大鼠脑谷氨酸脱羧酶基因的cDNA克隆及序列分析

胰岛β－细胞自身抗原蛋白之一是脑中谷氨酸脱羧酶（Ｇｌｕｔａｍｉｃａｃｉｄｄｅｃａｒｂｏｘｙｌａｓｅ,ＧＡＤ,ＥＣ４．１．１．１５）同源物,以双链ｃＤＮＡ为模权,用ＰＣＲ方法快速克隆了Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠脑ＧＡＤ基因的ｃＤＮＡ将此包括编码５９３个氨基酸的全长ＤＮＡ片段重组入ｐＵＣ质粒并用双脱的氧末端终止法测定了全部序列,证明其全长为１７７９ｂｐ,经比较发现Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠脑与Ｒｕｓｓｅｌｌ报导的大鼠脑Ｇ     

大鼠脑神经元特异性烯醇化酶基因的cDNA克隆及序列分析

用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法快速克隆了Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠脑神经元特异性烯醇化酶（ＮＳＥ）的ｃＤＮＡ,将此包括编码全长ＮＳＥ４３３个氨基醚的ＤＮＡ片段重组入ｐＵＣ质粒,并用ＰＣＲ方法测定了全部顺序,经重复实验,发现Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠与Ｆｏｒｓｓ－Ｐｅｔｔｅｒ报导的ＳＤ大鼠ＮＳＥ基因顺序,有两外单碱基的差别,其中一个涉及氨基酸的改变。同时还对ＲＮＡ的提取及长片段ＤＮＡ的ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增进行了方法学的探讨。     

大鼠脑α1型甲状腺激素受体基因cDNA克隆及序列分析

使用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法克隆了Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠脑α１型甲状腺激素受体的ｃＤＮＡ,得到包含起始及终止密码子共１２３３ｂｐ、编码４０９个氨基酸的受体全长编码离列,酶切分析后,将此特异ＤＮＡ片段重组入质粒ｐＵＣ系统,得重组质料ｐＴＲＡ。双脱氧末端终止法测定了全部核苷酸顺序。     

人蛋白C cDNA基因的克隆及序列分析

为实现人蛋白C cDNA在哺乳动物细胞中的表达以及研究其生物学特性,针对人蛋白C cDNA序列设计引物,运用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)从人胎肝总RNA中钓取人蛋白C cDNA,将其克隆入pIRES neo载体中,通过酶切和PCR鉴定出重组体并进行测序分析。结果表明,获得大小为1386bp的人蛋白C cDNA基因,成功构建人蛋白C cDNA载体pIRES/hPC,为进一步进行人蛋白C cDNA的表达和活性鉴定奠定了基础。     

大鼠脑cDNA文库的构建

采用简单高效的cDNA合成技术制备Wistar大鼠脑cDNA基因文库,以纯化的poly( A)⁺－RNA为模板,含Not I切点的oligo－（dT）15为引物,在反转录酶的作用下,合成第一股单链cDNA;用E.coli RNase H除去模板RNA,并以E.coli DNA聚合酶Ｉ,E.coli DNA连接酶和T4 DNA聚合酶催化合成cDNA第二条链,即成为双链cDNA;此双股cDNA除0．5μg用于插入pSPORT I载体,转入E.coli DH5a,建成cDNA文库外,其余保存在－20℃,以此cDNA为模板,应用PCR方法,先后克隆了谷氨酸脱羧酶（GAD,1800bp）、神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE,1340bp）,甲状腺激素受体（T3－receptor,1230bp）、胆囊收缩素（CCK,345bp）的全编码基因．     

大鼠脑α_1型甲状腺激素受体基因的cDNA克隆及序列分析

使用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法克隆了Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠脑α_１型甲状腺激素受体的ｃＤＮＡ,得到包含起始及终止密码子共１２３３ｂｐ、编码４０９个氨基酸的受体全长编码序列．酶切分析后,将此特异ＤＮＡ片段重组入质粒ｐＵＣ系统,得重组质粒ｐＴＲＡ．双脱氧末端终止法测定了全部核苷酸顺序,结果与文献报导的ＳＤ大鼠的结果一致,同时对长片段ＤＮＡ的ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增进行了方法学的探讨。     

人TRALL基因cDNA的克隆与序列测定

为研究人 TRALL的基因组结构 ,生物学性能和用于肿瘤生物治疗的可能性 ,利用反转录聚合酶链反应 (RT- PCR)从人急性早幼粒白血病细胞系 HL - 6 0细胞总 PNA中扩增出人 TRALL基因编码区 c DNA序列 ,将其克隆至 p GEM- T载体中 ,序列测定表明 ,克隆片段与文献报道的人TRALL基因编码区 c DNA序列完全一致。     

人TRAIL基因cDNA的克隆与序列测定

为研究人TRAIL的基因组结构,生物学性能和用于肿瘤生物治疗的可能性,利用反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)从人急性早幼粒白血病细胞系HL-60细胞总RNA中扩增出人TRAIL基因编码区cDNA序列,将其克隆至pGEM-T载体中,序列测定表明,克隆片段与文献报道的人TRAIL基因编码区cDNA序列完全一致.     

