Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi induced changes in rhizosphere,essential oil and mineral nutrients uptake in dill/common bean intercropping system

The fundamental aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of Funneliformis mosseae on nutrient uptake and distribution in solo cropping and intercropping of common bean Phaseolus vulgaris and dill Anethum graveolens in the field, using a factorial arrangement of treatments. The factors were seven cropping systems including (a) common bean sole cropping (40 plants m^?2), (b) dill sole cropping at different densities (25, 50 and 75 plants m^?2) and (c) the additive intercropping of dill/common bean (25/40, 50/40 and 75/40 plants m^?2), with (+AM) or without (?AM) arbuscular mycorrhiza colonisation. In all cropping systems, AM colonisation improved dry weight and P, K, Fe, Zn and Mn contents of dill plants. Cultivable bacterial community was also increased in the dill/common bean intercropping. Yield of essential oil in dill shoot was improved as a result of AM colonisation and intercropping.     

In vitro and greenhouse evaluations of Trichoderma isolates for biological control of potato wilt disease (Fusarium solani)

The biological efficacy of Trichoderma species may differ due to variations in ecosystems. This study was conducted to assess the biocontrol efficacy of some native Trichoderma isolates against Fusarium solani, an important causal agent of potato wilt disease under laboratory and greenhouse conditions at Shahrood Agricultural Research Centre, Shahrood, Iran, during 2006–2007. Fourteen isolates were collected among which eight showed promising ability in inhibiting the growth of the pathogen through dual culture and production of volatile and non-volatile inhibitors but T. brevicompactum (T1), T. longibrachiatum (T5) and T. asperellum (T2) were almost better than other isolates in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the pathogen in comparison to control in the above three tests (p ≤ 0.01). Isolates performing mycoparasitism under in vitro condition were evaluated against the disease in pot culture under greenhouse condition. In all treatments in which Trichoderma isolates + F. solani were involved lower disease incidence was noticed in comparison to Fusarium-infested control (p ≤ 0.05). Best disease control was observed in potted plants treated with F. solani + T. longibrachiatum (T5) with 6.25% disease incidence in comparison to Fusarium-infested control, in which disease incidence was observed to be 75%. Interaction of T. brevicompactum (T1) and F. solani also indicated good control of the disease by 12.50% of disease incidence.     

Application of Bacillus pumilus as a potential biocontrol agent of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The current study aimed at evaluating the possibility of native Bacillus pumilus species to control Fusarium wilt in tomato and examine its effect on plant growth. Biocontrol traits of B. pumilus strains, biofilm assay, root colonisation and in vivo studies under pot conditions were determined. Strain ToIrMA-KC806242 formed biofilm efficiently and could colonise and survive on tomato rhizosphere (3.1 × 10⁴ CFU/g of root). The amount of auxin production was recorded 29.7 μg/ml at the 96th hour of incubation. Siderophore production was determined positive, while ToIrMA was not able to solubilise phosphate compounds or produce cyanide hydrogen. Statistical analysis of data revealed that the increase in root and shoot length was recorded 60 and 84%, respectively, over control. In addition, about 73% reduction in disease incidence was determined in vivo experiments. In conclusion, this study suggests B. pumilus ToIrMA strain as a possible biocontrol agent in the field experiments.     

绿色木霉TV41对尖孢镰刀菌FW0在西瓜植株空间分布和枯萎病防控效果的影响

【目的】为进一步探究盆栽试验条件下绿色木霉TV41 (Trichoderma viride TV41)对尖孢镰刀菌FW0 (Fusarium oxysporum FW0)在西瓜植株空间分布的影响以及对西瓜枯萎病的防控效果。【方法】通过定期检测不同处理西瓜根际/根表尖孢镰刀菌的数量、西瓜植株根内/茎内尖孢镰刀菌的数量以及植株侧根被侵染比例和尖孢镰刀菌在植株内的侵染进程,进行多次盆栽试验并统计发病率。【结果】当绿色木霉和尖孢镰刀菌接种量均为5×105孢子/g基质时,绿色木霉TV41在西瓜根际/根表的定殖数量明显高于尖孢镰刀菌FW0的数量,接种了绿色木霉TV41的处理,根际/根表尖孢镰刀菌的数量(103/g基质)显著低于仅接种FW0的对照(104/g基质);绿色木霉TV41不仅能够有效减缓尖孢镰刀菌在西瓜植株内的侵染进程,而且能够有效降低西瓜植株根内、茎内尖孢镰刀菌的数量。与对照(只接种FW0)相比,接种绿色木霉后西瓜枯萎病的发病率从66%降低到27%。【结论】绿色木霉TV41能够通过影响尖孢镰刀菌FW0在西瓜植株的空间分布,从而有效防控西瓜枯萎病的发生,防控效果达到60%。     

