BMMYA’平板-Fast blue RR顶层琼脂法高效筛选高酶活脂肪酶

建立了一种高效筛选高酶活或高产脂肪酶茵株的平板方法。该方法以华根霉（Rhizopus chinensis CCTCCM201021）脂肪酶基因proRCL在毕赤酵母中构建的基因突变文库为筛选对象,利用BMMYA’平板-Fast blue RR顶层琼脂法对其中高酶活或高产的脂肪酶突变株进行筛选,将待筛茵株接种至含有2％甲醇的BMMYA’平板上,30℃生长并诱导4～5d后,平板经脂肪酶致死温度65℃处理1h,冰浴、室温平衡后,向平板中倾入Fast blue RR顸层琼脂。2min内周围显示出明显的黑褐色的菌株为高酶活或高产突变株。该方法简便,快速,高效而且准确,筛选阳性率可达到90％。     

原生质体紫外诱变选育白地霉GXU08脂肪酶高产菌株

目的:初步筛选脂肪酶高产菌株。方法:以白地霉GXU08为出发菌,对其进行原生质体紫外诱变选育。结果:筛选得到6株脂肪酶活力比出发菌株GXU08高的突变株,其中菌株4-39的酶活达14.2U,比GXU08提高了63.2%。突变株经9次传代,3次摇瓶复筛,其脂肪酶酶活性保持稳定,为今后进一步研究不同的育种方法进一步提高脂肪酶的产量打下基础。     

脂肪酶高产菌株选育和菌种库的建立*

从山东省济南市植物油厂、肉联厂、乳品厂、菜市场等处的含油土壤中分离筛选到80余株脂肪酶活性较高的产生菌,包括细菌、霉菌、酵母等各种类型,我们对其中的部分菌株进行了形态学及酶学性质的初步研究。一株酶活较高的菌株Y-11经鉴定为丝孢酵母属（Trichoporon）,用紫外线及亚硝酸对其进行了双重诱变,然后用制霉菌素及琥珀酸钠筛选耐药性突变株,使酶活提高了155％,并将筛选到的菌株建立一个能够产生各具特色的脂肪酶的菌种库,为今后进一步开展脂肪酶应用研究打下基础。     

脂肪酶高产菌株选育和菌种库的建立

从山东省济南市植物油厂、肉联厂、乳品厂、菜市场等处的含油土壤中分离筛选到80余株脂肪酶活性较高的产生菌,包括细菌、霉菌、酵母等各种类型,我们对其中的部分菌株进行了形态学及酶学性质的初步研究。一株酶活较高的菌株Y-11经鉴定为丝孢酵母属（Trichosporon）,用紫外线及亚硝酸对其进行了双重诱变、然后用制霉菌素及琥珀酸钠筛选耐药性突变株,使酶活提高155%,并将筛选到的菌株建立一个能够产生各具特色的脂肪酶的菌种库,为今后进一步开展脂肪酶应用研究打下基础。     

BMMYA' plate -Fast blue RR top agar —— an efficient plate screening method for lipase with high enzyme activity

建立了一种高效筛选高酶活或高产脂肪酶菌株的平板方法.该方法以华根霉(Rhizopus chinensis CCTCCM201021)脂肪酶基因proRCL在毕赤酵母中构建的基因突变文库为筛选对象,利用BMMYA’平板-Fast blue RR顶层琼脂法对其中高酶活或高产的脂肪酶突变株进行筛选,将待筛菌株接种至含有2％甲醇的BMMYA’平板上,30℃生长并诱导4～5d后,平板经脂肪酶致死温度65℃处理1h,冰浴、室温平衡后,向平板中倾入Fast blue RR顶层琼脂.2 min内周围显示出明显的黑褐色的菌株为高酶活或高产突变株.该方法简便,快速,高效而且准确,筛选阳性率可达到90％.     

