Comparative studies on the growth,chlorophyll, amino acids and minerals of Thesium chinense (Santalaceae) in association with different hosts

Thesium chinense is a root hemiparasite and the whole weed serves as a traditional medicine in China. The resource of T. chinense is sharply declining, due to unsustainable exploitation and environmental destruction. At the same time, the obligate hemiparasitic nature and the relationship of the T. chinense‐host association are not well understood. In order to protect and cultivate T. chinense, we aimed to find a superior host for T. chinense by studying the effect of different hosts (eight host species and without host) on the growth, chlorophyll and nutrient content of pot‐cultured T. chinense. The results showed that the presence of a host species significantly promoted the growth of T. chinense but considerable differences existed among different host species. Imperata cylindrica, Prunella vulgaris, Chrysanthermum indicum were more efficient in promoting the growth of T. chinense than the other hosts. Thesium chinense chlorophyll (chl) concentration and chl a:chl b ratio increased significantly when grown with a host. Asp and Glu were the most common amino acids in T. chinense. Dry weight of T. chinense per plant was significantly positively correlated to the concentration of Pro (r=0.870, p<0.01), but significantly negatively correlated to the concentration of Gly (r=?0.688, p<0.01). Thesium chinense grown with a host had a high concentration of K, P, Cu and K/Ca ratio and a low Na concentration compared with those without host plants. Dry weight of T. chinense per plant was significantly positively correlated to the concentration of K. It is concluded that Imperata cylindrica, Prunella vulgaris, Chrysanthermum indicum are superior hosts for T. chinense.     

Genetic analysis of stunted growth by nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction in interspecific hybrids of Capsicum by using RAPD markers

When eight cultivars of Capsicum annuum were used as female parents in interspecific crosses with two accessions of C. chinense, dwarfism occurred in hybrids originating from 10 out of 16 combinations, while hybrids of the remaining 6 combinations grew normally. In contrast, when C. chinense was used as female parent, all of the hybrids showed severely stunted growth as if affected by a virus. These results suggested that the stunted growth expressed in the cross of C. chinense x C. annuum is caused by an interaction between nuclear gene(s) from C. annuum and the cytoplasm of C. chinense. To examine the number of nuclear gene(s) which cause(s) the stunted growth, we backcrossed F₁ hybrids of C. annuum x C. chinense to C. chinense. About one-quarter of the progeny in the backcrossed hybrids of C. chinense x (C. annuum x C. chinense) showed the same stunted growth shown by the f₁ hybrids of C. chinense x C. annuum, suggesting that two complementary genes of C. annuum cause the stunted growth. However, the higher abortion rates of ovules and lower germination percentage of seeds in C. chinense x C. annuum than in the selfed C. chinense implied that the genetic ratio of the stunted type would have been higher than that observed in the C. chinense x (C. annuum x C. chinense) progeny. We then attempted a linkage analysis between the stunted growth and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) of C. chinense x (C. annuum x C. chinense) progeny. A RAPD marker that associated with 94% of the stunted plants but not with 94% of the normal one was identified. This confirmed that a single nuclear gene of C. annuum which is linked to the RAPD marker with a recombination value of 6% causes the stunted growth in an interaction with the cytoplasm of C. chinense.     

基于Maxent模型的檵木分布格局模拟

应用最大熵模型（Maxent）模拟檵木（Loropetalum chinense）在末次间冰期（last inter glacial,LIG）、末次盛冰期（last glacial maximum,LGM）和当代（Present）等不同时期的中国潜在分布格局,分析影响其分布的主导生物气候因子。结果显示：（1）历史气候的变迁,檵木由末次间冰期经末次盛冰期进入当代,适生区面积呈现增加趋势。当代适生区面积占比最大,适生程度也较高;（2）训练数据和测试数据的AUC值分别为0.947和0.954,均达到了极高的精度;（3）刀切法检测表明,影响檵木分布的主导环境因子依次为bio14（最干月份平均降雨量）、bio17（极干季降雨量）、为bio19（极冷季平均降雨量）和bio15（湿度变化方差）,其适生值范围分别是23-93 mm,98-300 mm,110-350 mm和42%-65%;（4）较纬度而言,经度是影响我国檵木分布格局的主要因子;（5）我国檵木当代的潜在地理分布主要在北回归线以北的区域,总面积为162.55万km²,占国土总面积的16.93%,高适生区集中于广西北部、江西东部、以及湖南南部、福建东部等地区。本研究较为准确地模拟了檵木在3个不同时期的适生分布,为深入分析檵木现代分布格局的形成提供科学依据。     

未来气候变化对孑遗植物鹅掌楸地理分布的影响

为了解未来气候波动对鹅掌楸(Liriodendron chinense)潜在适生区的影响,利用最大熵模型(Maxent)和地理信息系统(ArcGIS)软件,结合物种地理分布点信息,对鹅掌楸当前适生区分布进行了模拟和划分,同时预测了2061-2080年间气候变化条件下鹅掌楸的潜在适生分布区变化,进而分析影响鹅掌楸地理分布...     

