Typification of the Linnaean name Ononis crispa and the related O. zschackei (Fabaceae)

The typification of the Linnaean name Ononis crispa and the related O. zschackei (Fabaceae) is discussed. Original material for O. crispa was traced at LINN, but found to be heterogeneous. In addition, the illustration by Magnol cited in the protologue represents O. aragonensis. The name is lectotypified using a specimen at LINN to preserve the current usage of the name and to avoid any ambiguity in the interpretation of the lectotype, an epitype is selected. Since no original material is extant for the name O. zschackei, a neotype is designated from a specimen preserved at P and collected in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain).     

Lectotypification of the Linnaean name Hypochaeris maculata (Asteraceae)

The typification of the name Hypochaeris maculata L. is discussed. A specimen from the Linnaean Herbarium (LINN) is designated as the lectotype.     

Lectotypification of the Linnaean name Fagus castanea (Fagaceae)

The typification of the name Fagus castanea L. (Fagaceae) is discussed. A specimen from the Linnaean Herbarium (no. 1130.1, LINN!) is designated as lectotype.     

The typification of Lolium perenne L. and Loliutn temulentum L. (Poaceae)

LOOS, B. P. & JARVIS, C. E., 1992. The typification of Lolium perenne and Lolium temulentum (Poaceae). The typification of the Linnaean species Lolium perenne and Lolium temulentum has been studied. Lolium perenne is typified by material in LINN, as proposed by Terrell, but it has been necessary to select a lectotype for L. temulentum , and material in the Burser herbarium (UPS) has been chosen for this purpose. The study shows that although Linnaeus used awns as a diagnostic character to distinguish the two species, he was aware of the intraspecific variability in this character.     

About the application of the Linnaean names Anthemis italica and A. tinctoria var. triumfettii (Asteraceae,Anthemidae)

The typification of the Linnaean names Anthemis italica and A. tinctoria var. triumfettii is discussed. Specimens from LINN (no. 1016.4) and SBT (no. 72) are designated as lectotypes. The name A. italica is proposed as a synonym of A. maritima, while A. tinctoria var. triumfettii is currently accepted under the genus Cota, as C. triumfettii.     

Typification of the Linnaean names of the genus Cardamine (Cruciferae)

Lectotypification of the following Linnaean names of the genus Cardamine L. (Cruciferae) is presented Cardamine asarifolia, C. graeca, C. petraea (|M= Cardaminopsis petraea), C. resedgolia (including designation of an epitype), C. trifolia and C. virginica. The lectotypes of the previously typified names of this genus and the protologues of these names are discussed. The probable typotype for the lectotype of C. azcana is identified and the need for the conservation of the type of C. chelidonia is noted.     

Hybridization in the genera Vulpia and Festuca (Poaceae): meiotic behaviour of artificial hybrids

The course of meiosis, including an analysis of chromosome configurations, is described for five diploid × diploid Vulpia crosses, five tetraploid × diploid Vulpia crosses, one hexaploid × diploid Festuca × Vulpia cross, one tetraploid × hexaploid Vulpia × Festuca cross, and one hexaploid × hexaploid Vulpia × Festuca cross. In most cases there was 97.5% or more pollen sterility, but two heptaploid plants obtained (presumably by non-reduction) from a hexaploid × diploid cross had about 60% stainable pollen. In the diploid hybrids pairing was quite extensive, and in V. ligustica × V. geniculata it was more or less as in the parent species (mode 7 bivalents, with regular separation). In the triploid hybrids the modal situation was 7 bivalents + 7 univalents, but evidence concerning the genomes which were pairing was equivocal. Evidence from the crosses at higher ploidy levels shows that both homogenetic and heterogenetic pairing does occur, although the relative amounts are uncertain. The results in general support the current classsification of Vulpia , except that they suggest the removal of V. alopecuros from section Loretia.     

Generic and infrageneric nomenclature of annual Poaceae: Poeae related to Vulpia and Desmazeria

The 26 generic and 63 infrageneric names which have been applied to the approximately 47 species belonging to the Vulpia–Desmazeria group of annual Poaceae: Poeae are listed, together with their bibliographic, nomenclatural and typological details. A synopsis of the classification of this group adopted by the author, involving twelve genera and five extra sections, follows, and includes a new combination at the sectional level: Vulpia sect. Apalochloa (Dumort.) Stace. Although not closely related to this group of grasses, the genus Sclerochloa is included as it has been very widely confused taxonomically, nomenclaturally and typographically with Scleropoa.     

