THE EFFECTS OF COLORED TEXTURED SOYBEAN PROTEIN (TSP) ON SENSORY AND PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES OF GROUND BEEF PATTIES

Defatted soybean flour mixed with a combination of 0.03% Red No. 40 and 0.01% annatto ( Bixa orellana ) colorants was extruded into textured soy protein (TSP) in a counter-rotating twin extruder to produce a red-meat like product suitable for hamburger patties. Ground beef patties were processed replacing the meat (15 and 30%) with resulting hydrated textured soybean protein (TSP) prepared with and without the colorants. The resulting cooked patties were evaluated by eight trained judges for tenderness, juiciness, number of chews, beef flavor and overall flavor quality using a nine point nonstructured horizontal scale. Other patty characteristics examined included cooking losses (weight loss and diameter reduction) and color, by tristimulus colorimetric measurement. The results from sensory analysis revealed that ground beef patties with high TSP level were more tender than control, and they had less beef flavor and overall flavor quality. Weight loss was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by TSP level but the patties with 30% TSP showed less shrinkage than the others. Results of the study suggested that while patties with 15% TSP had sensory attributes similar to the control, adding 30% TSP with coloring significantly (P < 0.05) increased the redness of the patties.     

EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL FAT COVER, BONE REMOVAL AND ENDPOINT COOKING TEMPERATURE ON SENSORY ATTRIBUTES AND COMPOSITION OF PORK CENTER LOIN CHOPS AND ROASTS

Effects of fat cover, bone removal and endpoint cooking temperature on proximate and sensory characteristics of pork center loin chops were investigated. Only brown color of broiled chops was affected by presence of bone and by endpoint temperature. Fat cover only affected perceived chewiness of chops. Broiled boneless chops contained higher percent fat than bone-in chops. There were no differences in protein, fat or moisture percentages in cooked chops due to fat cover. Higher internal temperature decreased percent moisture and increased percent protein. Percent fat did not differ due to internal temperature. A consumer study to determine the degree of liking of pork center loin roasts showed that consumers preferred roasts with no fat cover more than roasts with 0.6 cm fat cover and roasts cooked to 71.1°C compared to roasts cooked to 76.7°C. There was no difference in preference between boneless and bone-in roasts.     

INTERACTING EFFECTS OF LIGHT AND NUTRIENT LIMITATION ON THE GROWTH RATE OF SYNECHOCOCCUS LINEARIS (CYANOPHYCEAE)1

The blue-green alga Synechococcus linearis (Naeg.) Kom. was grown in P- and N-limited chemostats over a range of potentially limiting irradiances in order to determine the combined effects of light and nutrient limitation on some aspects of the composition and metabolism of this alga. Over a narrow range of low irradiances, simultaneous limitation of growth rate by light and either N or P was shown. This simultaneous limitation of growth rate by a nutrient and a physical factor can be explained by the ability of an increased supply of one to compensate in part for a decreased supply of the other. At all irradiances, the internal concentration of the limiting nutrient increased with increasing dilution rate, and the results could be fitted to the Droop relationship. With decreasing irradiance, the internal concentration of the limiting nutrient increased. There appeared to be little or no effect of light on the minimum internal concentration of P but that of N increased with decreasing light. Both chlorophyll a and biliprotein per unit particulate C increased with increasing dilution rate and decreasing irradiance. The critical N/P ratio increased with decreasing light as the N requirement of N-limited cells increased faster than did the P requirement of P-limited cells. The composition of exponentially growing cells in complete medium varied much less with light. Neither dilution rate nor irradiance during growth had a great effect on saturated rates of P or N uptake or alkaline phosphatase activity. Calculated assimilation ratios increased with light and dilution rate. The role of the flexibility of nutrient composition in adaptation to adverse conditions and the implications of the results for the use of physiological indicators of nutrient status are discussed.     

THE GENETICS OF GENDER AND THE EFFECTS OF GENDER ON FLORAL CHARACTERS IN GYNODIOECIOUS PHACELIA LINEARIS (HYDROPHYLLACEAE)

The evolution of gynodioecy depends in part on the location (nucleus or cytoplasm) of gender-determining genes. Characters genetically correlated with gender also can be important in the evolution of this sexual system. For example, gender differences in the costs of flowers affect the potential for resource compensation by females for the loss of male function. This paper reports the genetics of gender and the nature of secondary sex characters of flowers in Phacelia linearis (Hydrophyllaceae), a gynodioecious annual in which females exhibit substantial compensation. A single nuclear gene has a major effect on gender, recessive homozygotes being male-sterile, but not all the data can be explained by this or other simple inheritance models. In nature, hermaphrodites have wider corollas than females and begin to flower slightly later than females. In a common environment, gender effects on corolla size are modified by genetic background and/or maternal effects. Hermaphrodite flowers have 15% greater dry biomass than female flowers, but similar ovule number and nectar sugar production. Hermaphrodite and female flowers differ in the linear dimensions and biomass allocation of several floral organs. In particular, the androecia and corollas of female flowers are smaller than those of hermaphrodite flowers, both in absolute terms and relative to the size of the rest of the flower. Corolla size reduction could be an important source of resources for compensation by females.     

