文县疣螈繁殖初探

2006年4～9月、2007年4～9月,在四川青川初步观察了文县疣螈(Tylototriton wenxianensis)的繁殖习性,并研究了其主要特点,包括繁殖期雌雄差异、繁殖迁徙、交配与产卵、幼体发育等,同时在甘肃文县观察了其幼体的生长发育过程.结果表明,文县疣螈的繁殖期一般为4月上旬至9月上旬,繁殖期成体性比不断变化.该螈具有繁殖迁徙现象,迁徙及求偶行为由雄性占主动.求偶、交配及产卵均在水塘周围岸边的陆地上进行,产卵集中在5月初至7月末,雌螈平均产卵数为42.8枚(n=6),卵的平均孵化期为26.8 d(n=119).卵群的平均孵化率为46.3%(n=6).随着气温的升高、相对湿度和降水量的增加,雌螈产卵量和孵化率升高,卵的平均孵化期缩短.     

云南大理苍山西坡红瘰疣螈身体状况与繁殖时间研究

2019年6—7月,采用样线法对云南省大理白族自治州苍山西坡红瘰疣螈Tylototriton shanjing的种群数量、繁殖时间和个体身体状况进行调查,并对红瘰疣螈两性个体的繁殖时间,不同繁殖时段个体体质量、头体长、肥满度、重长比进行了分析。共观察到红瘰疣螈个体664只,其中雄性410只,雌性254只,整体性比偏雄,雄性个体的比例由繁殖前期的69%逐渐降至后期的49%。雌性个体体质量、头体长和肥满度在不同繁殖时段的差异有统计学意义,繁殖前期雌性个体大于繁殖后期的个体;除头体长和体质量外,雄性个体肥满度和重长比在不同繁殖时段的差异均无统计学意义。繁殖后期,雌雄两性红瘰疣螈小个体的比例均增加,体质量小于5 g,头体长小于50 mm的雄性个体比例由0逐渐增加到13.16%和10.53%;体质量小于10 g,头体长小于60 mm的雌性个体比例由0逐渐增加到10.26%和7.69%,显示两性个体中的较小个体参与繁殖时间均较晚。较小个体身体状况相对较差,运动能力、繁殖潜力和配偶竞争等都不具优势,可能采用了较晚繁殖的繁殖策略。     

云南新平哀牢山红瘰疣螈的陆地求偶交配行为模式

红瘰疣螈Tylototriton shanjing为云南山地环境中典型的有尾两栖类,其求偶交配行为模式尚未被系统研究。2013—2014年对云南省新平县哀牢山繁殖期红瘰疣螈在陆地环境中的求偶交配模式进行了观察。研究结果显示,红瘰疣螈的求偶交配行为是按照一定时序进行的,整个过程由定位、静止展示、劝导展示和精子转移4个阶段组成。在求偶交配中雄性个体行为包括:警戒、追逐、阻拦、蹑行、嗅探、轻推、诱导、扇尾、侧行和产精包等类型。雌性个体的行为包括离开、静止、跟随、纳精包等类型。雄性行为较雌性复杂,雄性在求偶交配行为过程中占据主动。雌雄的识别主要以视觉为主,整个求偶交配过程中无抱握行为,雄性尾部的运动也比较单一,这些行为的变化可能是对在陆地求偶交配的适应。     

降雨决定繁殖期红瘰疣螈的活动性

有尾两栖类的繁殖活动常常受到环境因子,特别是如温度、湿度和降雨等气候因子的限制。红瘰疣螈Tylototriton shanjing是适应云南山地环境的典型有尾两栖类动物。本研究期望通过对繁殖期红瘰疣螈活动个体数量的野外调查和气候因子的分析,弄清影响红瘰疣螈繁殖行为活动的关键气候因子。研究结果显示,繁殖期红瘰疣螈活动个体数量与气温呈显著的负相关关系,与空气相对湿度和降雨量呈显著的正相关关系。然而偏相关和多元回归分析则表明,红瘰疣螈繁殖行为活动与相对湿度和降雨量关系更密切。红瘰疣螈总是在降雨后引起空气湿度增加以及气温下降时进行各种繁殖行为活动,降雨是影响红瘰疣螈繁殖行为活动关键的气候因子。红瘰疣螈的繁殖行为活动与降雨节律保持一致是对云南山地环境的重要适应。     