大鼠脑神经元特异性烯醇化酶基因的cDNA克隆及序列分析

用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法快速克隆了Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠脑神经元特异性烯醇化酶的ｃＤＮＡ,将此包括编码全长ＮＳＥ４３３个氨基酸的ＤＮＡ片段重组入ｐＵＣ质粒,并用ＰＣＲ方法测定了全部顺序,经重复实验,发现Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠与Ｆｏｒｓｓ－Ｐｅｔｔｅｒ报导的ＳＤ大鼠ＮＳＥ基因顺序,有两处单碱基的差别,其中一个涉及氨基酸的改变,同时还对ＲＮＡ的提取及长片段ＤＮＡ的ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ扩增进行了方法学的探讨。     

谷氨酸脱羧酶研究进展

谷氨酸脱羧酶(glutamic acid decarboxylase,GAD,EC4.1.1.15)在生物体内广泛存在,其催化产物γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA)是哺乳动物体内一种重要的抑制性神经递质。在对自身免疫性疾病以及糖尿病研究中,特别是1型糖尿病,GAD、GABA以及谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体(glutamic acid decarboxylase-antibody,GAD-Ab)等的水平作为病理分析、疾病诊断、免疫治疗的重要参数,历来备受研究者关注。本文就GAD及其催化产物GABA的研究进展进行了综述,为更好地研究自身免疫性疾病的发病机理,探索更加有效安全的治疗方法提供参考。     

Rat Brain Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Sequence Deduced from a Cloned cDNA

A cDNA clone complementary to the rat brain glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA was isolated from a rat brain cDNA expression library using an antibody specific to the enzyme. The cDNA insert has been shown to direct the synthesis of an active protein in Escherichia coli. In this study, the nucleotide sequence of this clone, which includes the complete coding region, is presented. The predicted protein is 593 amino acids in length. The first 557 residues display a 95% identity when compared with the corresponding cat sequence. However, the deduced amino acid sequence of the carboxy-terminal end of the rat protein, downstream of residue 557, is totally different from the cat, whereas it agrees with a published partial peptidic sequence of the rat protein.     

Evidence for Two Distinct Forms of Native Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase in Rat Brain Soluble Extract: An Immunoblotting Study

Immunoblots of the soluble proteins from a rat brain high-speed supernatant dissociated under reducing conditions showed two monomers (molecular weights, 59,000 and 62,000 +/- 2,000) immunolabeled by a glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antiserum. In this extract, a GAD monoclonal antibody trapped the same two monomers, thus confirming that they are both constitutive subunits of GAD. Without treatment under reducing conditions, two additional bands were stained by immunoblotting. Their molecular weights were estimated to be 115,000 and 122,000 +/- 5,000. These results demonstrate the presence, in rat brain soluble extract, of two distinct forms of native GAD. They further support our previous hypothesis that each form is composed by the homodimeric association of each constitutive subunit through disulfide bridges.     

Phylogenesis of Brain Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase from Vertebrates: Immunochemical Studies

Brain high-speed supernatants from various lower and higher vertebrates were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, electroblot on nitrocellulose membranes, and immunolabelling using an anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD) antiserum prepared from rat antigen. Rat brain extracts showed two distinct immunolabelled bands (MW 59,000 and 62,000 daltons). The molecular weight of the native enzyme was 120,000 daltons. The immunoblot pattern was not affected by a 3-h incubation of the homogenate. In the substantia nigra, the decrease in the immunolabelling of both bands corresponded very closely to the decrease of GAD activity following lesioning of the striato-nigral pathway. Moreover, experiments with preadsorbed antiserum showed that both subunits have common antigenic determinants. The immunolabelling was consistently more intense over the lightest band. The autoradiography of immunoprecipitated rat brain GAD, iodinated prior to electrophoresis, revealed two radiolabelled bands corresponding to the two immunolabelled ones. Their radioactivity was found in a one-to-five ratio which closely paralleled their respective immunolabelling intensity. Thus, the two subunits recognized by the antiserum are not present in stoichiometric proportions in the rat brain high-speed supernatant. These findings suggest the existence of two homodimeric GAD with common antigenic determinants which are present in different amounts. Immunoprecipitation curves of brain GAD from rat, mouse, rabbit, monkey, human, quail, frog, and trout were similar, with a less than 10-fold maximum shift in affinity for GAD. GAD immunoblots from the various higher vertebrates showed a pattern similar to that obtained in rat.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Sulfur Amino Acid Metabolism in the Developing Rhesus Monkey Brain: Subcellular Studies of Taurine, Cysteinesulfinic Acid Decarboxylase, γ-Aminobutyric Acid, and Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase

