Cytogenetical damage in exfoliated oral mucosa cells in elderly people suffering denture stomatitis

doi:10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2009.00315.x
Cytogenetical damage in exfoliated oral mucosa cells in elderly people suffering denture stomatitis Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate comparatively the DNA damage (micronucleus) and cellular death (pyknosis, karyolysis and karyorrhexis) in exfoliated oral mucosa cells from chronic denture stomatitis patients and healthy controls. Background: Over the course of ageing, individuals may develop many diseases such as denture stomatitis. Material and methods: A total of 23 chronic denture stomatitis patients and 23 controls presenting good oral conditions were included in this study. Individuals had epithelial cells mechanically exfoliated, placed in fixative and placed on clean slides, which were checked for nuclear phenotypes. Results: The results indicated no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) of micronucleated oral mucosa cells from chronic denture stomatitis patients when compared to healthy controls. Nevertheless, chronic denture stomatitis was able to increase other nuclear alterations closely related to cytotoxicity such as karyorrhexis, pyknosis and karyolysis as depicted by significant differences (p < 0.05) between groups. No interaction was observed between smoking and chronic denture stomatitis. Conclusion: In summary, these data indicated that chronic denture stomatitis was able to induce cytotoxic effects as assessed by a micronucleus test.     

Management of recurrent apthous ulcer using Corticosteroids,Local anesthetics and nutritional supplements

Recurrent Aphthous ulcers are the most common oral lesions among dental patients. The ulcers, which usually occur on the nonkeratinized oral mucosa, can cause considerable pain and may interfere with eating, speaking, and swallowing. Therefore, it is of interest to report data on the management of recurrent aphthous ulcer using corticosteroids, local anesthetics and nutritional supplements. Case sheets of 76 patients who underwent treatment for recurrent aphthous ulcer between June 2019 and March 2020 at the Saveetha Dental College, India were used in this analysis. Data was analyzed using Chi square test at a P value < 0.05 that is statistically significant. Results show that topical anaesthetics in population (49%) were more effective that corticosteroids. Thus, topical anaesthetics are recommended for recurrent aphthous ulcer.     

Expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor and CD34 in oral aphthous lesions of Behçet's disease

OBJECTIVE: Beh?et's disease (BD) is an immunoin-flammatory vasculitis with an unknown etiopathogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a cytokine-stimulating angiogenesis. It has been suggested to play a role in inflammation and pathogenesis of vasculitic processes. STUDY DESIGN: VEGF and CD34 expressions were assessed in samples taken from oral aphthous lesions. The patients were evaluated for disease activity, duration of lesions, serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). RESULTS: Twenty-six patients were included. Fourteen (53.9%) had increased CRP levels and 12 (46.1%) had increased ESR levels. Positive VEGF and CD34 staining were detected in 46.2% and 69.2% of biopsy samples, respectively. There was good positive correlation between them. The frequency of positive VEGF and CD34 staining was statistically higher in lesions with a duration of more than 6 days. No correlation was found between positive VEGF staining and serum CRP level, ESR and disease activity. CONCLUSION: Increased VEGF expression in correlation with CD34 positivity in oral aphthous lesions may show the role of VEGF in pathogenesis of these vasculitic lesions. We have concluded that VEGF may play a role during the course of oral aphthous lesions in BD.     

Levamisole in aphthous stomatitis: evaluation of three regimens.

One hundred and twenty-four patients who had had recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) for two to 53 years took part in three studies to assess the effectiveness of levamisole and determine an adequate regimen. In study 1 and the first half of study 2 both of which were double-blind, levamisole 150 mg/day (or placebo) was given on three consecutive days in every fortnight. In the second two months of study 2 and in the open trial (study 3) three-day courses were given only when an episode of RAS occurred. The drug was well tolerated. The signs and symptoms of RAS improved gradually and significantly in those treated with levamisole but not in those on placebo, and intergroup differences were also significantly in favour of the active drug. Improvement occurred earlier in study 3 than in the other two studies. Hence levamisole may prevent new episodes of RAS.     