Role of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Y1 in the control of Fusarium wilt disease and growth promotion of tomato

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Y1 on the control of Fusarium wilt disease and subsequent improvement in the growth of tomato plants. The Y1 strain strongly inhibited Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in vitro and also produced indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in both the presence and absence of tryptophan. Over 96% of tomato seeds germinated when treated with either water, tryptone soy broth, or Y1 cultures, whereas root (5.40?cm) and shoot (5.15?cm) lengths were greatest in tomato seedlings treated with Y1 cultures that lacked tryptophan. Three experimental treatments – Black White medium (BW), BW medium with a commercial fungicide (BW?+?F), and Y1 culture inoculated in BW medium (Y1) – were applied to control Fusarium wilt disease under in vivo conditions. Application of Y1 culture and BW?+?F led to significantly lower disease incidence than did BW; moreover, shoot length and fresh and dry weight of both roots and shoots were greater in plants treated with Y1 than in plants treated with either BW or BW?+?F. A similar trend was observed for chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities in roots and leaves of tomato plants in all treatment groups over most of the experimental period. Finally, the presence of Y1 in the rhizospheric soils of Y1-treated plants resulted in a significant reduction in the populations of other bacteria. The results of our study demonstrated the effectiveness of Y1 not only in the control of Fusarium wilt disease but also for the enhancement of plant growth in cultivated tomato.     

丛枝菌根真菌对郁金香生长及其切花生理的影响

为认识丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）对郁金香Tulipa gesneriana生长、光合特性以及切后瓶插期生理的影响,通过温室盆栽接种试验,以摩西斗管囊霉Funneliformis mosseae和幼套近明球囊霉Claroideoglomus etunicatum分别单独接种和共同接种,进行温室盆栽实验。结果表明,共同接种F. mosseae和C. etunicatum的郁金香叶片叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量和总叶绿素含量均显著高于不接种对照,分别增加了32%、18%和28%。与不接种对照相比,接种AMF处理的郁金香叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度和蒸腾速率均显著提高,共同接种F. mosseae和C. etunicatum的郁金香在正午12点达到光合参数最大值。接种AMF处理的郁金香花葶长、地上干物质质量、地上鲜物质质量和叶面积均高于不接种对照,开花期早于不接种对照。切花瓶插期间,接种AMF处理的郁金香切花花瓣可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）等抗氧化酶活性比不接种对照显著提高;且降低了膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）含量和相对电导率。接种处理有效地改善切花花枝的水分平衡,并延长郁金香切花的瓶插寿命、最佳观赏期和花期。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance the growth of the exotic species Ambrosia artemisiifolia

丛枝菌根真菌促进外来植物豚草的生长 丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)可以通过其菌丝增加寄主植物对养分的吸收,从而促进植物生长。丛枝菌根真菌一直与大多数外来植物的成功入侵联系在一起。然而,有关丛枝菌根真菌如何影响植物入侵成功的机制仍然有待研究。豚草(Ambrosia artemisiifolia)是一种外来的菌根植物。通过长期田间实验,我们研究了种间竞争对豚草和狗尾草(Setaria viridis)根系丛枝菌根真菌多样性和组成的影响。此外,在温室实验中探究了摩西球囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)对这两种植物生长的影响。研究结果表明,豚草入侵改变了本地植物狗尾草根系丛枝菌根真菌的多样性。另外,豚草根系中摩西球囊霉的相对多度显著高于狗尾草根系中。在田间和温室实验中均发现外来种豚草的丛枝菌根真菌侵染率高于本地种狗尾草。温室实验结果表明,丛枝菌根真菌通过影响豚草的光合能力以及磷和钾的吸收而促进豚草生长。这些研究结果揭示了丛枝菌根真菌和豚草成功入侵之间的重要关系。     

Induced systemic resistance in tomato by non-pathogenic Fusarium species for the management of Fusarium wilt

Isolates of non-pathogenic Fusarium moniliforme (Fu3, Fu7 and Fu24), F. oxysporum (Fu2, Fu4), F. solani (Fu25) and F. merismoides (Fu1) that were found to be effective in reducing wilt incidence in tomato were tested for their potential to elicit induced systemic resistance (ISR) in tomato. Talc formulations of these isolates derived from liquid fermentation as well as cell elicitors of these cultures were tested. Changes in the phenol and total protein contents and activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase were studied. Isolate Fu3 induced more phenol and total protein contents as well as activities of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. Elicitors of Fu2 induced more of these compounds and enzymes. Although Fu1, Fu4 and Fu24 were found to give good control against Fusarium wilt incidence in an earlier study, they were less effective in inducing these defense related compounds. Peroxidase activity was increased when plants were treated with Fu3, Fu4, Fu7, Fu24 and Fu25, whereas polyphenol oxidase activity was increased only with the isolate Fu3 and elicitor of Fu2. It is suggested that ISR was the mode of action for the isolates Fu2 and Fu3, whereas for the other isolates, the mode of action may be root colonisation, competition for nutrition and so on. The role of ISR with non-pathogenic isolates of Fusarium spp. is discussed.     