柴胡幼苗越冬抗寒性及其相关生理指标筛选

以北柴胡、地产柴胡、三岛柴胡的根为试验材料,以早春植株成活率为越冬抗寒性指标,测定越冬期不同柴胡品种根系生理生化特征,进行柴胡抗寒性综合评价,并对主要抗寒生理指标进行通径分析和相关性分析,以探讨冬季自然低温条件下柴胡生理特性与抗寒性的关系,筛选适合柴胡越冬抗寒性鉴定的生理指标。结果表明:(1)北柴胡、地产柴胡、三岛柴胡返青期的返青率依次为80%、50%、10%,且各品种间差异显著。(2)3个品种柴胡越冬期根系可溶性糖含量、游离脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量、根系活力与返青率大小顺序一致,其中北柴胡根系游离脯氨酸平均含量分别为地产柴胡和三岛柴胡的2.44倍和4.49倍,且可溶性蛋白含量显著高于地产柴胡、三岛柴胡,但3个品种柴胡的相对电导率、丙二醛含量水平与返青率大小顺序相反。(3)自然越冬过程中,各柴胡品种的根系活力均呈下降趋势,且以三岛柴胡根系活力下降幅度最大,达80%,而北柴胡根系活力下降幅度最小为52.04%。(4)越冬期3个柴胡品种的越冬抗寒性综合排序为:北柴胡地产柴胡三岛柴胡;柴胡根中脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量与综合评价值呈极显著正相关关系,相对电导率与综合评价值呈显著负相关关系;生理指标决策系数的大小顺序依次为脯氨酸含量可溶性蛋白含量电导率。研究表明,越冬期柴胡根系游离脯氨酸含量是影响其抗寒性的主要影响因素,其含量可作为评价柴胡抗寒性的指标。     

Influences of host species on transpiration,photosynthesis, chlorophyll and mineral contents of medicinal hemiparasite <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thesium chinense</Emphasis> Turcz

Thesium chinense (Santalaceae) is an obligate root hemiparasite and the whole weed serves as a traditional medicine in China. This paper examined chlorophyll (Chl) concentration, transpiration (E), photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (g), respiration nighttime (Rd), water use efficiency (WUE), and mineral elements of T. chinense grown with different hosts or without host. The results showed that Chl concentrations, Pn, Pn_max, and WUE of T. chinense grown with host were significantly higher, approximately 1.5–3 folds, than that grown without host. E and g value of T. chinense greatly exceeded that of their hosts during the daytime—they increased about 1.5–3.5 folds (except of Gnaphlium affine) and 1.2–3.0 folds, respectively, while maintaining little higher or equal to their host during night but very much lower than daytime. The WUE value of T. chinense was generally much less than that of their hosts, except Eremochloa ophiuroides. T. chinense grown with hosts had higher concentration of K, P, Cu and K/Ca ratio, and lower Na concentration compared with that without host plants. There were also differences among different host species backgrounds on all examined parameters of T. chinense. We pointed out that Imperata cylindrica, Prunella vulgaris, and Gnaphlium affine were more suitable hosts than E. ophiuroides. As an additional result T. chinense can mostly be independent as for C supply.     

不同光质对红花檵木愈伤组织生长及黄酮类物质含量的影响

该试验以红花檵木叶片诱导的愈伤组织为试验材料,以黑暗(CK)为对照,分别进行白光(W)、红光(R)、蓝光(B)、蓝紫光(BP)、蓝光+UV-A(B+UV A)和UV-A处理15d和30 d,通过对愈伤组织的生长、生理指标、花色素苷和总黄酮含量的比较分析,探讨光质对红花檵木愈伤组织生长和黄酮类物质含量的影响.结果 显示:...     

