黄柏果实提取物对植物病原真菌的抑制作用

在室内测定了芸香科植物黄柏(Phellodendron chinese Schneid.)果实乙醇粗提物及其4个不同极性溶剂的萃取部分在浓度为1 mg/mL时对小麦纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia cerealis)、稻纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、番茄镰刀菌萎焉病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici)、黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum)、棉花枯萎病菌(Fusarium vasinfectum)、棉花黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)、小麦赤霉病菌(Fusarium graminearum)、玉米小斑病菌(Bipolaris maydis)、西瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niverum)、梨黑星病菌(Venturia piri-na)、稻瘟病菌(Magnaporthe grisea)等11种植物病原真菌的抑制作用.乙酸乙酯部分和正丁醇部分对植物病原菌均表现出较强的抑制活性,其中乙酸乙酯部分对两种丝核菌小麦纹枯病菌和稻纹枯病菌的生长抑制作用最强,抑制率分别为100.00%和89.36%;正丁醇部分对两者的抑制率分别为97.32%和61.32%.实验结果表明,黄柏果实中的抗真菌活性成分主要存在于乙醇粗提物中的乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取部分中.     

欧美107杨树提取物体外对植物病原真菌的抑制活性

制备了欧美107杨树枝条和叶的乙醇粗提物及不同极性溶剂的萃取部分,并测定了它们对植物病原真菌的抑制活性。枝条和叶的乙醇粗提物对棉花枯萎病菌、小麦纹枯病菌、番茄早疫病菌、番茄枯萎病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌、小麦赤霉以及玉米弯孢等7种植物病原真菌均具有一定的抑制作用。而枝条的乙醇粗提物对杨树溃疡病菌的菌丝生长有一定的促进作用。抗菌活性成分主要集中在乙酸乙酯萃取部分。     

瑞香狼毒根的抑菌活性研究（Ⅰ）

以苹果干腐病菌、小麦赤霉病菌、番茄早疫病菌、南瓜枯萎病菌、玉米大斑病菌、烟草赤星病菌和辣椒疫霉病菌为供试菌,采用生物活性跟踪法、生长速率测定法和系统溶剂提取法对瑞香狼毒根中的杀菌活性物质进行了筛选和分离。结果表明,杀菌活性物质主要集中在乙酸乙酯提取物和甲醇粗提物中。从乙酸乙酯提取物中分离出两种杀菌活性物质AF1-4和AF1-5,同时还发现瑞香狼毒根中还存在增菌物质。     

灰色链霉菌YD3309菌丝体抗菌活性成分研究

采用生物活性跟踪法,从一株灰色链霉菌菌丝体中分离得到2个具有抑菌活性的化合物,通过核磁共振波谱和质谱等技术鉴定2个化合物的结构为新刺孢霉素A(1)和N-乙酰基色氨醇(2);化合物1首次从放线菌中分离得到。抑菌活性测定结果表明:化合物1和2对番茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)、茄子黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)和辣椒枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum)等多种蔬菜病原真菌有抑制作用,其中化合物1对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌菌丝具有强烈的抑制作用,化合物2对茄子黄萎病菌的菌丝具有强烈的抑制作用;化合物1对番茄灰霉病菌和番茄早疫病菌菌丝生长的半抑菌浓度(IC_(50))分别为30.6和28.8 mg/L,化合物2对茄子黄萎病菌菌丝生长的半抑菌浓度(IC50)为34.3 mg/L。     

辣椒疫病拮抗菌株筛选、鉴定及其防效

从疫病发病严重田块的健康辣椒植株根际分离到98株拮抗菌,从中筛选出两株具有广谱抗性并可在贫营养条件下生长良好的高效拮抗菌株HL-3和LZ-8.通过形态观察、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析,确定HL-3为多粘类芽孢杆菌,LZ-8为短小芽孢杆菌.HL-3和LZ-8对辣椒疫霉菌丝生长抑制率分别为72%和68%.HL-3和LZ-8还对黄瓜枯萎病菌、辣椒枯萎病菌、棉花黄萎病菌、黄瓜立枯病菌、烟草黑胫病菌和番茄青枯病菌具有显著的抑制作用.盆栽试验表明,HL-3和LZ-8对辣椒苗期疫病防治效果分别为72%和83%,且对辣椒生长表现出明显的促生作用.     