Evaluation of Soil Streptomyces spp. for the Biological Control of Fusarium Wilt Disease and Growth Promotion in Tomato and Banana

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), are the causal agent of Fusarium wilt disease of tomato and banana, respectively, and cause significant yield losses worldwide. A cost-effective measure, such as biological control agents, was used as an alternative method to control these pathogens. Therefore, in this study, six isolates of the Streptomyces-like colony were isolated from soils and their antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic fungi and plant growth-promoting (PGP) activity were assessed. The results showed that these isolates could inhibit the mycelial growth of Fol and Foc. Among them, isolate STRM304 showed the highest percentage of mycelial growth reduction and broad-spectrum antagonistic activity against all tested fungi. In the pot experiment study, the culture filtrate of isolates STRM103 and STRM104 significantly decreased disease severity and symptoms in Fol inoculated plants. Similarly, the culture filtrate of the STRM304 isolate significantly reduced the severity of the disease and symptoms of the disease in Foc inoculated plants. The PGP activity test presents PGP activities, such as indole acetic acid production, phosphate solubilization, starch hydrolysis, lignin hydrolysis, and cellulase activity. Interestingly, the application of the culture filtrate from all isolates increased the percentage of tomato seed germination and stimulated the growth of tomato plants and banana seedlings, increasing the elongation of the shoot and the root and shoot and root weight compared to the control treatment. Therefore, the isolate STRM103 and STRM104, and STRM304 could be used as biocontrol and PGP agents for tomato and banana, respectively, in sustainable agriculture.     

Different mechanisms of Trichoderma virens‐mediated resistance in tomato against Fusarium wilt involve the jasmonic and salicylic acid pathways

In the present study, we investigated the role of Trichoderma virens (TriV_JSB100) spores or cell‐free culture filtrate in the regulation of growth and activation of the defence responses of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici by the development of a biocontrol–plant–pathogen interaction system. Two‐week‐old tomato seedlings primed with TriV_JSB100 spores cultured on barley grains (BGS) or with cell‐free culture filtrate (CF) were inoculated with Fusarium pathogen under glasshouse conditions; this resulted in significantly lower disease incidence in tomato Oogata‐Fukuju plants treated with BGS than in those treated with CF. To dissect the pathways associated with this response, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) signalling in BGS‐ and CF‐induced resistance was evaluated using JA‐ and SA‐impaired tomato lines. We observed that JA‐deficient mutant def1 plants were susceptible to Fusarium pathogen when they were treated with BGS. However, wild‐type (WT) BGS‐treated tomato plants showed a higher JA level and significantly lower disease incidence. SA‐deficient mutant NahG plants treated with CF were also found to be susceptible to Fusarium pathogen and displayed low SA levels, whereas WT CF‐treated tomato plants exhibited moderately lower disease levels and substantially higher SA levels. Expression of the JA‐responsive defensin gene PDF1 was induced in WT tomato plants treated with BGS, whereas the SA‐inducible pathogenesis‐related protein 1 acidic (PR1a) gene was up‐regulated in WT tomato plants treated with CF. These results suggest that TriV_JSB100 BGS and CF differentially induce JA and SA signalling cascades for the elicitation of Fusarium oxysporum resistance in tomato.     

Molecular diversity of native Trichoderma isolates against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.). A casual agent of Fusarium wilt in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Fusarium wilt in tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum is the one of the problematic diseases. In this study, 12 native Trichoderma isolates were isolated from different land use types in Rayalaseema region of Andhrapradesh, India and were tested for antagonistic activity against F. oxysporum using dual culture method; the maximum inhibition occurred in WT₂ (78.4%) compared to the control. Molecular characterisation using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique reported 91.8% polymorphism among 12 isolates of Trichoderma. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA amplification with genus-specific ITS1 and ITS4 universal primers produced amplicon size from 569 bp in all the isolates. The study resulted in identification of good competitive Trichoderma isolates against F. oxysporum. A relationship was found between the polymorphism showed by the Trichoderma isolates and their hardness to F. oxysporum during antagonism. Also, exhibition of sufficient genetic polymorphism aids further exploitation in genomic fingerprinting.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and biological control of Verticillium-wilted cotton plants

The interaction of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus etunicatum, Glomus intraradices, and Glomus versiforme) with a wilt-causing soil-borne pathogen, Verticillium dahliae, was studied in cotton. It was found that establishment by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduced disease index. In diseased cotton plants colonised by G. etunicatum, the disease index was less than other diseased mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal ones. In diseased cotton plants, chlorophyll content was lower than others. Three Glomus species significantly increased content of sugar and protein in shoot and root. Pathogen-infected plants had higher proline concentration in shoot and root than healthy plants. On the other hand, the increased content of proline as stress sensor showed that Verticillium accelerates senescence and reduces yield. These results suggest that the beneficial effects of mycorrhiza can alleviate the pathogenesis effects of V. dahliae partly, and also there is a competitive interaction between the pathogenic and symbiotic fungi.     