脂肪酶产生菌地霉7203菌株的分离和诱变

从76个土样中分离获得271株脂肪酶产生菌,其中7203菌株产酶活性最高,从其形态特征确定属地霉属。对该菌株脂肪酶合成受油脂、脂肪酸及某些结构类似物的影响进行了考察,发现琥珀酸钠对该菌株生长及产酶有明显的负控制作用。经诱变筛选药物耐性变异株,使产酶能力有较大的提高。对改良株的发酵条件及特征作了初步试验,并对有关机理进行讨论。     

由扩展青霉产生碱性脂肪酶的纯化及其特性

国外报道了不少由细菌、霉菌、酶母菌产生的中性脂肪酶及由细菌产生的碱性脂肪酶的纯化方法,国内尚未见有关脂肪酶纯化的报道。为了进一步研究和扩大该酶在医药、食品等方面的应用范围,我们对由扩展青霉突变株UN-503产生的碱性脂肪酶进行了纯化及其特性的研究,现报道如下。     

紫外诱变选育脂肪酶高产菌株及其酶学性质的研究

目的:初步筛选脂肪酶高产菌株.方法:以 1444 粗壮假丝酵母作为出发菌株,对其进行紫外线诱变育种.结果:经紫外诱变的重复处理、摇瓶复筛和遗传稳定性实验,最终得出两株高产酶突变株 Z6 及 Z8,其酶活分别为22.6、25U/ml,酶活力较出发菌株分别提高了 120%和 150%.酶学性质研究表明:Z6、Z8的最适反应温度分别为45、50℃,最适 pH 都为8,在 pH 6～9较稳定.Z6、Z8的热稳定都较好,在50℃下保温 60min 酶基本不失活.结论:经紫外诱变获得的突变株 Z6 及 Z8 有进一步的研究价值.     

定向进化-易错PCR方法提高华根霉Rhizopus chinensis CCTCC M201021脂肪酶的活力

运用定向进化-易错PCR的方法,提高了华根霉Rhizopus chinensis CCTCC M201021脂肪酶的活力。经过两轮易错PCR和pNPP顶层琼脂法筛选,从第一轮和第二轮突变库中分别筛选获得最佳突变株1-11和2-28,脂肪酶酶活与野生菌株相比分别提高2倍和4倍。基因比对结果表明,突变脂肪酶2-28有4个氨基酸发生了突变:A129S、K161R、A230T、K322R。蛋白质分子空间结构模拟显示,突变A129S、K161R、A230T位于脂肪酶分子表面。突变A230T增强了α-螺旋盖结构的稳定性。突变K322R处在loop上,靠近脂肪酶底物结合区域,与邻近的Asp(带负电)形成盐桥。静电引力将该loop向底物进入酶活性中心的通道口反方向牵引,使底物分子更易进入酶活性中心。酶学性质研究表明,突变株2-28脂肪酶的Km值比出发菌株下降了10%,Kcat值提高为原来的2.75倍。     

脂肪酶产生菌Aspergillus niger NJY-1的选育及鉴定

目的：筛选耐高温脂肪酶产生菌株并对其进行18SrDNA鉴定及系统进化树亲缘分析。方法：通过聚乙烯醇橄榄油乳化液方法对所选菌株的粗酶酶学性质进行研究并通过BLAST和MAGE4软件鉴定和聚类分析。结果：从云南省福贡县的榨油作坊土壤中筛选到一株耐高温产酸性脂肪酶的菌株NJY-1,对其粗酶酶学性质进行研究结果表明：该菌株酶促反应的最适作用pH为6.0,pH稳定性为3.0-8.0,最适作用温度为50℃,温度稳定性为35-60℃。该菌株通过18SrDNA鉴定及系统进化树分析,NJY-1与Aspergillus niger具有最紧密的亲缘关系,达到99%。结论：筛选到了1株耐高温脂肪酶产生菌株NJY-1,确定了其粗酶酶学性质和其亲缘关系。     

Improved catalytic properties of immobilized lipases by the presence of very low concentrations of detergents in the reaction medium

