寄生蜂对稻飞虱控害作用研究进展

稻飞虱(褐飞虱、白背飞虱和灰飞虱)近年来在亚洲地区连续大爆发,由次要害虫上升为主要害虫,给农业生产造成了重大的经济损失,严重威胁到世界粮食生产安全,寄生蜂作为稻飞虱的重要天敌,对其发生起着有效的自然控制作用。本文归纳整理了稻飞虱主要的寄生蜂种类及其优势种群的生物学、生态学特性,并重点总结了寄生蜂优势种群的寄生选择、种群消长影响因素以及它们的保护利用等,并对寄生蜂研究、保护、利用中存在的问题进行概括总结,旨在为稻飞虱的有效防控提供一定的参考价值。     

螯蜂属二新种记述：膜翅目;螯蜂科

本文描述螯蜂属二新种，即波缘螯蜂Ｄｒｙｉｕｓ ｕｎｄａｔｏｍａｒｇｉｎｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和李氏螯蜂Ｄｒｙｉｎｕｓ ｌｉｉ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．模式标本存于浙江农业大学植保系。     

双距螯蜂属一新种：膜翅目：螯蜂科：双距螯蜂亚科

本文描述双距螯蜂属一新种，毛双距螯蜂Ｇｏｎａｔｏｐｕｓ ｃａｐｉｌｌｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

梵净山常足螯蜂属三新种（膜翅目：螯蜂科：常足螯蜂亚科）

本文记述常足螯蜂属３新种：白脸常足螯蜂Ａｐｈｅｌｏｐｕｓ ａｌｂｉｆａｃｉａｌｉｓ Ｘｕ ｅｔ Ｈｅ,ＳＰ．ｎｏｖ。褐唇常足螯蜂Ａｐｈｅｌｏｐｕｓ ｓｐａｄｉｃｅｕｓ Ｘｕ ｅｔ Ｈｅ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。和扁腹常足螯蜂Ａｐｈｅｌｏｐｕｓ ｃｏｍｐｒｅｓｓｕｓ Ｘｕ ｅｔ Ｙａｏ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。     

毛角螯蜂属中国新纪录及一新种记述(膜翅目:螯蜂科:螯蜂亚科)

本文描述毛角螯蜂属一新种：脊毛角螯蜂Ｔｈａｕｍａｔｏｄｒｙｉｎｕｓ ｃａｒｉｎａｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。这是毛角螯蜂属在中国的首次纪录。     

双距螯蜂属—新种(膜翅目:螯蜂科:双距螯蜂亚科)

本文描述双距螯蜂属—新种，毛双距螯蜂Ｇｏｎａｔｏｐｕｓｃａｐｉｌｕｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

新螯蜂属一新种（膜翅目：螯蜂科）

本文报道了新螯蜂属Ｎｅｏｄｒｙｉｎｕｓ Ｒ．Ｃ．Ｌ．Ｐｅｒｋｉｎｓ一新种,百山祖新螯蜂Ｎ．ｂａｉｓｈａｎｚｕｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

单爪螯蜂属二新种：膜翅目：螯蜂科;单爪螯蜂亚科

本文记述单爪螯蜂属二新种;梳垫单瓜螯蜂Ａｎｔｅｏｎ ｐｅｃｔｉｎａｒｏｌｉｕｍ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。和滑盾单爪螯蜂Ａｎｔｅｏｎ ｂｌａｎｄｕｓｃｕｔｕｍ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。新种的模式标本保存在浙江农业大学植物保护系。     

新螯蜂属二新种记述（膜翅目：螯蜂科）

本文报道新螯蜂属Ｎｅｏｄｒｙｉｎｕｓ Ｐｅｒｋｉｎｓ２新种：等脉新螯蜂Ｎ．ｉｓｏｎｅｕｒｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和菱纹叶蝉新螯蜂Ｎ．ｈｉｓｈｉｍｏｎｏｖｏｒｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。并首次报道新螯蜂属螯蜂寄生殃叶蝉科Ｅｕｓｃｅｌｉｄａｅ昆虫。     

天目山单爪螯蜂属二新种（膜翅目：螯蜂科：单爪螯蜂亚科）

本文记述采自浙江天目山的单爪螯蜂属Ａｎｔｅｏｎ２新种,即皱单爪螯蜂Ａｎｔｅｏｎ ｒｕｇｏｓｕｍ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和侧突单爪螯蜂Ａｎｔｅｏｎ ｓｔｙｌｕｎ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本保存于浙江农业大学。     

The population consequences of natural enemy enhancement,and implications for conservation biological control