EFFECT OF QUESTION ORDER ON SENSORY PERCEPTION AND PREFERENCE IN CENTRAL LOCATION TRIALS

In the running of consumer studies aimed at obtaining information about products and services, it has become increasingly popular to include some sensory type questions about the characteristics of the test product as well as the standard question about overall preference. The implications of this for the resultant data are complex, and as Sudman and Schwarz (1989) point out question order effects have been implicated as one of the major causes of unreplicated or unexpected findings in survey research. This study aims to establish the effect of question order on overall preference scores and sensory scores in consumer studies. Results indicate that there is a significant effect of asking sensory questions on overall preference ratings and the position of the preference questions (relative to the sensory questions) also has implications for overall ratings of preference.     

PATIENT PREFERENCE AND SENSORY COMPARISONS OF NASAL SPRAY ALLERGY MEDICATIONS

In a double-blind crossover study, 94 symptomatic adult patients with allergic rhinitis rated sensory preferences for single exposures (2 sprays in each nostril) to three intranasal corticosteroids: triamcinolone acetonide AQ, beclomethasone dipropionate AQ, and fluticasone propionate. Each patient was given the medication and then immediately asked to use a 100-point scale to rate 13 attributes: comfort to take the medicine, medicine run-off, irritation, strength of urge to sneeze, strength of odor, liking odor, strength of taste, strength of bitter taste, liking taste, and moistness of nose and throat, and then (at least 2 min after administration) irritation, medicine run-off, and overall liking. The order of drug presentation was randomized across patients and a 30-min rest interval occurred between drug administrations. Triamcinolone was lower in odor strength than both beclomethasone and fluticasone (mean scores of 8 vs 57 and 52, respectively; P<0.001) and the odor of triamcinolone was preferred to the odor of the two other sprays (mean score of 72 vs 55 and 55, respectively; P<0.001). While the taste intensity ratings of the three sprays were not significantly different, the triamcinolone taste was liked more than that of fluticasone (mean scores of 55 vs 41, P<0.04). Overall, triamcinolone was liked more than fluticasone (P<0.05). In summary, patient preference testing has shown that triamcinolone is preferred over beclomethasone and/or fluticasone in terms of odor and taste. Such preferences may be important in treatment compliance and outcomes.     

茶小绿叶蝉在不同茶树品种上的生长发育,生殖及空间分布

研究表明茶小绿叶蝉(Empoasca flavescens Fabricius)在云南大叶茶无性系良种云抗十号、云抗十四号、长叶白毫、矮丰上的生长发育历期、成活率、田间自然种群虫口数量、卵数量、卵分布等方面,皆有明显差异;说明这些品种对茶小绿叶蝉的抗性有差异,上述品种中矮丰对茶小绿叶蝉的抗性最强,云抗十号的抗性较差。在生产实践中对不同品种间存在的抗性差异应加以充分合理的利用。茶小绿叶蝉的空间分布型为随机分布型;在空间分布型方面,各品种间无明显差异。     

SALIVATION OF SENSORY PANELISTS: EFFECTS OF SELECTED PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS1

Salivation may affect texture and taste perception. Thus, any influences that affect salivation also might affect a panelist's sensory responses. Twelve sensory panelists were compared for psychophysiological factors that might influence their salivary responses. Medication, body mass index (Quetelet), dieting-induced deprivation, nutrient deficiency, and caffeine, tannin, and fiber consumptions along with smoking were considered. Specific nutrient deficiencies or fiber consumption did not affect salivation of the panelists studied. All other factors, especially smoking and diet-induced deprivation, appeared to warrant further study with a larger population.     

学习对广赤眼蜂寻找寄主和接受寄主行为的影响

比较研究了广赤眼蜂雌蜂羽化后不同时间、有无产卵经历、有无交配经历等对其搜寻寄主和检验寄主所需的时间的影响.羽化后48～72小时的雌蜂所用的搜寻时间和检验卵的时间显著比羽化后0～48小时的雌蜂长;有产卵经历的雌蜂所用的搜寻时间和检验时间显著比没有产卵经历的雌蜂短;交配与否不影响雌蜂用于搜寻寄主和检验寄主的时间.     