The addition of a very small concentration of a detergent (in many instances under the critical micellar concentration (cmc)) has been found to greatly increase the activity of immobilized lipases, using those from Pseudomonas fluorescens (PFL) and Candida antarctica (isoform B) as model enzymes. However, the detergents may also have a negative effect on enzyme activity; in fact, for all enzyme preparations and substrates the activity/detergent concentration curve reached a maximum value and started to decrease, in many instances even under the initial value. The concentration and nature of the detergent (SDS, CTAB, Triton X-100, or X-45) that permitted the maximum hyperactivation was different depending on the substrate. The best hyperactivation values promoted by the presence of detergent were over a 20-fold factor. The presence of detergents permitted the inhibition of lipases by irreversible covalent inhibitors (e.g., 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride) (AEBSF) while the enzyme, in the absence of detergent, is not inhibited by these irreversible inhibitors. This suggested that the main effect of the detergents is to shift the conformational equilibrium of lipases toward the open form. Moreover, the presence of detergents also permitted to improve the enantioselectivity exhibited by the immobilized lipases in some cases. For example, the enantioselectivity of PFL-glyoxyl agarose increased from 40 to more than 100 in the hydrolysis of (+/-)-2-hydroxy-4-phenylbutyric acid ethyl ester by using 0.1% CTAB.     

Inhibition of the Acid Lipase Activity by Apolipoprotein A-I in the Presence of Lysosomal Proteases

It was found that the inhibition of the lysosomal acid lipase activity by rat apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) was increased with the degradation of apo A-I by the lysosomal proteases. We demonstrated that apo A-I could effectively inhibit the acid lipase activity even in the presence of the lysosomal proteases using the hepatic lysosomal fraction.     

产脂肪酶真菌的选育及酶学性质研究

从富含油脂土壤中筛选出一株产碱性脂肪酶酶活达6.40U/mL的真菌菌株,经显微形态及ITS序列分析鉴定为产黄青霉Penicillium chrysogenum,该菌株命名为Penicillium chrysogenum J23。该菌的最佳产酶培养条件为：蔗糖1.0%、蛋白胨2.0%、橄榄油1.0%、MgSO4·7H2O 0.05%、接种量1.0%、初始pH 9.0、摇床转速200r/min、30℃培养48h。其所产脂肪酶的最适反应温度与pH分别为33℃和7.5,在pH6.0－10.0酶具有良好的稳定性,在50℃处理2h仍可保持30%以上的酶活力,50mmol/L的Ca2+、Mg2+、K+分别对酶有较强激活作用,而50mmol/L的Fe2+、Mn2+、Cu2+、Pb2+、Li2+对酶则有不同程度的抑制作用。     

Synthesis of Several Fructo-oligosaccharides by Asparagus Fructosyltransferases

Nine fructo-oligosaccharides, synthesized in vitro from sucrose by an enzyme preparation from asparagus roots, were isolated and their structures were elucidated to be 1^F (1-β-fructofuranosyl)_n sucrose [n = 1 (1-kestose), 2 (nystose) and 3], 6^G (1-β-fructofuranosyl)_n sucrose [n=1 (neokestose), 2 and 3] and 1^F (1-β-fructofuranosyl)_m-6^G (1-β-fructofuranosyl)_n sucrose [m=1, n=1; m=2, n =1; and m =1, n=2]. These saccharides are all known to occur naturally in asparagus roots, but 6^G (1-β-fructofuranosyl)₃ sucrose and 1^F (1-β-fructofuranosyl)_m-6^G-(1-β-fructofuranosyl)_n sucrose (m=1, n =1; and m=1, n=2) were the first saccharides enzymatically synthesized in vitro. Also three types of fructosyltransferases were presumed to be involved in the biosynthesis of these oligosaccharides in asparagus roots.     

Immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase on colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs)

A novel technique for immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase onto anionic colloidal gas aphrons (CGAs) is described. CGAs are spherical microbubbles (10-100 microm) composed of an inner gas core surrounded by a surfactant shell. In this initial study, greater than 80% lipase (w/w) was effectively retained on the CGAs. Leakage of protein from the CGAs and the activity of the adsorbed lipase decreased with increasing enzyme loading; this indicates that multilayers of lipase may be adsorbing onto the CGAs. The CGA-immobilised lipase displayed normal Michaelis-Menten dependence on substrate concentration and also exhibited greater activity than the free enzyme.     