棉花与番茄抗棉花黄萎病不依赖于Ve1

黄萎病是我国棉花的主要病害之一,发掘抗病基因和阐明抗病机制是开展棉花抗病分子育种的基础.本研究将目前唯一的植物抗黄萎病主效基因Ve1分别在本氏烟和陆地棉中超量表达,以探讨其在防控棉花黄萎病中的价值.研究发现,Ve1基因在本氏烟中超量表达后并未对番茄大丽轮枝菌2个生理小种和棉花黄萎病菌产生明显抗性.RT-PCR分析表明,Ve1并不能激活烟草抗病相关基因的表达,推测本氏烟中可能不存在完整的Ve1介导的抗黄萎病信号路径.Ve1超量表达的转基因棉花接种棉花黄萎病菌"V991"后表现出与本氏烟类似的结果,同时发现,陆地棉对番茄大丽轮枝菌1号生理小种表现出高抗性.利用番茄抗/感黄萎病近等基因系"Craigella GCR218"/"Craigella GCR26"进一步研究发现,2个番茄材料均对棉花落叶型强致病力黄萎病菌"V991"免疫,这暗示番茄对棉花黄萎病菌的抗性不依赖于Ve1.分子鉴定表明,棉花黄萎病菌与番茄大丽轮枝菌1号和2号生理小种存在明显区别,番茄大丽轮枝菌1号和2号生理小种均属于非落叶型黄萎病菌.本研究中鉴定的棉花黄萎病菌均不含有ave1基因,这可能是在棉花中超量表达Ve1并不能增强其棉花黄萎病菌抗性的直接原因.通过病毒介导的基因沉默,在抑制GbSERK1的表达后能显著削弱海岛棉对黄萎病菌的抗性,证实"海7124"中存在类似于Ve1的下游抗病信号路径.本研究还对棉花类受体蛋白的进化以及Ve1抗病信号路径在棉花抗黄萎病机制研究中的价值进行了探讨.     

2M3P灵菌红素对植物病原菌的抑制作用及其机制

本研究以从中国新疆塔尔巴哈台山上的有毒植物——块根芍药(Paeonia anomala)中分选获得一株产红色素的植物内生菌Serratia marcescens XJU-PA-6为研究对象,首先通过琼脂扩散法将Serratia marcescens XJUPA-6的发酵获得的色素粗提物分别和11种常见作物病原真菌进行拮抗实验,结果表明,色素粗提物对黄瓜枯萎病菌、番茄灰霉病菌、油菜菌核病菌、棉花黄萎病菌、西瓜枯萎病菌和苹果斑点落叶病菌均有较强的抑菌作用,其中对苹果斑点落叶病菌的抑菌作用为最稳定;然后,采用紫外光谱、核磁共振氢谱碳谱分析及GC分析确认XJU-PA-6所产生的红色素为2-甲基-3-戊基灵菌红素(2M3PPG);最后结合扫描电镜、透射电镜和气质联用技术,通过分析发现,2M3PPG可通过抑制苹果斑点落叶病菌中14-α-去甲基化酶活性,来抑制真菌细胞膜上重要成分——麦角固醇的生物合成,从而造成真菌细胞膜中甾醇含量的降低,进而造成细胞膜结构和功能消失,最终导致真菌死亡。本研究结果初步证明,2M3PPG在生物农药方面具有较好地应用潜力。     