The species of Hymenoptera described by Linnaeus in the genera Sphex, Chrysis, Vespa, Apis and Mutilla

Data are presented on the type-material representing the species described by Linnaeus in his genera Sphex, Chrysis, Vespa, Apis and Mutilla , The names here considered total 158; six are currently applied in the Hymenoptera Parasitica. Of the balance of 147, three are emendations and five are unavailable homonyms or names proposed in the synonymy of other species. Fifteen Linnaean names are here placed as synonyms. One name is attributed to an author other than Linnaeus, and live names remain species incertae sedis. The remainder, 118, are applied as valid names in die Hymenoptera Aculeata. Holotype specimens in London, Uppsala or Stockholm represent 60 names; 55 names are based on lectotype specimens of which 49 are here designated, two by other authors. One name is represented by a neotype specimen in Lund, and one by a lectotype figure. One non-aculeate species is based on syntypes. Specimens appear to be lost with respect to 25 names; three specimens in Uppsala may be the holotypes of a further three species.
Eight new combinations are made, and twelve new synonyms established; three further new combinations and three further new synonymies are suggested. A systematically arranged summary of species treated and of nomenclatural changes made is given. Nomenclatural changes affecting non-Linnaean names are included where relevant; lectotypes are designated for two non-Linnaean species.     

Hybridisation in the genera Vulpia and Festuca: the production of artificial F1 plants

The results of hybridisation experiments involving 24 strains of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid Vulpia , representing nine species in three sections, and 22 strains of hexaploid and octoploid Festuca rubra agg., are presented, and the taxonomic implications discussed. 7848 pollinations produced 741 hybrid caryopses, from which 137 mature hybrid plants were raised (1.75% success rate) by embryo culture. Festuca x Festuca crosses were relatively easily achieved, and Festuca x Vulpia crosses were as successful as Vulpia x Vulpia crosses, indicating a close relationship between these two genera. Hybrids with F. rubra agg. were raised from females of species from all three sections of Vulpia. Within Vulpia , the most successful crosses involved V. geniculata, V. ligustica, V. fasciculata and V. pyramidata , whereas V. alopecuros was the least successful parent of all, producing only one mature hybrid from 2595 pollinations.     

Linnaeus's butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea)

The names of all the species of butterflies described by Linnaeus under "Papilio" are researched. Of the 305 names treated, 243 (c. 80%) are currently valid as specific (241) or subspecific (2), 29 are junior synonyms, 14 are invalid (one of these applying to a fake), and for 13 the identity is unknown or uncertain. Six species of moths misidentified by Linnaeus as butterflies are cited in the study, but details are not included. One hundred and fifty-two lectotypes have been designated, representing about 56% of the sum of the valid names and junior synonyms. Of these, 99 were selected from specimens in the Linnean Society of London, 52 from Queen Ludovica Ulrica's collection, Uppsala, and one lectotype is a Petiver specimen from the collection of Sir Hans Sloane. Linnaeus described at least five species, possibly eight, from the literature alone. All Linnaean material examined is documented, as are 'subsequent' specimens that are associated with Linnaean material. Synonymy and homonymy are discussed and presented, as are the identities of type localities. Care has been taken to achieve a practical balance between Linnaean and current species identities. Linnaean material studied included specimens from The Linnean Society of London, Museum Ludovicae Ulricae (Uppsala University), the Clerck and De Geer collections in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, and the collection of James Petiver, now part of the collection of Sir Hans Sloane housed in The Natural History Museum, London.     

Complex interactions between a legume and two grasses in a subalpine meadow

Interactions between plants are a complex combination of positive and negative interactions, with the net outcome depending on environmental contexts. The more frequent association of Trifolium alpinum (legume) with Festuca eskia than with Nardus stricta (grasses) in many Pyrenean subalpine meadows suggests a differential ability to use nitrogen (N) derived from N(2) fixation. In the field, we investigated the interactions between the legume and grasses and, in the glasshouse, the transfer of (15)N from the legume to the grasses. In one grass-Trifolium mixture, the legume had a strong positive effect on the biomass and N content of the grass as compared to pure grass stands. When both grasses grew together with the legume, only Festuca benefited from the presence of Trifolium but, surprisingly, the benefit decreased with increasing Trifolium abundance. Leaf labeling experiments with (15)N-NH(4)(+) revealed a higher transfer of (15)N from Trifolium to Festuca than to Nardus, suggesting a more direct N pathway between the two species. This more direct pathway could prevent Nardus from benefiting from the legume N in the three-species mixtures. Thus, the positive interactions between N-fixers and nonfixers appear to be largely species-specific and to depend strongly on the species in the plant assemblage.     

Typifications of Linnaean names in the genus Centaurea and Serratula (Asteraceae)

The typification of three Linnaean names in the genus Centaurea and one in Serratula (Asteraceae): C. lippii (syn. Volutaria lippii), C. muricata (Volutaria muricata), C. repens (Rhaponticum repens) and S. babylonica (Centaurea babylonica), is discussed. Designations of nomenclatural types based on the consultation of Linnaeus's original material and the literature cited in the respective protologues are proposed. Three names are lectotypified using specimens from both Linnaeus herbarium at LINN and the illustrations from Isnard and Dodoëns. Furthermore, a neotype is designated for Serratula babylonica from a specimen at LINN.     