温度对红瘰疣螈胚胎发育的影响

探讨了不同温度对红瘰疣螈Tylototriton shanjing Nussbaum,Brodie et Yang 1995胚胎发育速度、孵化率及胚长增长速度的影响,并对胚胎发育起点温度和发育有效积温等进行研究。结果表明,在试验温度范围内(10³0℃),随着温度的升高,其胚胎发育速度、胚长增长速度加快,发育时间缩短,孵化率上升。其中孵化率与孵化温度成线性关系(Y=0.0017X+0.95230),发育周期与孵化温度成线性关系(Y=-0.377X+24.154)。但红瘰疣螈有一定适宜温度范围(2030℃),随着温度的升高,其胚胎发育速度、胚长增长速度加快,发育时间缩短,孵化率上升。其中孵化率与孵化温度成线性关系(Y=0.0017X+0.95230),发育周期与孵化温度成线性关系(Y=-0.377X+24.154)。但红瘰疣螈有一定适宜温度范围(20²5℃),超过或低于该温度范围,卵的畸形率和最终死亡率明显增加。应用直线回归法和直接最优化法计算红瘰疣螈胚胎发育的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为0.58℃、68.66日度和0.46℃、69.01日度。     

红瘰疣螈玉龙雪山种群的两性异形

分别测量于2018年6—8月采自云南丽江玉龙雪山的32只(17♂,15♀)红瘰疣螈Tylototriton shanjing成体的全长、头体长、头长等13项形态特征指标,并检验该物种的两性异形。结果表明:雌性平均全长为160.72 mm±3.02 mm(n=15),雄性平均全长为138.58 mm±2.57 mm(n=17),雌性与雄性平均全长比为1.160,两性异形指数为0.138,属雌性大于雄性的两栖类;全长在两性间的差异有统计学意义;除了雌性的头宽、尾宽、尾高和腋至胯距外,其他形态特征与全长均有显著或极显著相关性;以全长为协变量的协方差分析结果显示,红瘰疣螈的头体长、头长、吻长、尾长和前肢长在两性间的差异有统计学意义;雌性的尾长和前肢长随全长的生长速率大于雄性,而头体长、头长和吻长随全长的生长速率小于雄性。生育力选择假说能解释红瘰疣螈玉龙雪山种群的两性异形现象。     

捕食风险对红瘰疣螈幼体生长发育的影响

捕食风险是两栖动物幼体表型和生活史进化重要的选择压力之一。红瘰疣螈Tylototriton shanjing为云南山地环境中典型的有尾两栖类,山地环境水体水量的迅速减少常导致红瘰疣螈在幼体发育阶段捕食风险增加。本研究通过实验,观察红瘰疣螈幼体的体长和体质量在不同捕食风险环境中的变化、变态时体型以及完成变态发育的时间差异,探讨捕食风险对红瘰疣螈幼体个体早期发育的影响。实验设计4个不同的捕食风险处理:无任何捕食者的无捕食组、有同种个体化学信号的同种异体组、有同种尾受伤个体化学信号的断尾组、有入侵物种——克氏原螯虾Procambarus clarkii信息的外来物种组。结果显示,红瘰疣螈幼体在不同捕食风险环境中的生长发育过程不同。在生长发育前期,所有处理组的幼体生长均相似,而在中后期,有捕食风险存在的3个处理组生长发育显著加快,最终变态时的体长和体质量要比无捕食风险组更长和更重,体型更大。幼体在有捕食风险存在的处理组完成变态的时间要比无捕食风险组显著更短。这表明,红瘰疣螈幼体在面对捕食风险增加时,通过在胚后发育后期加快生长和缩短发育时间,尽快完成变态,离开幼体发育水体来适应高捕食风险的水环境。     

从线粒体Cyt b基因探讨红瘰疣螈物种地位的有效性

疣螈属的红瘰疣螈(Tylototriton shanjing)和棕黑疣螈(T.verrucosus)的物种界限一直不清楚。测定了来自中国西南地区14个地点的T.shanjing和T.verrucosus共40只标本的线粒体DNACytb基因(753bp)。结果表明:(1)用邻接法、最大简约法和贝叶斯法等3种系统发育分析法分别重建棕黑疣螈种组系统发育树的拓扑结构不支持T.shanjing是单系群;(2)T.shanjing与T.verrucsus的mtDNA Cytb序列差异平均值仅为1.2%,未达到种级水平。因此,全部T.shanjing样品都属于同一个物种,即T.verrucosus,不支持T.shanjing的物种地位,T.shanjing为T.verrucosus的同物异名,并建议恢复T.verrucosus的中文名红瘰疣螈。根据基于40个样品Cyt b基因序列的系统发育树和遗传变异以及地理分布,这些红瘰疣螈(T.verrucosus)样品聚为3支,即中国西南地区的红瘰疣螈可分为片马、滇中滇西和滇东南3个地理居群。     