Distinction in morphology and esterase isozyme betweenEupatorium glehni (=E. chinense subsp.sachalinense) andE. chinense var.oppositifolium (compositae)

The taxonomic status ofEupatorium chinese var.oppositofolium andE. glehni (=E. chinense subsp.sachalinense) inE. chinense complex semsu Kitamura has long been controversial. In this paper, the degree of divergence between diploids of these two taxa was examined by means of morphological studies including principal component analysis, the electrophoretic analysis of esterase isozyme variation and observations on habitats. The data obtained through the examinations indicate these two taxa are diverged enough to be recognized as distinct biological species. Since the polyploidE. chinense var.oppositifolium is more or less intermediate in morphology between the two diploid taxa, it is considered to have masked the distinction between the two diploid taxa. Also, electrophoretic evidence suggests that polyploidE. chinense var.oppositifolium is not a hybrid or hybrid derivative withE. glehni as a parental species. Possible origin of polyploidE. chinense varoppositifolium is also discussed.     

Overexpression of <Emphasis Type="Italic">WUSCHEL</Emphasis> in <Emphasis Type="Italic">C. chinense</Emphasis> causes ectopic morphogenesis

Capsicum chinense is a recalcitrant species for in vitro morphogenesis, and up to date there is no efficient system for genetic transformation and regeneration of this species via somatic embryogenesis. Here, we carried out an in vitro transformation of C. chinense via Agrobacterium tumefaciens co-cultivation with a system that expresses the heterologous gene WUSCHEL from Arabidopsis thaliana. WUSCHEL has been shown to promote the transition from vegetative to embryogenic state when overexpressed. We tested if the expression of WUSCHEL in C. chinense would promote an embryogenic response in this species. After 15 days of induction, the segments of transformed stems begun to form globular structures, suggesting that heterologus WUSCHEL was active and involved in the process of morphogenesis.     

鹅掌楸属(木兰科)次生木质部导管穿孔板的比较研究

利用扫描电子显微镜对鹅掌楸属仅存的2个自然种鹅掌楸和北美鹅掌楸的次生木质部导管穿孔板特征进行了详细的研究。结果显示,鹅掌楸属的2个种均以梯状穿孔板为主,同时存在网状-梯状混合穿孔板。鹅掌楸和北美鹅掌楸的导管穿孔板具有明显差异:(1)鹅掌楸具网状穿孔板,而北美鹅掌楸没有观察到;(2)北美鹅掌楸具单穿孔板,而鹅掌楸在该实验中未发现;(3)北美鹅掌楸具有横隔较粗的梯状穿孔板且横隔数目较多;(4)鹅掌楸的导管穿孔板多数横隔较少;(5)北美鹅掌楸的穿孔板倾斜角度较大;(6)北美鹅掌楸具麻黄式穿孔板的存在,且有纹孔膜残留存在。研究认为,北美鹅掌楸导管分子穿孔板分化较鹅掌楸更为剧烈。     

Shade avoidance and reproductive strategies of an early successional species Penthorum chinense in relation to shade treatments

• Shade avoidance is expected to be favoured under moderate light. However, in previous studies, shade avoidance was highest in the deepest shade, despite the fact that the plants incur the costs of shade avoidance without the benefits of being exposed to increased light.
• We performed shading experiments under different light intensities to understand: (i) how shade avoidance traits of Penthorum chinense could peak in moderate light, and (ii) if there was a trade‐off between plant height and allocation of seeds along the light gradients.
• Penthorum chinense increased shade avoidance traits such as height per total dry mass as the amount of light decreased. Side stem number per total dry mass of P. chinense decreased as shade became deeper, from full light to low light. Regressions on seed mass fraction and height were significant with a linear model (y = ?0.0006x + 0.1338). There were more resources allocated to seeds under low light than under moderate light.
• Penthorum chinense increased shade avoidance traits with the decrease in light amount, as found in previously studied species. There was a trade‐off between height and production of more seeds. The reproductive strategy of P. chinense was to increase seed mass fraction under low light more than under moderate light. This species might be able to expand established populations by both rhizomes and seeds under low light environments.