We explore models for the management of invertebrate pests by enhancing the efficacy or local abundance of existing natural enemies. Different aspects of natural enemy biology had different effects on prey density. Enhancement of enemy search rate or prey conversion efficiency showed the greatest potential for reducing prey density, while maximum consumption rate by predators, and parasitoid fecundity, had less effect. The effect on prey density of increased natural enemy longevity depended on its interaction with other parameters. The degree of manipulation needed to achieve a given reduction in prey populations was largely determined by the enemy's potential reproductive rate. Spatial ‘‘attraction’’ of enemies to a target site had an almost linear effect on local prey density. We conclude that successful conservation biological control benefits from a directed approach, targeting the most important aspects of natural enemy ecology, and that there is considerable potential for further research in this area.     

一种防治稻飞虱的喷雾辅助装置

介绍一种防治稻飞虱喷药时的辅助装置,使用该装置可在确保药剂防治效果的前提下提高工效,并节省用药量。     

黄色诱虫板对稻飞虱的诱集和防治效果

【目的】评价黄色诱虫板对稻飞虱的控制作用,为稻飞虱的非化学防控提供科学依据。【方法】在田间悬挂黄色诱虫板,调查稻飞虱的诱集情况,并同盘拍结果进行比较。【结果】上海水稻白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera(Horváth)成虫的发生高峰期集中在8月下旬;而灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus(Fallén)和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(St?l)成虫发生高峰期主要集中在9月中旬。从3种稻飞虱成虫的发生动态来看,灰飞虱发生最为严重,黄色诱虫板最高诱集数为(6.12±4.50)头/(天·板),每板每天平均诱集成虫数大于等于2头的有18个水稻品种,其余6个水稻品种诱集的成虫数虽然少于2头,但是都能诱集到成虫;其次是白背飞虱,最高诱集数为(2.29±0.13)头/(天·板),每板每天平均诱集成虫数大于等于1头的有7个水稻品种,其余17个水稻品种诱集的成虫数虽然少于1头,但是都能诱集到成虫;再次是褐飞虱,最高诱集数为(1.50±1.85)头/(天·板),每板每天平均诱集成虫数大于等于1头的有1个水稻品种,其余23个水稻品种诱集的成虫数均少于1头,其中3个水稻品种在10月中旬均没有诱集到1头成虫。总体而言,黄色诱虫板对3种稻飞虱的最高诱集数为(7.50±4.36)头/(天·板),每板每天平均诱集成虫数大于等于2头的有23个水稻品种,仅1个水稻品种诱集的成虫数少于2头。黄色诱虫板下部离水稻冠层越近,诱集的成虫越多。【结论】黄色诱虫板对稻飞虱成虫具有较好的诱杀效果,可有效降低成虫种群数量。作为一种非化学防控方法,黄色诱虫板的使用可有效降低化学杀虫剂的使用量。     

A meta-analysis of crop pest and natural enemy response to landscape complexity

Many studies in recent years have investigated the relationship between landscape complexity and pests, natural enemies and/or pest control. However, no quantitative synthesis of this literature beyond simple vote-count methods yet exists. We conducted a meta-analysis of 46 landscape-level studies, and found that natural enemies have a strong positive response to landscape complexity. Generalist enemies show consistent positive responses to landscape complexity across all scales measured, while specialist enemies respond more strongly to landscape complexity at smaller scales. Generalist enemy response to natural habitat also tends to occur at larger spatial scales than for specialist enemies, suggesting that land management strategies to enhance natural pest control should differ depending on whether the dominant enemies are generalists or specialists. The positive response of natural enemies does not necessarily translate into pest control, since pest abundances show no significant response to landscape complexity. Very few landscape-scale studies have estimated enemy impact on pest populations, however, limiting our understanding of the effects of landscape on pest control. We suggest focusing future research efforts on measuring population dynamics rather than static counts to better characterise the relationship between landscape complexity and pest control services from natural enemies.     