迷迭香酸对几种植物病原真菌的抗菌活性*

研究了迷迭香酸对不同植物病原真菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制活性。试验结果表明,迷迭香酸对供试的8种植物病原真菌菌丝生长均有抑制作用,其中对番茄灰霉病菌、芒果灰斑病菌、柑桔青霉和梨黑斑病菌抑制作用较强,EC50分别为615．04μg/mL、698．23μg/mL、714．50μg/mL和809．10μg/mL;对杉木猝倒病菌和苹果树腐烂病菌抑制作用次之,EC50分别为1039．92μg／mL和1044．72μg/mL;对松枯梢病菌和种实霉烂病菌的抑制作用较弱,EC50分别为1256．90μg/mL和1270．87μg/mL。迷迭香酸对供试的6种植物病原真菌孢子萌发也有明显的抑制作用,EC50大致在400～700μg/mL范围,其中对梨黑斑病菌孢子萌发抑制作用最强,EC50为395．37μg/mL。     

几株农用拮抗链霉菌的初步研究

从山西蟒河自然保护区分离到5株链霉菌。琼脂移块法和发酵液扩散法试验表明,它们所产生的抗生素对棉花枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.vasinfectum)、棉花黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliae)、棉花立枯病菌(Rhizoctonia solani)、水稻纹枯病菌(Pellicularia sasakii)、黄瓜枯萎病菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum)等十多种植物病原真菌,对果蔬贮藏期间的病原真菌,如木霉(Trichodermasp.)、意大利青霉(Penicillium italicum)、根霉(Rhizopussp.)等都有明显的抑制作用。     

生物制剂4号——可湿性粉剂生物防治效果研究

从山西省蟒河自然保护区土样中分离得到拮抗链霉菌—MH4菌株。它对棉花枯萎病菌[FusariumoxysporumSchl.F.sp.vasinfectum(Atk.)Synder and Hansen]、棉花立枯病菌(Rhizctonia solaniKünn)、棉花黄萎病菌(Verticillium dahliaeKelb)等10多种植物病原真菌抑菌效果明显[1]。将其配制成生物制剂—可湿性粉剂制剂(以下简称生物制剂4号)进行室内棉花试验、抑菌试验和药敏试验。日光温室试验及田间试验均显示出对棉花枯萎病菌[F.oxysporumSchl.F.sp.vasinfectum(Atk.)Synder and Hansen]、棉花黄萎病菌(V.dahliaeKelb)、棉花立枯病菌(R.solaniKünn)、黄瓜枯萎病菌(F.oxysporumSchl.f.sp.CucumerimumOwen)、西瓜枯萎病菌[F.oxysporumf.sp.niveum(E.F.Sm)Synder et Hensen]及棉苗根病有较好的防治效果,特别是用在瓜类枯萎菌上防治效果较为突出。     

化感植物向日葵根提取液的抑菌活性研究

利用生长速率法研究了向日葵根乙醇提取物的3种不同溶剂可溶部分对6种植物病原菌的抑制作用。试验结果表明,3种萃取物对6种植物病原菌均有不同程度的抑制作用。化学成分预试表明,向日葵根中含有黄酮类、萜类、内酯类、蒽醌类、有机酸等代谢产物。     

小桐子枝叶提取物对植物病原真菌的生物活性

采用菌丝生长抑制法,测定了小桐子枝叶6种不同溶剂提取物对小麦赤霉病菌、稻瘟病菌、烟草疫霉菌和辣椒疫霉菌的抑制作用,从中筛选出抑制作用最强的粗提物进行进一步的活性组分分离和抑菌活性测定。结果表明小桐子枝叶的乙醇提取物对4种植物病原菌抑制活性最高,在浓度为0.8 g·L^-1时,小桐子枝叶的乙醇提取物对小麦赤霉病菌、稻瘟病菌、烟草疫霉菌、辣椒疫霉菌菌丝生长抑制率分别为：87.1%、90.3%、86.4%、77.9%,其抗菌活性与农药世高均无显著差异;在小桐子枝叶乙醇提取物的不同溶剂萃取物对稻瘟病菌和烟草疫霉病菌进行生物活性追踪测试中发现,石油醚和水萃取物都具有较好的活性,当浓度为0.8 g·L^-1时,石油醚和水萃取物对两种病菌抑制率都达50%以上。表明小桐子枝叶含有丰富的抗植物病原真菌活性物质,且主要存在于小桐子枝叶乙醇提取物的石油醚相和水相中。     