Anticoagulant and Fibrinolytic Disorders in Patients with Behçet's Disease and Recurrent Aphthous Ulcer

Beh?et's disease (BD) is a chronic multisystemic inflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent oral and genital aphthous ulcers, uveitis and skin lesions. Recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU) is the most prevalent oral mucosal disease in humans. The pathogenesis and thrombopoiesis of BD and RAU have not been fully clarified. To reveal the haemostatic dysfunctions in the patients with BD and RAU, we evaluated the levels of coagulant, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic parameters in these patients.Factor VIII clotting activity (FVIII:c), protein C antigen (PC:Ag), total protein S antigen (TPS: Ag), tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen (t-PA:Ag), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 antigen (PAI-1:Ag) and D-dimer were detected in 24 BD, 58 RAU patients and 50 controls. Results showed that levels of PC:Ag, TPS:Ag, PAI-1:Ag and D-dimer were significantly elevated in both BD and RAU patients compared with controls (P<0.01). PAI-1:Ag was even higher in BD patients than in RAU patients (74.99±12.28 vs. 69.57±13.11, P<0.05), whereas the level of t-PA:Ag was significantly reduced in patients with BD and RAU (P<0.01). In patients with RAU, PC:Ag was lower in major aphthous ulcer (MjAU) group than in minor aphthous ulcer (MiAU) group (P<0.05). The expression of FVIII:c was significantly elevated in MiAU patients compared with controls (P<0.01), while no difference was observed between MjAU patients and controls (P>0.05). Our studies showed that there were anticoagulant and fibrinolytic disorders in BD patients, which may be responsible for diminished fibrinolysis in BD. Some haemostatic parameters may be correlated with the severity of RAU.     

Chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis: oral treatment with low-dose interferon alpha

Recombinant human interferon alfa-2a (HuIFN alpha) was administered orally once daily in a low concentration (1,200 IU/day) to nine patients with chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), and a placebo solution was given to 10 control chronic RAS patients in a double-blind study. All HuIFN alpha-treated patients had total remission of their aphthae within a 2-week period, while placebo control patients had no change in their condition. The 10 placebo control patients were then treated with HuIFN alpha in a manner identical to that used for the initial principal group. Within a 2-week period, all original placebo patients had complete remission of their aphthae. Eleven of the patients did not have a recurrence of RAS during a subsequent 6-month observation period. Eight patients had recurring aphthae; however, the lesions were resolved by retreating with oral HuIFN alpha for less than 1 week.     

Recurrent aphthae: treatment with vitamin B12, folic acid,and iron.

A series of 130 consecutive outpatients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis were screened at the oral medicine department, Glasgow Dental Hospital, for deficienciesin vitamin b12, folic acid, and iron. In 23 patients (17.7%) such deficiencies werefound; five were deficient in vitamin B12, seven in folic acid, and 15 in iron. Four had more than one deficiency. Out of 130 controls matched for age and sex 11 (8.5%) were found to have deficiencies. The 23 deficient patients with recurrent aphthaewere treated with specific replacement therapy, and all 130 patients were followed up for at least one year. Of the 23 patients on replacement therapy 15 showed complete remission of ulceration and eight definite improvement. Of the 107 patientswith no deficiency receiving local symptomatic treatment only 33 had a remission or wereimproved. This difference was significant (P less than 0.001). Most patients withproved vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency improved rapidly on replacement therapy;those with iron deficiency showed a less dramatic response. The 23 deficient patientswere further investigated to determine the cause of their deficiencies and detect the presence of any associated conditions. Four were found to have Addisonian perniciousanaemia. Seven had a malabsorption syndrome, which in five proved to be a gluten-induced enteropathy. In addition, there were single patients with idiopathic proctocolitis, diverticular disease of the colon, regional enterocolitis, and adenocarcinoma of thecaecum. We suggest that the high incidence of deficiencies found in this series andthe good response to replacement therapy shows the need for haematological screening of such patients.     

Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in an elderly population in the city of Valparaiso,Chile

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2012.00663.x Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in an elderly population in the city of Valparaiso, Chile Objective: Chilean population is ageing, which means an increase in the prevalence of multiple pathologies, including those located in the oral cavity. Aim: To measure the prevalence and distribution of oral mucosal lesions and to identify associated risk factors in elderly patients in the city of Valparaiso. Material and methods: This study includes 126 patients over 60 years. The sample was calculated with a sampling error of 3.7% from a population size of 6000 file cards. Frequency and contingency tables were made together with odds ratios, with a confidence interval of 95%. Finally, we built a predictive model based on a binary logistic regression. Results: From the whole sample, 85 patients (67.5%) had some oral mucosal lesion. The most frequent lesions were denture‐induced stomatitis (37.1%). It was noted that there is a statistically significant association between the use of denture and the presence of oral candidiasis. The consumption of drugs and the use of denture increase the likelihood of having oral mucosal lesions. Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of oral lesions in the elderly patients of Valparaiso. The use of drugs and /or denture increases significantly the likelihood that a person over 60 years presents lesions in the oral mucosa.     