红瘰疣螈的体温调节

红瘰疣螈(Tylototriton shanjing)为我国Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物。本实验测定了在不同环境温度条件下红瘰疣螈体温及代谢率变化。结果表明,在10～35℃环境温度范围内红瘰疣螈体温(Tb)与环境温度(Ta)呈正相关,其直线回归方程为:Tb=3.99+0.86Ta(R2=0.99,P0.01);其代谢率(MR)在15～30℃的环境温度范围内随环境温度的升高而升高,在35℃时,其代谢率由于体温过高而急剧降低;在15～35℃之间的6个温度条件下雄性代谢率的回归方程为:MR1=0.374 1-0.355 1Ta+0.113 9T2a-0.010 5T3a(R2=0.47,P0.01,df1=3,df2=46);雌性代谢率的回归方程为:MR2=0.478 8-0.420 3Ta+0.130 4T2a-0.011 8T3a(R2=0.40,P0.01,df1=3,df2=46)。不同于内热源动物的代谢特征,红瘰疣螈的体温调节表现出外热源动物的特点:其体温受环境影响较大,体温生理调节能力较弱。     

氧化乐果对红瘰疣螈胚胎及蝌蚪生长发育的影响

本文研究了氧化乐果对红瘰疣螈Tylototriton shanjing胚胎及蝌蚪生长发育的影响。结果表明,氧化乐果对红瘰疣螈胚胎发育过程中的出膜期和开口期毒性较大,其余各期毒性较小。随着氧化乐果浓度的增大,红瘰疣螈的畸形率和死亡率逐渐增大。gosner22期蝌蚪的安全浓度是0.05 mg·L~(-1)。在安全浓度内,0.03 mg·L~(-1)氧化乐果溶液对蝌蚪的生长具有明显的促进作用,浓度高于0.03 mg·L~(-1)则对蝌蚪的生长发育有明显的滞育作用,对其生长的影响主要表现在10 d以后,这与处理时间延长,毒物在蝌蚪体内富集有关。氧化乐果对红瘰疣螈胚胎及蝌蚪生长发育有显著的影响和损伤,该研究为农业生产科学合理使用农药提供了依据。     

绿翅鸭繁殖生态初报

2007～2009年在黑龙江中南部地区对绿翅鸭(Anas crecca)繁殖生态习性进行了观察。绿翅鸭在黑龙江属夏候鸟,每年3月末4月初迁来,10月上旬迁离,所观察的4对绿翅鸭居留期约6个月。迁来时成群停留在湖泊及江的冰面上,开江以后散去,繁殖期间,绿翅鸭的配偶关系为一雄一雌,巢址多选择离水域较近的草丛或灌木丛中,所观察的4巢,巢都比较简单,筑巢时间为(5.5±1.0)d(n=4)。巢筑成后的(3.25±0.50)d开始产卵。每窝70～12枚不等,平均(9.80±2.21)枚(n=4)。卵重平均(28.70±0.72)g(n=39),最后一枚卵产出后(2.50±0.577)d(n=4),开始孵卵,孵卵期约为22～26 d不等,平均孵卵期为(24.25±1.17)d(n=4),平均孵化率为79.5%±29.98%。幼鸟为早成鸟,育雏期为(29.75±1.70)d。     

桃小食心虫卵收集方法的改进

本文介绍了一种用绒面壁纸作为卵卡收集桃小食心虫Carposina sasakii Matsumura卵的方法。利用显微镜测试了绒面的绒毛高度和密度,并从落卵量和卵的孵化率两方面对这种卵卡和传统的滤纸卵卡进行了比较。结果表明,滤纸卵卡和绒面卵卡上的总落卵量无显著差异,平均为(303.77±51.03)粒和(330.23±44.85)粒,其中成虫交尾后48 h内的落卵量平均为(303.77±51.03)粒和(330.23±44.85)粒,其中成虫交尾后48 h内的落卵量为(176.31±38.96)粒和(223.92±30.69)粒(P<0.001)。成虫交尾后48 h内产下的卵平均孵化率为93.97%和94.56%,48 h后产下的卵平均孵化率为83.87%和83.58%,即成虫交尾后48 h后产下的卵的孵化率显著低于交尾后48 h内产下的卵(P<0.001),但同期落于两种卵卡上的卵孵化率差异不大。因此,使用绒面卵卡能显著提高初孵幼虫的数量,在得到相同虫量的情况下,显著降低成本。且相对于人工刮制的传统卵卡,使用绒面卵卡,很好的避免了因手工制作导致的一致性差、耗时长、人工费昂贵的问题,为收集桃小食心虫卵提供了一种较为理想的方法。     