     

Phylogenetic placement of DethawiaMeum,and Rivasmartinezia (Apioideae,Apiaceae): Evidence from nuclear and plastid DNA sequences

The flora of Western Europe is rich in endemic species of Apiaceae, many of which have been poorly investigated and whose phylogenetic relationships are poorly known. To investigate relationships among three endemic European genera (Dethawia, Meum, and Rivasmartinezia gen. nov.) and to ascertain their higher-level phylogenetic placements within the subfamily Apioideae, we examined nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences and the plastid trnL-trnF region. Phylogenies estimated using parsimony and Bayesian inference reveal that (1) the historically known “Conioselinum chinense” Clade (Conioselinum chinense; C. scopulorum; Ligusticum canadense; L. porteri; Meum athamanticum; Mutellina purpurea; and Trochiscanthes nodiflora) comprise a strongly supported monophyletic group (100% BS); (2) the genera Dethawia and Meum comprise a strongly supported monophyletic group also included in the “Conioselinum chinense” Clade; and finally (3) a new genus (Rivasmartinezia) with one species (R. vazquezii) from the Northwestern of the Iberian Peninsula, and placed in the basal position in the “Conioselinum chinense” Clade, is described for the family Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae.     

Phylogeography of the marine macroalga Sargassum hemiphyllum (Phaeophyceae,Heterokontophyta) in northwestern Pacific

Sargassum hemiphyllum is commonly found in Japan and Korea, with a variety, var. chinense, that is found distributed in the southern Chinese coast. We previously reported distinct genetic differentiation between the two taxa based on the PCR‐RFLP data of plastid RubiscoL‐S spacer. The present study aims at elucidating the phylogeographic pattern of S. hemiphyllum based on more markers in the nuclear and extranuclear genomes, with a view to reveal the occurrence of hybridization. The two allopatrically distributed taxa were found to be genetically distinct in nuclear ITS2, plastidial Rubisco (Rbc) and mitochondrial TrnW_I (Trn) spacers. Their divergence was postulated to be attributable to the vicariant event which resulted from the isolation of the Sea of Japan during the late Miocene (6.58–11.25 Mya). Divergence within both S. hemiphyllum and the chinense variety was observed based on Trn spacer, while the divergence in S. hemiphyllum was further confirmed in Rbc spacer. This divergence appears to correspond to the separation of the Japanese populations between the Sea of Japan and the Pacific that occurred around 0.92–2.88 Mya (the early Pleistocene). The presence of an ITS2 clone resembling var. chinense sequences in a Japanese population of S. hemiphyllum (JpNS) raises the possibility of the introgression of var. chinense individuals into S. hemiphyllum population. Compared to that between S. hemiphyllum and the chinense variety, hybridization among the Japanese and Korean populations of S. hemiphyllum is highly probable as all these individuals share a pool of nuclear ITS2 sequences, possibly attributable to incomplete concerted evolution of ITS2.     

山西省不同地区柴胡根部可培养内生真菌的多样性分析

为研究柴胡（Bupleurum chinense DC.）根部可培养内生真菌的多样性，分析山西省不同地区柴胡根部可培养内生真菌多样性的差异性，建立柴胡根部内生真菌库。本文以山西省不同产地的柴胡根为材料，采用传统植物组织平板分离法对柴胡根部可培养内生真菌进行分离培养和分子鉴定。从25个不同产地的柴胡样品根部中共分离培养得到705株真菌，经分子生物学鉴定，其中695株真菌归属为4门14纲23目32科55属119种。晋南地区的优势菌属为镰刀菌属（Fusarium, 32.18%）、亚隔孢壳属（Didymella, 15.96%）、曲霉属（Aspergillus, 8.24%）、异茎点霉属（Paraphoma, 6.91%）、茎点球属（Phoma, 5.32%）、链格孢属（Alternaria, 5.05%），晋北地区的优势菌属为镰刀菌属（31.66%）、曲霉属（15.36%）、链格孢属（9.09%）、亚隔孢壳属（8.15%）、异茎点霉属（7.52%），亚隔孢壳属、曲霉属、链格孢属等优势属的相对丰度差异较大；晋南地区的优势物种为Didymella bellidis（11.44%）、三线镰刀菌（Fusarium tricinctum, 7.98%）、腐皮镰刀菌（Fusarium solani, 7.45%）、锐顶镰孢菌（Fusarium acuminatum, 5.85%）、烟曲霉（Aspergillus fumigatus, 5.85%），晋北地区的优势物种为锐顶镰孢菌（14.11%）、烟曲霉（11.91%）、三线镰刀菌（9.40%）、菊异茎点霉（Paraphoma chrysanthemicola, 5.64%）、D. bellidis（5.64%）、链格孢菌（Alternaria alternata, 5.64%），D. bellidis、锐顶镰孢菌、烟曲霉等优势种的相对丰度差异较大。差异性分析表明晋南地区的生物多样性显著高于晋北地区，D. bellidis、锐顶镰孢菌、烟曲霉等优势种的相对丰度差异较大，为进一步研究柴胡根内生真菌相对丰度差异较大的物种及其不同菌株对柴胡皂苷积累的影响提供参考。     