基因聚合改良杂交稻组合的稻飞虱田间抗性表现

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)是杂交水稻的重要虫害,培育高抗褐飞虱的杂交水稻新组合被认为是目前防治飞虱最有效、经济的方法。本研究以分子标记辅助选择培育的抗褐飞虱杂交水稻为材料,通过苗期和成株期的全生育期田间抗性鉴定,对基因聚合改良杂交稻组合的褐飞虱抗性进行综合评价,结果表明,基因聚合改良杂交稻组合的苗期抗性介于抗和中抗水平,田间虫量在7次调查中均低于800头/百丛,远低于2000头/百丛的防治标准,而对照扬两优6号、两优培九和当地农家品种两优63在8月29日到9月10日飞虱发生高峰期的百丛虫量分别最高达到5400头、2030头和10700头,高于或远高于2000头/百丛的防治标准。改良组合川香29A/华恢1462的产量在通城比对照扬两优6号增产11.8%。上述结果表明抗褐飞虱改良杂交稻新组合能够有效抑制稻田褐飞虱种群数量,节约人工和农药成本,增加水稻产量。     

化州市近十年稻飞虱重发原因浅析及防治对策

稻飞虱是造成水稻大面积减产甚至绝收的一类重要迁飞性害虫。为了改善和提高稻飞虱的监控技术水平,对广东省化州市历年稻飞虱测报资料进行总结分析。所得结果表明,近10年稻飞虱表现出明显的新特点:发生期显著提早;次害代发生重,重发世代增多;暴发频率加快,对水稻为害进一步加剧。剖析其原因,主要是气候有利、种植方式改变、抗药性增强和防治不当等。总结提出了调整防治策略,加强虫情测报和农业防治,选用正确药剂,改进施药方法等防治对策。     

缅甸稻飞虱的发生和防控情况(英文)

稻飞虱是缅甸水稻种植区常见且分布广泛的一类害虫,可造成农作物不同程度的减产.稻飞虱的爆发与高产品种的大规模推广种植具有一致性,同时其种群变化也与天气条件有关.近年来,缅甸中部部分省份稻飞虱大量孳生,在一定程度上,这与氮肥施用水平有关.雨季稻飞虱种群增加,7月和8月为高峰期.在缅甸,主要通过培育抗虫、抗旱、抗逆等水稻品种来防控稻飞虱.同时用诱虫灯进行早期入侵的虫源的监测,必要时,采用化学杀虫剂防治.缅甸部分农场还采用了病虫害综合管理系统(IPM),以建立健康、安全、可调节的水稻生态系统及可持续的病虫害管理.     

浙北单季晚(粳)稻区稻飞虱发生特点与原因探讨

近年来 ,浙北单季晚 (粳 )稻区稻飞虱发生特点为 ,以白背飞虱Sogatellafurcifera (Horvath)和Ni laparvatalugens (St l)褐飞虱为优势种群 ;发生代次多 ,主害代为 3代白背飞虱和 5代褐飞虱 ,少数年份 4代褐飞虱也成为主害代 ;发生偏重 ,但地区和田块间不平衡性突出。其发生主要受外迁虫量、水稻栽增管理和品种特性、夏秋季气候条件和农药防治等因素影响     

Functional response and searching efficiency inPseudogonatopus flavifemur Esaki and Hash. (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae), a parasite of rice planthoppers

The functional response of Pseudogonatopus flavifemur E & H (Hym., Dryinidae) was investigated by offering hosts (brown planthopper) at densities ranging from 8 to 160 per cage. The response curve was found to be sigmoid, i. e.Holling 's (1959) Type III curve. In experiments involving 310 hosts per cage distributed unevenly in 5 densities (10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 per hill), and a different female parasite density each time (viz. 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16 per cage), the behavioral response was described well by the “random predator equation” ofRoyama (1971) andRoger (1972), which is a convex exponential curve. The area of discovery (a) decreased with an increase in female parasite density (P), and the relationship was described by the equation: log a=−1.0099−0.3638 log P. There was an apparent increase in handling time per host as the number of female parasites increased. Superparasitism, a rare phenomenon under natural conditions, was often observed in the laboratory. The potential of P. flavifemur as a biocontrol agent of the brown planthopper is discussed.     

2008年桂北地区稻飞虱特大迁入事件分析

2008年5月下旬—6月中旬,桂北地区出现了褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens（Stl）和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera（Horváth）特大迁入峰,单晚单灯虫量超百万。如此大量的迁入虫源究竟来自何方？利用HYSPLIT轨迹分析平台、地理信息系统ArcGIS和气象图形软件GrADS,对稻飞虱的特大迁入峰及其大气背景场的个例分析表明：（1）西南方向的低空急流为广西稻飞虱大规模迁入提供了运载气流,降雨是迫使稻飞虱集中降落的主要原因;（2）5月下旬,虫源地主要分布在越南北部地区（20°～22°N）,6月上旬,虫源地主要分布在越南东北部地区（21°～23°N）,6月中旬桂西北地区大规模迁入的虫源地位于越南东北部、广西西南部,桂东北虫源地分布在广西东南部;（3）虫源地的空间分布和虫源基数的差异直接导致了6月中旬桂东北和桂西北地区降虫量的巨大差异。