不同波长LED光源对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊生殖行为的影响

【目的】明确不同波长的LED光源对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang求偶、交配及繁殖等生殖行为的影响。【方法】采用红(625~630 nm)、橙(600~605 nm)、黄(590~595nm)、绿(525~530 nm)、蓝(455~460 nm)和白(6 000~6 500 k)6种LED光源在韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫交配期进行照光处理,观察统计其求偶和交配行为以及单雌产卵量、卵孵化情况和有效后代数量。【结果】韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫求偶前期时长在橙光下最长,为28.48 min。求偶率在蓝光下最高,为86%;橙光下最低,为48%。交配期时长在蓝光下最长,为4.59 min;橙光下较短,为4.23 min。单雌产卵量在各波长光源下与对照均无显著差异。卵孵化率在蓝光下最低,仅为43.41%。有效后代数量在蓝光下最低,仅为27.00头;橙光下次之,为43.40头。【结论】LED光源的波长可影响韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的生殖行为,其中橙光(600~605 nm)不利于其求偶、交配和繁殖;蓝光(455~460nm)虽有利于其求偶和交配,但明显抑制其繁殖。     

虎纹捕鸟蛛生物学特性的观察

虎纹捕鸟蛛（Ornithoctonus huwenna)个体大,毒性强,有强烈的攻击性,蛛毒含量大,采毒易,是进行蛛毒,蛛蛋白研究的理想试验材料,研究在饲养条件下虎纹捕鸟蛛的生活习性,捕食特点,雌蛛产卵,护卵习性,卵的孵化,蜕皮及幼蛛的发育,以及耐饥饿,耐干旱能力。     

Repeated Mating and Female Fecundity in the Simultaneously Hermaphroditic Land Snail Arianta arbustorum

Summary

To evaluate the influence of repeated mating on female fecundity in the simultaneously hermaphroditic, self-incompatible land snail Arianta arbus-torum, the number and size of clutches, egg size and hatching success of individuals from 3 populations were determined under conditions of isolation and grouping during one breeding season in a field cage experiment. Only adult snails which had mated and oviposited in the preceding year were used.

Sperm storage enabled isolated individuals to continue with the production of fertilized eggs. Snails kept singly or in groups differed neither in number of clutches laid nor in egg size. But isolated snails laid smaller clutches than did grouped snails. As a result isolated snails produced fewer eggs per breeding season. Hatching success varied greatly between populations and rearing conditions. In general, isolated snails had fewer hatchlings than grouped snails, indicating that individuals prevented from remating suffered a reduced fitness.     

Breeding biology of the Barn Owl Tyto alba in central Mali

Data were obtained on 178 clutches of African Barn Owls in central Mali from four breeding seasons during 1979–1983. Significantly more clutches were laid in 1979–1980 and significantly fewer in 1980– 1981 than the average for the 4 years and there were significantly more clutches laid in the middle period of the annual breeding season. The egg volume was significantly smaller at the beginning of the breeding season and significantly larger in the middle than the overall mean with eggs of second clutches being larger than those of first clutches. The clutch size was 605 eggs of which 479 hatched. The number of young fledged per successful nest was 319 and was 1 83 for all nesting attempts. The month was the only variable shown to affect significantly the clutch size, eggs hatched and fledging rate, the highest success rates being associated with the middle of the breeding period. The average interval between the hatching of eggs was 2–31 days. Survival rates (47'1%) to fledging were significantly affected by year (1981–1982 being the least) and month (mid-season birds the best). The order of hatching significantly affected age at death or disappearance, the first-hatched birds surviving the longest. The year significantly affected age at fledging, the young from the year in which most clutches were laid leaving the nest at the youngest age and those associated with the year having the least number of clutches remaining in the nest the longest. The month of hatching also affected fledging age, birds at the extremes of the breeding season fledging at older ages. The discussion compares these data with those from elsewhere.     

