate the effects of shocks, mobilize collective action, and improve physical infrastructure within the context of sustainable wetland resource use.     

Neotropical wetlands: New instruments in ecosystem management

The management of wetland ecosystems in the neotropics is a challenging task due to the ecological, geographical and socio-political complexity of these areas. These difficulties are compounded by an incomplete knowledge of system dynamics and the potential impacts that economic activities may have on wetland ecosystem functioning. There is a growing body of potential tools that can be utilized to study and monitor these large complex ecosystems. These include the use of remote sensing information, in situ hydrological and microclimate sensors with long-term dataloggers, hydrological and ecological modelling approaches based on limited historical data, energy-based models, ecological-economic indicators of wetland resource use and others. We tested some of these approaches in an international research project dedicated to the study of a large Argentine wetland, the Esteros del Ibera (www.unisi.it/wetland). The study focused on examining and developing instruments for the management of Latin American wetlands. Local and regional decision makers are now using project-generated instruments to make decisions for wetland resource management. The creation of innovative decision-making tools for sustainable wetland-resource utilization is an important challenge for the future.This revised version was published online in March 2005 with corrections to the issue cover date.