Differential induction, purification and characterization of cold active lipase from Yarrowia lipolytica NCIM 3639

The production, purification and characterization of cold active lipases by Yarrowia lipolytica NCIM 3639 is described. The study presents a new finding of production of cell bound and extracellular lipase activities depending upon the substrate used for growth. The strain produced cell bound and extracellular lipase activity when grown on olive oil and Tween 80, respectively. The organism grew profusely at 20 °C and at initial pH of 5.5, producing maximum extracellular lipase. The purified lipase has a molecular mass of 400 kDa having 20 subunits forming a multimeric native protein. Further the enzyme displayed an optimum pH of 5.0 and optimum temperature of 25 °C. Peptide mass finger printing reveled that some peptides showed homologues sequence (42%) to Yarrowia lipolytica LIP8p. The studies on hydrolysis of racemic lavandulyl acetate revealed that extracellular and cell bound lipases show preference over the opposite antipodes of irregular monoterpene, lavandulyl acetate.     

A quantitative assay measuring the function of lipase maturation factor 1

Newly synthesized lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and related members of the lipase gene family require an endoplasmic reticulum maturation factor for attainment of enzyme activity. This factor has been identified as lipase maturation factor 1 (Lmf1), and mutations affecting its function and/or expression result in combined lipase deficiency (cld) and hypertriglyceridemia. To assess the functional impact of Lmf1 sequence variations, both naturally occurring and induced, we report the development of a cell-based assay using LPL activity as a quantitative reporter of Lmf1 function. The assay uses a cell line homozygous for the cld mutation, which renders endogenous Lmf1 nonfunctional. LPL transfected into the mutant cld cell line fails to attain activity; however, cotransfection of LPL with wild-type Lmf1 restores its ability to support normal lipase maturation. In this report, we describe optimized conditions that ensure the detection of a complete range of Lmf1 function (full, partial, or complete loss of function) using LPL activity as the quantitative reporter. To illustrate the dynamic range of the assay, we tested several novel mutations in mouse Lmf1. Our results demonstrate the ability of the assay to detect and analyze Lmf1 mutations having a wide range of effects on Lmf1 function and protein expression.     

Unlocking the mystery behind the activation phenomenon of T1 lipase: a molecular dynamics simulations approach

The activation of lipases has been postulated to proceed by interfacial activation, temperature switch activation, or aqueous activation. Recently, based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulation experiments, the T1 lipase activation mechanism was proposed to involve aqueous activation in addition to a double-flap mechanism. Because the open conformation structure is still unavailable, it is difficult to validate the proposed theory unambiguously to understand the behavior of the enzyme. In this study, we try to validate the previous reports and uncover the mystery behind the activation process using structural analysis and MD simulations. To investigate the effects of temperature and environmental conditions on the activation process, MD simulations in different solvent environments (water and water-octane interface) and temperatures (20, 50, 70, 80, and 100°C) were performed. Based on the structural analysis of the lipases in the same family of T1 lipase (I.5 lipase family), we proposed that the lid domain comprises α6 and α7 helices connected by a loop, thus forming a helix-loop-helix motif involved in interfacial activation. Throughout the MD simulations experiments, lid displacements were only observed in the water-octane interface, not in the aqueous environment with respect to the temperature effect, suggesting that the activation process is governed by interfacial activation coupled with temperature switch activation. Examining the activation process in detail revealed that the large structural rearrangement of the lid domain was caused by the interaction between the hydrophobic residues of the lid with octane, a nonpolar solvent, and this conformation was found to be thermodynamically favorable.     

An Insight into the Active Site of Pseudomonas Fluorecens (P. cepacia) Lipase to Define the Stereochemical Demand for the Transesterification in Organic Solvents

The Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase-catalyzed transesterification of 2-methyl alkanols 1 and the 2-substituted oxiranemethanols 2 with vinyl acetate in organic solvents has been studied and the results discussed in terms of steric and electronic demand within the recently postulated models of the lipase active site.     

3-D structure modelling of the Staphylococcus simulans lipase: conformational changes, substrate specificity and novel structural features

We have modelled, using the CHARMM27 energy force field, the structures of closed and open forms of Staphylococcus simulans lipase (SSL) on the basis of the crystal structures of Bacillus stearothermophilus and Staphylococcus hyicus lipases, respectively. The models suggested the presence of a main lid and a second lid that may act with the former as a double door to control the access to the active site. Superimposition of both closed and open forms of SSL allowed us to determine the hinge regions allowing the movements of the main and the second lid upon lipase activation. The flexibility of these hinge regions was checked by molecular dynamics simulations. The SSL models also allowed us to identify key residues involved in binding substrates, calcium or zinc ions.