Geographical and seasonal gradients in hatching failure in Eastern Bluebirds Sialia sialis reinforce clutch size trends

Eggs untended during the laying phase can lose viability if exposed to high temperatures, such as those common at lower latitudes and late in the nesting season. The egg‐viability hypothesis states that constraints on viability during the laying phase could account for latitudinal and seasonal gradients in clutch size. We used 7 years’ worth of data collected by volunteers (The Birdhouse Network, co‐ordinated by the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology) to look simultaneously at populations across the temperate breeding range of Eastern Bluebirds Sialia sialis in order to test three predictions of the egg‐viability hypothesis: the probability of hatching failure decreases at higher latitude and increases later in the season, and that these trends are strongest among large clutches. The overall average number of unhatched eggs relative to the total number of eggs laid was similar to that found by other studies (7.8%; range 6.8–8.9% annually; n = 32 567 eggs from 7231 nests from 530 study sites). Using generalized linear mixed models that controlled for the non‐independence of eggs within a clutch, we found that the ‘per‐egg’ probability of hatching failure was highest late in the season, highest at lower latitudes, and highest for both small (three‐egg) and large (six‐egg) clutches. The seasonal and geographical gradients in egg hatching failure reinforce documented seasonal and geographical trends in clutch size. Loss of egg viability prior to incubation currently provides the most parsimonious and consistent explanation of the observed patterns of hatching failure. However, alternative explanations for large‐scale patterns, particularly those not consistent with the egg‐viability hypothesis, warrant further research into other causes of hatching failure, such as microbes and infertility (related to extra‐pair mating). Our results demonstrate that investigating causes of variation in demography among local populations across a geographical gradient provides a potential means of identifying selection pressures on life‐history traits.     

Patterns of variation in size of Boat-tailed Grackle Quiscalus major eggs

Boat-tailed Grackle Quiscalus major eggs averaged 8^.09 g wet weight. Mean egg weight represented 8 05 % of female body weight. Based on egg weight, Grackle eggs have a shorter incubation period than the general passerine pattern.
Egg weight varied significantly with sequence of laying and between clutches in both two-egg and three-egg clutches. Last laid eggs weighed less than first laid eggs. The mean weight of the first two eggs laid in three-egg clutches did not differ from the mean egg weight of two-egg clutches. The average clutch of two and three eggs weighed 16.33 g and 24.16 g, respectively.
Mean egg weight varied between study colonies and with season. Grackles at East Lake laid eggs that weighed less than grackles at either Alligator Lake or North Lake. Eggs laid during March averaged less than eggs laid later in the season. The locality variation reflects the different timing of nesting between sites rather than food abundance. As nutrient provisioning increases with an increase in egg weight, the seasonal change in egg weight probably reflects improved feeding conditions for the female. This suggests that selection favours beginning laying before reserves of the female are sufficient to lay the largest egg possible.
The size of the young at hatching was correlated with egg size. Newly hate had young averaged 79.6% of fresh egg weight. Egg weight did not determine the probability of hatching or starvation of the young. Females do not appear to adjust egg size facultatively depending on the sex of the young. Eggs producing males and females did not vary significantly in weight, whether comparisons were made within or between clutches.     

人工饲养条件下黄额闭壳龟的繁殖行为研究

2017—2019年在广西壮族自治区桂林市永福县对7只性成熟(5雌2雄)黄额闭壳龟Cuora galbinifrons的交配与繁殖进行了观察研究,记录人工养殖条件下亲龟的生活、交配及繁殖习性,结合相关研究报导,调整亲龟饲养及龟卵孵化方法,在人工养殖条件下成功繁殖出F_1代个体。结果表明,试验亲龟生长状况良好,体质量年平均增长率达6.37%,交配高峰期为5—6月,产卵期为6—7月。共获得5枚受精卵,2次产卵之间积温为197 230~207 955℃·h,并成功孵化出F_1代稚龟3只,龟卵孵化时间为118~136 d,孵化积温为76 464~88 128℃·h,孵化率60.00%。本研究为黄额闭壳龟的人工饲养繁殖提供了理论依据和实践基础。     

棕背黑头鸫繁殖习性初步观察

2008年和2009年的4～8月,在四川省雅江县帕姆岭对棕背黑头鸫Turdus kessleri的繁殖生态进行了初步观察.该鸟繁殖期在4月下旬至7月上旬,营树上巢,营巢树种为高山栎Quercus aquifolioides和鳞皮冷杉Abies squamata.窝卵数为2~3枚(n=7),平均卵重(7.96±0.03)g(n=8),卵长径(32.7±0.17)mm,短径(21.9±0.13)mm(n=13),雌雄共同孵卵,以雌性为主,孵化期为15~17 d(n=2),孵化率为83.3%(n=18).雌雄共同育雏,以雄性为主,雏鸟出飞后主要在巢周围的林下或灌从活动,这时亲鸟仍会对幼鸟喂食.在同一繁殖季对巢有重复利用的现象.