FUNGISTASIS IN SOILS

1. Fungistasis in soil is a widespread phenomenon affecting most fungal propagules, though some are insensitive. In most instances, it is coexistent with the presence of living microorganisms, and is annulled by energy-yielding nutrients. Fungistasis with characteristics similar to that in soil may also occur on leaves of plants. 2. Germination and growth of bacteria and actinomycetes is also restricted in soils. The characteristics of their inhibition appear to be the same as those for fungi. Therefore, the concept of a widespread microbial inhibition in soil can be applied to all three groups of microorganisms. 3. Fungistasis can be detected by various direct methods, or indirectly by methods involving the use of porous or permeable carriers. It may be expressed as a restriction on the final amount of germination (the usual parameter), germination rate (with time), and rate of germ-tube or hyphal growth. Since the expression of fungistasis is often complete in soil, titration with nutrients may be required to distinguish between the sensitivities of different fungi. 4. Fungistasis generally is expressed most strongly at soil moisture contents somewhat less than saturation. Its expression usually is maximal in neutral or slightly alkaline soils. In acidic conditions fungistasis may be lessened because of suppression of bacterial and actinomycete activity. Increased sensitivity of some fungi in soils of pH > 7.0 may be caused by a directly unfavourable effect of pH on the fungus. 5. Fungal species with small spores tend to be highly sensitive to fungistasis. These spores tend to germinate slowly and to require exogenous nutrients for germination. By contrast, species with larger spores and sclerotia often do not require exogenous nutrients for germination. The larger spores tend to germinate rapidly and to exhibit low sensitivity, as compared with small spores. A few nutrient-independent spores are insensitive to fungistasis. At least a part of the difference in sensitivity is related to germination time; spores which germinate slowly compete poorly with the soil micro-flora for their nutrients. 6. Fungistasis is often temporarily annulled by enriching the soil with energy-yielding nutrients. Usually, complex materials such as plant residues are most effective. A few weeks after such treatment, the level of fungistasis may, however, be increased. Annulment of fungistasis by compounds not utilized as energy sources has not yet been demonstrated. 7. Several soils naturally suppressive to Fusarium wilt diseases were more fungistatic to Fusarium than soils conducive to wilt. Potential means by which fungistasis may be manipulated to control root-infecting fungi are (a) through stimulation of germination with nutrients, thus exposing the germ tube to lysis, and (b) by increasing the fungistatic level of soil through appropriate amendments. 8. Volatile substances identified in soils, some of which are potentially inhibitory to fungi include (a) ammonia, which apparently is evolved from ammonium salts in some arid soils of high pH, (b) ethylene, which has been identified in some soils of pH < 7.0 (though high levels of this gas seem to be tolerated by most fungi), (c) allyl alcohol, and (d) other unidentified substances. Non-volatile inhibitors include high molecular weight substances revealed by molecular sieve chromatography of soil extracts. Microbial metabolites such as those present in staled fungal cultures also have been proposed to account for fungistasis. In a few soils fungistasis persists after sterilization because of the presence of inhibitory concentrations of calcium carbonate, iron or aluminium. Inherent in the proposition that inhibitory substances provide the primary mechanism of fungistasis is the concept of a highly complex phenomenon, involving various highly specific inhibitory and counteracting stimulatory substances, with the outcome for the fungus depending on the kinds and relative amounts of each present. 9. By the nutrient-deficiency hypothesis, the level of available nutrients in soil is insufficient to support germination of nutrient-dependent propagules, except in nutrient-rich microsites. Inhibition of nutrient-independent propagules is explained by loss of endogenous nutrients required for germination, through microbial nutrient competition. Evidence for this hypothesis is (a) the imposition of fungistasis on numerous nutrient-independent propagules during incubation on leaching model systems designed to simulate microbial nutrient competition in soil, (b) similar losses of endogenous nutrients occurring on soil and the leaching system, and (c) the fact that soils are chronically deficient in energy in relation to the microbial populations present, with the consequence that enforced inactivity is imposed upon most of the population at any given time for this reason alone, regardless of the presence or absence of fungistatic substances. Journal series article no. 7747 from the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.     