Abstract: Taurine, cysteinesulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD), glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) were measured in subcellular fractions prepared from occipital lobe of fetal and neonatal rhesus monkeys. In addition, the distribution of [³⁵S]taurine in subcellular fractions was determined after administration to the fetus via the mother, to the neonate via administration to the mother prior to birth, and directly to the neonate at various times after birth. CSAD, glutamate, GABA, and GAD all were found to be low or unmeasurable in early fetal life and to increase during late fetal and early neonatal life to reach values found in the mother. Taurine was present in large amounts in early fetal life and decreased slowly during neonatal life, arriving at amounts found in the mother not until after 150 days of age. Significant amounts of taurine, CSAD, GABA, and GAD were associated with nerve ending components with some indication that the proportion of brain taurine found in these organelles increases during development. All subcellular pools of taurine were rapidly labeled by exogenously administered [³⁵S]taurine. The subcellular distribution of all the components measured was compatible with the neurotransmitter or putative neuro-transmitter functions of glutamate, GABA, and taurine. The large amount of these three amino acids exceeds that required for such function. The excess of glutamate and GABA may be used as a source of energy. The function of the excess of taurine is still not clear, although circumstantial evidence favors an important role in the development and maturation of the CNS.     

Characterization of the cDNA Coding for Rat Brain Cysteine Sulfinate Decarboxylase

Cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase (CSD) is considered as the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of taurine, a possible osmoregulator in brain. Through cloning and sequencing of RT-PCR and RACE-PCR products of rat brain mRNAs, a 2,396-bp cDNA sequence was obtained encoding a protein of 493 amino acids (calculated molecular mass, 55.2 kDa). The corresponding fusion protein showed a substrate specificity similar to that of the endogenous enzyme. The sequence of the encoded protein is identical to that encoded by liver CSD cDNA. Among other characterized amino acid decarboxylases, CSD shows the highest homology (54%) with either isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67). A single mRNA band, approximately 2.5 kb, was detected by northern blot in RNA extracts of brain, liver, and kidney. However, brain and liver CSD cDNA sequences differed in the 5' untranslated region. This indicates two forms of CSD mRNA. Analysis of PCR-amplified products of genomic DNA suggests that the brain form results from the use of a 3' alternative internal splicing site within an exon specifically found in liver CSD mRNA. Through selective RT-PCR the brain form was detected in brain only, whereas the liver form was found in liver and kidney. These results indicate a tissue-specific regulation of CSD genomic expression.     

大鼠脑前缩胆素原的cDNA克隆

大鼠脑前缩胆素原的ｃＤＮＡ克隆宋学文,赵崇,邓彤,蔡芳,张镜宇（天津医科大学内分泌研究所,天津３０００７０）缩胆素（ｃｈｏｌｅｃｙｓｔｏｋｉｎｉｎ,ＣＣＫ）是一种脑肠肽激素,它不仅存在于小肠粘膜的分泌细胞,而且分布于中枢和外周神经系统［１,２］;在血...     

Striatal Expression of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Gene in Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract: To examine potential alteration of GABAergic striatal neurons in Alzheimer's disease, we used quantitative in situ hybridization to analyze the messenger RNA coding for M_r 67,000 glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD₆₇ mRNA) in the striatum of five patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and nine matched control subjects. We found a 51–57% increase in the optical density of hybridization signal in the caudate nucleus and putamen, corresponding to a 30–42% increase in the number of neurons expressing a detectable amount of GAD₆₇ mRNA. By contrast, no alteration was observed in the ventral striatum. The expression of GAD₆₇ mRNA per neuron was similar in AD and control subjects both in the dorsal and ventral striatum. Taken together, our data indicate that, in AD, GABAergic neurotransmission is increased in the dorsal striatum but not in the ventral striatum. We suggest that this increased GABAergic neurotransmission may explain extrapyramidal signs often observed in AD.     

大鼠肾硫酸基转移酶基因的cDNA克隆及序列分析

在许多激素、神经递质、药物和异生化合物的生物转化中,硫酸酯化反应是一重要的代谢途径［１,２］．这些化合物的硫酸酯化通常导致其生物活性的降低及尿排泄量的增加．硫酸酯化是把３′－磷酸腺苷－５′磷酸硫酸（ＰＡＰＳ）的活性硫酸根转移到某一底物（如Ｒ－ＯＨ）．...