Metallic ion content and damage to the DNA in oral mucosa cells of children with fixed orthodontic appliances

Although the metal devices used in orthodontic treatments are manufactured highly resistance to corrosion, they may still suffer some localized corrosion resulting from the oral cavity conditions. The corrosion causes the release of metals from the alloys used for their manufacture. In this report, we evaluated the in vivo metal ions release of three alloys (stainless steel, titanium and nickel-free) usually used in the orthodontics treatments and its genotoxicity. We applied to 15 patients, between 12 and 16 years, 4 tubes and 20 brackets. Samples from oral mucosa were taken before the treatment and 30 days later. The concentration of the titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum and iron were detected using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The genotoxicity was measured with a comet assay (Olive moment). The oral mucosa cells in contact with the stainless steel alloy displayed the greatest titanium and manganese concentrations and those in contact with the nickel-free alloy presented the greatest concentration of chromium and iron. Both alloys, stainless steel and nickel-free, induced a higher DNA damage in the oral mucosa cells than the titanium alloy, in which the Olive moment was similar to controls. Based on the results of our study, we can conclude that titanium brackets and tubes are the most biocompatible of the three alloys.     

Possibilities of using neurotropic agents for preventing the development of aphthous stomatitis

Aphthous lesions of the oral mucosa were simulated in dogs by common bile duct ligation. In one of the experimental groups, the animals were administered the beta-adrenoblocker obsidan 30 min before operation. Two hours after operation the regions of the oral mucosa mostly affected by aphthous lesions were examined for the content of adrenaline and noradrenaline (NA). The data obtained indicate a significant increase in the content of NA and adrenaline in the oral mucosa 2 h following operation. In animals pretreated with obsidan, the content of catecholamines remained at the level seen in the control group. Therefore, blocking the transmission of nerve impulses to the sympathetic nervous system obsidan interferes with the reflex influence from the involved organs of the abdominal cavity, thereby protecting the oral mucosa tissues from the damage-inducing action of high concentrations of NA.     

Recombinant human alfa2-interferon (reaferon) in ointment form in the treatment of various diseases of the skin and mucosa

Clinical trials of the gene engineered human alpha 2-interferon as ointment were performed. The ointment was used in the treatment of patients with relapsing herpes of various localization, relapsing aphthous stomatitis and pemphigus vulgaris. It was shown that the ointment was harmless and its therapeutic effect was favourable. The preparation is recommended for introduction into the practice of public health.     

IL-15 is highly expressed in inflammatory bowel disease and regulates local T cell-dependent cytokine production

IL-15 shares biological activities but no significant sequence homology with IL-2. It induces T cell recruitment to sites of inflammation, T cell proliferation, and cytokine production and rescue from apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate expression of IL-15 and its effects on proinflammatory cytokine production in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated local IL-15 production by macrophages in inflamed mucosa from IBD patients. Isolated lamina propria mononuclear cells from these patients but not from controls produced IL-15 when stimulated with LPS or IFN-gamma. Moreover, lamina propria T cells (LP-T) from IBD patients were more responsive to IL-15 as compared with controls, and IL-15 alone without a primary T cell stimulus induced IFN-gamma and TNF production by isolated IBD LP-T cells, especially by LP-T cells from patients with Crohn's disease. LP-T cells from IBD patients could induce CD40-CD40 ligand (CD40L) interaction-dependent TNF and IL-12 production by monocytes in a coculture system. This capacity of LP-T cells was strongly enhanced by preincubation in IL-15 and was the result of higher CD40L expression after culture in IL-15. These data indicate that IL-15 is overexpressed in the inflamed mucosa in IBD and that IL-15 enhances local T cell activation, proliferation, and proinflammatory cytokine production by both T cells and macrophages, the latter via a CD40-CD40L interaction-dependent mechanism. Treatment directed against IL-15 may have therapeutic potential in IBD.     

INFORMATION: MATERNITY PRACTICES IN HOSPITALS IN CALIFORNIA

Many forms of therapy have been tried for aphthous stomatitis in the past without success. The effect of hydrocortisone was tested because of its anti-inflammatory and antiallergic action. Little benefit was derived from such therapy in a series of 26 patients as far as healing time was concerned but many were noticeably relieved of pain.     

Cytological changes in oral mucosa in denture stomatitis

The cytological patterns associated with the atrophic and hyperplastic forms of denture stomatitis (DS) were studied in 94 patients with DS and 33 controls. Forty percent of patients with DS and 30% of patients in the control group had a positive culture for Candida. When compared to the smears from the control group patients, the smears from patients with DS presented a higher amount of: i) cytological cellular material; ii) fungal cells; iii) cells of the intermediate and parabasal types; iv) cells of the intermediate type with a positive culture for Candida; and v) polymorphonuclear leukocytes, preferentially in association with a positive culture for Candida. Conversely, smears from the control group showed a higher percentage of cells of the superficial type than those of the patients with DS. Although no specific changes in the DS-affected mucosa have been observed by cytology, we consider that this is a useful, easy and inexpensive technique that gives important information about the inflamed mucosa it can be used in the treatment and control of these patients.     