Fungicidal Activity of Some Common Weed Extracts Against Different Plant Pathogenic Fungi

Aqueous extract effects of 64 weed species on growth and development of Alternaria solani Sorauer. Helminthosporium satirum King & Bakke and Rhizodonia solani Kuhn. plant pathogenic fungi were studied in vitro . Extracts varied in the strength and persistence of their antifungal effects against the three fungi species. Some stimulated, others inhibited or had no effect. Among all species tested, extracts of Chenopodium murale, Falearia vulgaris. Ranunculus asiaticus and Sisymbrium irio were the most toxic to A. solani. Anagallis arlensis. Atriptex leucoclada, Crepis aspera. Notobasis syriaca. R. asiatieus, Rumex crispu. S. irio. Sonehu.s oleraceous and Vieia narhonensis to H. satirum and R. asiatieus. S. oleraceous and Mercurialis annua to R. solani. However. R. asiatieus extract was the most effective and completely inhibited growth and sporulation of the three fungi species at all incubation periods.     

Evaluation of the antifungal activity of Rumex vesicarius L. and Ziziphus spina-christi (L) Desf. Aqueous extracts and assessment of the morphological changes induced to certain myco-phytopathogens

Many Plant extracts had proved a potential antifungal activity against a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of the aqueous extracts of Rumex vesicarius L. and Ziziphus spina-christi (L) Desf. against some fungal species. The effect on growth inhibition, conidia germination, sporogenesis, morphological, and ultrastructural characterizations of fungal growth by scanning and transmission electron microscopes, have been investigated. Both plant extracts exhibited an antifungal activity against Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Alternaria, and Rhizoctonia species, besides, the sporogenesis of Alternaria and Fusarium species was suppressed. Both plants induced severe morphological changes in the hyphal shape and surface. We concluded that the aqueous extracts of these plants had strong antifungal activities. More investigations should be performed to evaluate the possible applications in agriculture and in vivo.     

Studies on soil fungistasis: Effect of certain physical and biological factors

Summary The effect of different physical and biological factors like soil sterilization, incubation period of soil, spore age, amendment of certain fungal species and their metabolites on soil fungistasis has been investigated.Different degree of sterilization affected the fugistasis differently. Soil heating above 80°C completely annulled the fungistasis. No fungistasis was recorded in soil samples steamed for 15 mts in an autoclave.Incubation of soil samples to longer duration resulted in increased fungistasis. Maximum fungistatic value was noted in samples incubated for 15 days at 25±1°C.Spore age also played important role in fungistasis. A positive relation was noted in the spore age and fungistasis upto 30 days of age and thereafter the increase in fungistasis was not well marked.Varying inhibitory effect was noted on the spore germination of the test fungi in relation to amendment of certain fungi individually and in different combinations to the soil.Aspergillus flavus alone and in combination ofAspergillus niger proved most inhibitory. The filtrate of the different fungi also induced fungistasis in soil. In this case alsoA. flavus was most effective.     