ASYMMETRIC EFFECTS OF LOSS AND GAIN OF A FLORAL TRAIT ON POLLINATOR PREFERENCE

Shifts in pollination syndromes involve coordinated changes in multiple floral traits. This raises the question of how plants can cope with rapid changes in pollinator availability by the slow process of accumulation of mutations in multiple genes. Here we study the transition from bee to hawkmoth pollination in the genus Petunia. Interspecific crosses followed by single locus introgressions were used to recreate putative intermediate evolutionary stages in the evolution of moth pollination. The effect of the loss/gain of petal color was asymmetric: it had no influence on the established pollinator but enhanced visitation by the new pollinator. Therefore, shifts in pollination syndromes may proceed through intermediate stages of reduced specialization and consequently enhanced reproductive assurance. The loss of petal color in moth‐pollinated Petunia involves null mutations in a single regulatory gene, An2. Such simple genetic changes may be sufficiently rapid and frequent to ensure survival during pollinator failure.     

EFFECTS OF PARENTAL FACTORS AND MEIOSIS ON SEXUAL OFFSPRING OF GYMNODINIUM NOLLERI (DINOPHYCEAE)1

Clonal strains of the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium nolleri Ellegaard and Moestrup were intercrossed to determine if cyst‐related traits are genetically regulated and to clarify unknown aspects in the sexuality of this species. The objectives were to determine whether the parental identity influenced the physiological and morphological aspects of the cyst offspring, and to describe and compare nuclear development and cell division of encysting and non‐encysting zygotes. Variables characteristic of each parental cross (difference in growth rates among parents, cyst production (CP), and genetic distance (GD) among parents assessed via an amplified fragment length analysis analysis) were studied to seek for possible relationships of the parental crosses with some characteristics of the cyst offspring (cyst size, length of dormancy period, germination success, and germling viability (V)). A principal component analysis using these variables showed three main results: (1) the dormancy period of cysts responded to a simple pattern of inheritance, (2) the larger the GD between parents, the smaller the CP, and progeny V, and (3) the size of cysts was influenced by both CP and the parental strain identity. A stable inheritance of the short dormancy period (14.6±5.5 days), dominant over medium (31.0±8.5 days) and long periods (52.7±9.2 days), was confirmed through two subsequent generations of cysts. The regulation of the sexual processes by a multiple loci system is discussed based on the pattern of inheritance of the dormancy period and the number of sexual recombination events recorded within cultures with self‐CP capability. Fusion of the gamete nuclei happened 0–48 h after the total cytoplasmic fusion. The nucleus of the zygote was bilobed and had thick and distinct chromosomes. Similar processes of nuclear and cell division occurred in the non‐encysting or encysting planozygote, and were characterized by the loss of the chromosomal structure, an apparent increase of the DNA content, and the formation of thinner chromosomes.     

EFFECTS OF SELECTED PHYSICOCHEMICAL FACTORS ON GROWTH AND ZOOSPOROGENESIS OF CLADOPHORA GLOMERATA (CHLOROPHYTA)1

The effects of vitamin B₁ and B₁₂, temperature, light intensity and photoperiod on dry weight production and zoosporogenesis of Cladophora glomerata (L.)Kütz. were investigated by factorial experiments. Statistical analysis showed all of the above factors to be significantly (P < 0.01) influenced by these two parameters. Zoosporogenesis appeared to be more sensitive to vitamin limitation than dry weight production. Dry weight production and zoosporogenesis exhibited significantly different maxima. Dry weight production was most strongly influenced by temperature whereas photoperiod exerted the strongest influence on zoosporogenesis. It was possible to experimentally separate the light intensity and photoperiod factors; analysis showed photoperiod to be the primary factor influencing zoosporogenesis. Among the conditions tested, an 8:16 h LD short day photoperiod elicited the greatest number of zoosporangia.     

THE RELATION BETWEEN SENSORY, LIKING AND IMAGE ATTRIBUTES: THE CASE OF SOAP

This paper discusses the relation for soaps between sensory attributes and both liking and image attributes. A clear relation emerges between sensory attribute level and liking, but no clear relation emerges between sensory attributes and image attributes. There are two possible conclusions to be drawn from these results. One conclusion is that consumers can validly assign ratings to the image attribute of a soap, but that there is no way to trace this image rating back to sensory inputs. This conclusion suggests that more research is needed to understand the meaning of image attributes. The second conclusion is that consumers cannot validly rate the image attributes of a soap, even though they can complete the questionnaire. This second conclusion implies that consumers can validly rate some attributes (e.g., sensory, liking), but not others (e.g., image), and that it may be misleading to collect and attempt to analyze image ratings for health and beauty aids products.