Seed dispersal of the hemiparasitic plant Thesium chinense by Tetramorium tsushimae and Pristomyrmex punctatus

Heterotrophic plants normally produce a vast number of dust‐like seeds containing minimal energy reserves, which are usually wind dispersed. However, some heterotrophic species have evolved adaptive strategies to use zoochorous seed dispersal. Seed dispersal by ants, known as myrmecochory, is one of the most widespread animal dispersal systems and has been reported in a diverse range of plant taxa. However, the combination of myrmecochory and heterotrophy seems to be very rare. Here I report the discovery of myrmecochory in the hemiparasitic plant Thesium chinense by Tetramorium tsushimae and Pristomyrmex punctatus. Myrmecochory would be an advantageous dispersal system for T. chinense because its fruits are quickly transferred to the ants' nests, which provide a refuge from the seed predator Canthophorus niveimarginatus. Myrmecochory is also potentially beneficial for T. chinense, as the nests of these ants are frequently located close to poaceous plants, which are the preferred hosts.     

Isolation and characterization of 21 microsatellite loci in Lycium chinense and cross-amplification in Lycium barbarum

The present study reports isolation and characterization of 21 polymorphic microsatellite markers developed from Lycium chinense Mill. These markers produced a total of 86 alleles across 30 L. chinense accessions, with an average of 4.1 alleles per locus. Values for observed heterozygosity and polymorphism information content ranged from 0.03 to 0.81 (mean = 0.35) and from 0.03 to 0.78 (mean = 0.31), respectively. At the significance threshold (P < 0.05), 12 loci deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, whereas significant linkage disequilibrium values were observed between 52 pairs of loci. All loci were successfully amplified for all L. barbarum accessions. These newly developed polymorphic microsatellite markers will be very useful for programming in the genetic conservation and classification of L. chinense and L. barbarum.     

中华蚊母树在干旱-水淹交叉胁迫下形态和活性氧代谢的适应机制

为阐明中华蚊母树(Distylium chinense)在消落带干旱-水淹交叉胁迫下的形态和活性氧(ROS)代谢适应机制,通过控制实验模拟了三峡水库消落带的水文节律,研究了干旱-水淹交叉胁迫及恢复过程施加不同外源物质对中华蚊母树形态学和ROS清除的变化。结果表明：(1)前期干旱胁迫增强了中华蚊母树对后期水淹胁迫的适应,主要表现在叶片脱落、大量不定根的形成及茎基部膨大等形态学的变化;(2)干旱或水淹单一胁迫下,中华蚊母树·OH、■等ROS水平明显高于对照,表现出氧化应激反应,其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等抗氧化系统酶活性及脯氨酸(Pro)等抗氧化系统小分子含量也均显著高于对照,表现出一定的抗氧化防御作用机制,且在复合胁迫下,SOD、CAT、APX酶活性及Pro含量显著高于单一胁迫;(3)恢复阶段,相关性分析表明,中华蚊母树清除ROS(·OH、■的酶促(SOD、CAT、APX)及非酶促(Pro)系统具有一定的协同性。同时,恢复阶段施加脱落酸(ABA),内源Pro显著高于正常水平;施加Pro, SOD、CAT等抗氧化酶活性显著高于对照;施加可...     

Fermentation of a milk-soymilk and Lycium chinense Miller mixture using a new isolate of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU101 and Bifidobacterium longum

A milk–soymilk mixture was fermented using Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU101 and Bifidobacterium longum BCRC11847 at different inoculum ratios (1:1, 1:2, 1:5, 2:1, and 5:1). When the inoculum ratio was 1:2, the cell numbers of both strains were balanced after 12 h of cultivation. The pH and titratable acidity were very similar at the various inoculum ratios of cultivation. The milk–soymilk mixture was supplemented with 5, 10, 15, and 20% Lycium chinense Miller juice and fermented with Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU101 and B. longum BCRC11847. Sensory evaluation results showed that supplementation with 5% Lycium chinense Miller juice improved the acceptability of the fermented milk–soymilk. The fermented beverage was stored at 4°C for 14 days; variations in pH and titratable acidity were slight. The cell numbers of L. paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU101 and B. longum BCRC11847 in the fermented beverage were maintained at 1.2×10⁹ CFU/ml and 6.3×10⁸ CFU/ml, respectively, after 14 days of storage.