The first valid publication of the Linnaean Mnium triquetrum (Musci) and other new names for mosses proposed by N. Jolyclerc

A brief biographical sketch of Nicolas-Marie-Thérèse Jolyclerc (1746–1817), the French naturalist and adherent of C. Linnaeus, is presented. The publication history of his Système sexuel des végétaux, the first French version of the Linnaean sexual system of the plants is outlined. Apart from the well-known editions of this work of 1797, 1798 and 1810, a neglected edition of 1803 is described, and it is shown that this is not a pirated edition as has been suggested. A list of fourteen new combinations in mosses proposed by N. Jolyclerc in the 1803 edition of Système sexuel des végétaux is presented and some names are briefly annotated. Additionally, it is shown that Mnium triquetrum, basionym of the well-known moss species Meesia triquetra, was validly published for the first time by N. Jolyclerc in 1803, not by H. E. Richter in 1839 as is commonly accepted. Accordingly, the correct author citation for Meesia triquetra should be ‘(L. ex Jolycl.) Ångstr.’, not ‘(L. ex Richt.) Ångstr.’ The lectotype of Mnium triquetrum L. ex Jolycl. is selected from the Linnaean herbarium (LINN).     

Lectotypifications of Lìnnaean names for Flora Nordica Vol. 1 (Lycopodiaceae — Papaveraceae)

Linnaean names appearing in Volume 1 of Flora Nordica are typified. The main sources for types are the Linnaean Herbarium (LINN), the Clifford Herbarium (BM), the Burser Herbarium (UPS) the Iter lapponicum Herbarium in Paris (LAPP), and cited illustrations. The study forms part of the "Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project" based at the Natural History Museum (BM). Flora Nordica notes no. 10.     

Lectotypification of Linnaean names for Flora Nordica (Brassicaceae - Apiaceae)

Linnaean names appearing in Flora Nordica in the families Brassicaceae - Apiaceae (in the conventional family sequence of the Flora) are typified. The main sources for types are the Linnaean Herbarium (LINN), the Clifford Herbarium (BM), the Burser Herbarium (UPS) and the Iter lapponicum herbarium in Paris (LAPP), and cited illustrations. The study forms part of the "Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project" based at The Natural History Museum, London (BM). - Flora Nordica notes No. 31.     

Continuing addition to the gene-pool of theFestuca rubra aggregate (Poaceae:Poeae)

The chance backcrossing to hexaploidFestuca rubra of a natural pentaploid hybridFestuca rubra ·Vulpia fasciculata to produce a hexaploid plant is described. The hexaploid derivative, unlike the pentaploid hybrid, shows a reasonable degree of fertility and is morphologically very close to normalFestuca rubra. Its existence provides a mechanism for the continued introgression ofVulpia fasciculata intoFestuca rubra, so increasing the variability of the latter. It also shows that pairing betweenFestuca rubra andVulpia fasciculata chromosomes must have taken place either in the pentaploid hybrid or in its hexaploid derivative. A possibly similar pattern of introgression involvingVulpia bromoides is also described.     

Polysety in Erythrodontium barteri (Entodontaceae,Musci) from the Savanna Region in Southwestern Nigeria

Abstract

The original material of Hypnum ochraceum Turner ex Wilson consists of 13 collections (one fragmentary) kept at the BM and one at the herbarium of Smith (LINN). A specimen in the BM is designated here as lectotype.     

Hybridization in the genera Vulpia and Festuca (Poaceae): the characteristics of artificial hybrids

The chromosome numbers and morphological characteristics, including life–form, vegetative and floral measurements and pollen fertility, of 70 artificial interspecific Vulpia hybrid plants and 49 artificial intergeneric Festuca rubra agg. x Vulpia hybrid plants are presented, together with comparable data from 60 artificial Festuca rubra agg. x Vulpia fasciculata plants produced by R. Cotton. The inheritance of various characters is summarized. It is concluded that most characters of the tetraploid Vulpia fasciculata are dominant over those of diploid species of Vulpia , but that most characters of the hexaploid Festuca rubra agg. are dominant over those of diploid and tetraploid species of Vulpia. In diploid x diploid Vulpia crosses the pubescent ovary tip is dominant to the glabrous state, but the inheritance of lemma pubescence is more complicated. The keeled lemmas of V. fasciculata and V. pyramidata are dominant to the rounded ones of other Vulpia species, but recessive to the rounded ones of F rubra agg. Bearing in mind such generalizations as these, the parentage of wild hybrids should be capable of correct interpretation. The significance of the results in our understanding of the origin of V. fasciculata is discussed.