Candida-associated denture stomatitis

Candida-associated denture stomatitis was demonstrated by its cultivation in 171 out of 240 patients examined with partial or total dentures. After taking smears from lesions of the oral mucosa (tongue, cheeks, palate) and the contiguous denture surface by cotton wool swabs and inoculating them onto Sabouraud glucose agar and CHROMagarCandida, individual yeast species were identified by a germ tube. filamentous, and assimilation tests employing the commercial kit AuxaColor. SevenCandida species were identified in smears from the oral mucosa lesions and the contiguous denture surface:C. albicans (95 patients),C. tropicalis (26).C. parapsilosis (20),C. krusei (14),C. guilliermondii (12),C. lusitaniae (1) andC. freyschusii (1). Diabetes mellitus, neoplastic diseases, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy were identified as some of the large number of factors predisposing patients to stomatitis prothetica.     

Clinical aspects of Behcet's syndrome

Beh?et's syndrome is characterized by the recurrent ulceration of the genitals, aphthous lesions of the mouth, uveitis, or iridocyclitis followed by hypopyon. Morbidity is increasing in the regions of the Central and North Europe. The disease is endemic in the region of Mediterranean Sea and Japan. Clinical course of Beh?et's syndrome in WHO classification in 4 patients in discussed. Aphthous stomatitis, ulceration of the genitals and iridocyclitis dominated in the symptomatology. Several laboratory tests including complement, immunoglobulins and HLA B-27 were carried out. No abnormal values were seen. A survey of literature on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapy is given.     

Changes in the blood microcirculation in the mouth mucosa in experimental stomatitis

Aphthous lesions in the oral mucosa (OM) were simulated in dog experiments by ligation of the common bile duct. In one of the experimental groups the beta-adrenoblocker propranolol was administered 30 min before surgery. Two hours after surgery the animals manifested changes in blood microcirculation of the OM. In animals treated with propranolol, the characteristics of blood microcirculation remained within normal. It is concluded that the development of aphthous lesions is preceded by functional disorders of blood microcirculation in the OM which are probably related to alterations in the neurovascular system.     

First descriptions of early- and middle-stage copepodids of Anthosoma crassum (Dichelesthiidae: Siphonostomatoida) and lesions on shortfin makos (Isurus oxyrinchus) infected with A. crassum

Early- and middle-stage copepodids of Anthosoma crassum (Dichelesthiidae: Siphonostomatoida) and lesions associated with A. crassum infections are described from samples collected from the jaws of shortfin makos captured off southern California. The copepodids did not possess frontal filaments or frontal organs, and they resided in a headstandlike position firmly attached by their embedded antennae. Copepod larvae and small adults were lodged in shallow mucosal ulcers that basally exhibited mild, acute granulocytic stomatitis; large adults were lodged in deep tunnels encompassing the anterior aspects of their bodies. Some lesions contained more than I copepod. Examinations of lesions revealed that A. crassum infection of shortfin makos can result in severe subacute, necrotizing stomatitis with hemorrhage, granulation tissue, and lymphocytic aggregations in the mucosa, and reactive lymphocytic infiltration of the submucosal skeletal muscle. Copepod gut contents consisted of shark erythrocytes, hemosiderin granules, and necrotic host cells. These observations, along with reports of sharks heavily infected with A. crassum, suggest that this copepod may sometimes play a role in the morbidity and mortality of sharks that it infects.     

Growth hormone and somatostatin interaction in the ulcerogenic effect of cysteamine in female rats

It is known that cysteamine's ulcerogenic effect depends, among others, on a depletion of somatostatin (SRIH). Since growth hormone (GH) affects the release of hypothalamic SRIH, we have studied the influence of GH and the GH-SRIH interaction on the severity of gastric mucosa lesions induced by cysteamine. Female rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were pretreated with GH (1 mg/kg) and subjected to cysteamine-induced gastric lesions. We found that these animals showed an increased mortality and severity of gastric lesions. Pretreatment with SRIH (25 or 50 μg/kg) was followed by a decrease in mortality and of incidence and severity of gastric mucosa lesions as compared to those found in control animals pretreated with saline. The dose of 5μg/kg was ineffective in this respect. The combined administration of GH and SRIH revealed that cysteamine ulcerogenic action remained unchanged. It is possible that high levels of plasma GH, as induced by exogenous GH administration, may decrease the release of gastro-intestinal SRIH and this in turn may potentiate the ulcerogenic activity of cysteamine.