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas fluorescens on root-rot and wilt,growth and yield of Coleus forskohlii

Root-rot and wilt caused by Fusarium chlamydosporum affects the cultivation of Coleus forskohlii, a medicinal plant grown for its roots, which contain a pharmaceutically important compound called forskolin. In this study, management of this disease under low and high inoculum levels was assessed with four arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. The AM fungus Glomus fasciculatum and P. fluorescens were the most effective treatments that reduced the severity of root-rot and wilt of C. forskohlii by 56–65% and 61–66%, respectively, under lower and higher levels of pathogen F. chlamydosporum. G. fasciculatum increased the dry shoot and root weight by 108–241% and 92–204%, respectively, while in plants treated with P. fluorescens, an increase of 97–223% and 97–172% in dry shoot and root weight, respectively, was observed. Although P. fluorescens was effective, it gave higher root yields only under lower inoculum level of the pathogen. G. fasciculatum performed equally well under both lower and higher inoculum levels. Increase in yields with both the biocontrol agents was accompanied by increase in P uptake (230–303%) and in K uptake (270–335%). The forskolin content of the roots was significantly increased (14–21%) by G. fasciculatum, P. fluorescens or G. mosseae under lower inoculum level of pathogen.     

Endophytic bacteria from Datura metel for plant growth promotion and bioprotection against Fusarium wilt in tomato

Nine non-pathogenic bacterial isolates, recovered from Datura metel organs and able to colonise the internal stem tissues of tomato cultivar Rio Grande, were screened for their ability to suppress tomato Fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), and to enhance plant growth. S33 and S85 isolates tested were found to be the most effective in decreasing Fusarium wilt severity by 94–95% compared to FOL-inoculated and untreated control. A significant enhancement of growth parameters was recorded on tomato plants inoculated or not with FOL. Both isolates were characterised and identified using 16S rDNA sequencing genes as Stenotrophomonas sp. str. S33 (KR818084) and Pseudomonas sp. str. S85 (KR818087). Screened in vitro for their antifungal activity towards FOL, these isolates led to 38.7% and 22.5% decrease in pathogen radial growth and to the formation of an inhibition zone of 12.75 and 8.37?mm respectively. Stenotrophomonas sp. str. S33 and Pseudomonas sp. str. S85 were found to be chitinase-, protease- and pectinase-producing strains but unable to produce hydrogen cyanide. Production of indole-3-acetic acid-like compounds, phosphate solubilising ability and pectinase activity were investigated for elucidating their plant growth-promoting traits and their endophytic colonisation ability.     

Analysis of interspecific relationships between Funneliformis mosseae and Fusarium oxysporum in the continuous cropping of soybean rhizosphere soil during the branching period

This study analysed the interspecific relationships between the dominant arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Funneliformis mosseae, and the major soybean root rot pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum, in the rhizosphere soil of continuous cropped soybean. Our aim was to provide theoretical evidence on the AM fungi to overcome the obstacles of soybean continuous cropping. We selected soybean cultivars, including Kenfeng 16 (an intermediate cultivar), Heinong 44 (a high-fat cultivar) and Heinong 48 (a high-protein cultivar), and sowed in the soybean continuous cropping soil under different treatments. The infection status of the soybean roots during the branching period by Fu. mosseae and F. oxysporum was estimated using the standard polymerase chain reaction method, as well as their colonisation status in rhizosphere soil. The AM fungal colonisation rates and F. oxysporum disease incidence of soybean roots were determined, respectively. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was applied to analyse the DNA content of Fu. mosseae and F. oxysporum to investigate the relationship between Fu. mosseae and F. oxysporum. The results show that both Fu. mosseae and F. oxysporum can infect the soybean roots during the branching period and colonise the rhizosphere. However, the DNA content of F. oxysporum clearly decreased in soybean root and rhizosphere samples after the inoculation with Fu. mosseae. In addition, the disease incidence of F. oxysporum significantly decreased after inoculation with Fu. mosseae, which might indicate inhibitive effects of Fu. mosseae over F. oxysporum.