侧柏乙醇提取物对21种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)叶、小枝、球果和种子4个不同部位乙醇提取物对21种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性。结果显示:(1)在供试浓度为50g/L(相当于干样)时,侧柏各部位乙醇提取物对4种供试植物病原真菌均具有较好抑制作用,其中侧柏叶提取物的抑菌效果最好,对供试葡萄白腐病菌(Conio-thyrium diplodiella)、葡萄黑痘病菌(Elsinoe ampelina)、番茄绵腐病菌(Phytophthora melongenae)和青霉病菌(Penicilliu mexpansum)的EC50分别为:5.424、3.186、8.913和19.000g/L。(2)侧柏叶乙醇提取物的石油醚萃取物和乙酸乙酯萃取物抑菌活性均较好,在供试浓度为0.5g/L时,石油醚萃取物对苹果腐烂病菌(Valsa mali)和葡萄黑痘病菌(E.ampelina)的抑菌率分别为80.35%和60.23%;乙酸乙酯萃取物对以上2种植物病原菌的抑菌率分别为81.88%和64.06%。结果表明:侧柏叶、小枝、球果和种子乙醇提取物均具有一定抑菌活性,叶乙醇提取物的活性最好,活性成分主要集中在石油醚萃取物和乙酸乙酯萃取物中。     

Fungi isolated from Sclerotia ofSclerotium cepivorum and from soil and their effects upon the pathogen

Summary Data are presented on the antagonistic effects of the fungi isolated from sclerotia ofSclerotium cepivorum and from nonrhizosphere soil taken from around the roots of infected onions upon mycelial growth and sclerotial germination ofS. cepivorum. Most of the isolated fungi especiallyPenicillium species were antagonistic to mycelial growth. Sclerotial germination was slightly inhibited by diffusates of these fungal isolates. Testing the antifungal effect of someAllium extracts against the fungal isolates by the inhibition zone method showed that garlic extract has the greatest antifungal effects and onion extract is the least potent. However, spore germination tests indicated that onion extract completely inhibits the spore germination of all test fungi. The role of host-plant extracts in stimulating sclerotial germination is discussed.     

Fungitoxic properties of selected South African plant species against plant pathogens of economic importance in agriculture

Thirty‐nine plant species, representing 20 families from the subclasses Rosidae, Asteridae, Commelinidae and Liliidae, were collected from the Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve, Mpumalanga, South Africa. Crude extracts were prepared and bioassayed, at equal concentrations, for their antifungal potential by determining the inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth of seven economically important plant pathogenic fungi. Statistically significant differences between plants and plant parts were observed as well as the resistance of different fungi to treatment with different plant extracts. The most significant mycelial growth inhibition was obtained with extracts from two species of the subclass Liliidae, namely Aristea ecklonii and Agapanthus inapertus. The crude extract of A. ecklonii performed best of all extracts as it totally inhibited the mycelial growth of all seven of the plant pathogenic test organisms and outperformed the inhibition by a broad spectrum synthetic fungicide (carbendazim/difenoconazole). Crude extracts of A. inapertus showed complete inhibition of four and strong inhibition of the remaining three plant pathogenic fungi. Although not as efficient as the previous two species, the extract of Anisopappus junodii, from the subclass Asteridae, also showed promising antifungal activity by completely inhibiting mycelial radial growth of two and strongly inhibiting that of the remaining five fungi.     

Does endophyte symbiosis resist allelopathic effects of an invasive plant in degraded grassland?

Allelopathic effects and plant associated systemic endophytic fungi are often thought to play a role in the invasion of exotic plant species. Here, we tested the inhibitory effects of the aqueous extracts of the hemiparasitic weed Pedicularis kansuensis on seed germination and seedling growth of endophyte-free (E−) and -infected (E+) grass species, Stipa purpurea and Elymus tangutorum. The weed extracts significantly inhibited both seed germination and seedling growth of the target grass species. Extracts from the inflorescences gave greater inhibition than those from the stems or roots, while the concentration of the extract had a direct effect on the extent of inhibition. The E+ target plants were less susceptible to the extracts than their E-counterparts. Our results suggest that the allelopathic potential of P. kansuensis will lead to increased frequencies of endophyte infected plants in grass populations.