世界黄羊分布的历史变迁及种群数量变化

世界黄羊分布的历史变迁及种群数量变化金山昆高中信关东明包新康（东北林业大学野生动物资源学院,哈尔滨１５００４０）白力军王克为（内蒙古自治区林业厅,呼和浩特０１００１０）ＶａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆＤｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎａｎｄＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＱｕａｎ...     

内蒙古达赉湖地区蒙原羚冬季采食生境选择

蒙原羚是欧亚大陆温带草原生态系统中的特有物种和数量最多的有蹄类动物。2010年11月—2011年1月,在内蒙古达赉湖地区开展了蒙原羚冬季采食生境选择研究。结果表明:蒙原羚冬季选择利用雪深<6cm,地上生物量>50g.m-2,距围栏1000～2000m,植被高度>20cm,植被盖度>40%,隐蔽条件(可视距离)3000～4000m,到居民点距离>2000m,距家畜>2000m,坡度<20°,中上坡位,针茅(Stipa spp.)和羊草(Aneurolepidium chinnenses)等植被类型的生境采食;生境因子综合影响蒙原羚的冬季采食生境选择,依照贡献值的大小依次为到围栏距离、地上生物量、雪深和隐蔽条件。逐步判别分析表明,由这4个变量构成的判别方程在对蒙原羚采食样方进行区分时,正确判别率为82.1%。因此,建立合理的围栏管理制度、提高可利用食物量等是蒙原羚保护的关键。     

原羚属分类地位研究兼论中国羚羊的分类

中国羚羊类动物在世界羚羊类动物中有着特殊的地位,其中普氏原羚、藏原羚和藏羚是中国特有的珍稀物种,普氏原羚是极度濒危动物.开展中国羚羊类动物的分类和进化研究是当务之急.本研究利用形态特征、头骨测量及线粒体DNA的12S rRNA(440 bp)和16S rRNA(590 bp)对原羚属的分类地位及中国其他几种羚羊分类地位进行了探讨,发现对质量性状和数量性状数据的聚类分析的结果差异大,而且质量性状的聚类结果比较符合传统的分类系统.分子分类也得到相似结果,但在属下的分析存在较大差异.7种牛科动物的12S rRNA和16S rRNA序列差异分别为0.2%～7.1%和0.3%～8.4%.系统进化分析表明原羚属3种羚羊形成单系群,且蒙古瞪羚与普氏原羚的关系较藏原羚与普氏原羚的关系近.赛加羚应归宿于羚羊亚科,而不是与羊亚科的藏羚形成独立的赛加羚亚科.原羚属的进化可能与青藏高原的隆起有关.     

Food overlap between Mongolian gazelles and livestock in Omnogobi,southern Mongolia

Botanical and particle size compositions of the feces of sympatric Mongolian gazelles, sheep/goats, and horses collected in southern Mongolia in autumn 2002 were analyzed. The botanical composition of Mongolian gazelles was similar to that of sheep/goats where dicotyledonous plants (64.6% for Mongolian gazelles, 65.6% for sheep/goats), particularly woody fibers were important (39.5% for Mongolian gazelles, 19.5% for sheep/goats). In contrast, horse feces were exclusively composed of graminoids (93.2%). Consequently, food overlap was great between Mongolian gazelles and sheep/goats (Piankas index: 0.977) but was small between Mongolian gazelles and horses (0.437) and sheep/goats and horses (0.421). Particle size distributions were also similar between Mongolian gazelles and sheep/goats, whereas they were different between horses and Mongolian gazelles and horses and sheep/goats. These results support our expectation based on the Jarman-Bell principle. Although interspecific competition cannot be inferred from a mere food overlap, our analyses suggest that sheep and goats are potential competitors for Mongolian gazelles. Therefore, the increase in the numbers of domestic sheep/goats might pose a risk for Mongolian gazelle populations.     

青海湖地区普氏原羚的种群结构

普氏原羚是中国的特有动物。 1986年在青海湖地区仅发现 35 0只普氏原羚 ,分布于鸟岛、湖东 克图和元者 3个种群之中。 1996～ 1998年 7月至 8月 ,我们沿设定的 10条样线对青海湖地区的普氏原羚进行了考察。调查样线总长度为 37 5 5km。观察记录距样线两侧 10 0m以内普氏原羚足迹链和狼足迹链、粪堆和尿迹。同时记录观察样线两侧 6 0 0m以内的普氏原羚个体 ,记录群体大小、性别和年龄 ,然后 ,计算单位样带面积上普氏原羚和狼的密度。 1997年湖东 克图种群雄羚占 2 9%、雌羚占 5 0 %和幼羚占 2 1% ;元者种群雄羚占 2 9%、雌羚占 43%和幼羚占 2 7%。狼捕食是 1997年湖东 克图种群数量下降的主要原因。在湖东 克图沙漠中 ,1996年普氏原羚群体大小为 9 0± 6 9只 (平均数±方差 ) ,密度为 3 19± 3 5 9只 /km2 ,而 1997年为 4 2± 3 9只 /km2 ,密度为 1 14± 1 0 9只 /km2 。 1997年冬季猎狼后 ,湖东 克图种群数量回升到 2 14± 3 13只 /km2 ,幼羚占群体的2 7%。     

呼伦贝尔草原黄羊体况的初步评价

对呼伦贝尔草原地区黄羊肾脏重量和肾脏中心脂肪指数的变化进行了研究。初步评价了不同年龄－性别组黄羊以及不同季节黄羊体况的差异。发现：黄羊左肾重量大于右肾,不同年龄－性别组黄羊间肾重存在极显的差异（P＜0．01）,并且肾重与体重呈显的正相关性（P＜0．01）;黄羊肾重存在季节性差异,春季肾重大于秋、冬二季;KMFI值在不同的年龄－性别组间也呈明显的差异性（P＜0．01）,KMFI值亦与体重吴正相关性（P＜0．01）;不同的季节,黄羊KMFI值差异明显（P＜0．01）。黄羊秋季体况最好,而冬末春初则较差。     

黄羊（Procapra gutturosa）在中国分布的变迁及其资源持续利用

历史上黄羊曾广布于中国的北部,目前黄羊只分布在我国内蒙古北部的中蒙边境一带。环境的变迁、人类活动的干扰及盲目捕猎是黄羊分布区缩小的重要原因。建议尽快建立黄羊自然保护区,使黄羊在我国有一安歇、繁衍的良好栖息地,最终使黄羊资源得到科学合理的利用。     

基于Cyt b基因探讨羚羊亚科原羚属系统发生关系

原羚属物种在羚羊亚科中的分类地位尚存在很多争议。本文测定了原羚属的黄羊和藏原羚细胞色素b基因全序列(1140bp),并与牛科其它属31个种的同源序列进行比较,对其碱基组成变异情况及核苷酸序列差异进行了分析。基于细胞色素b基因全序列,用简约法(MP)、邻接法(NJ)和似然法(ML)构建了系统进化树。结果表明：黄羊和藏原羚的序列差异为3．78％,颠换数目近乎为0,其突变远未饱和;原羚属内黄羊和藏原羚为不同种,单系发生;原羚属与赛加羚羊属、犬羚属及跳羚属等并系发生,原羚属隶属于羚羊亚科,应为独立属;羚羊亚科组成属间多为并系起源。根据序列差异值2％／百万年的细胞色素6分子钟,推测黄羊和藏原羚分歧时间大约为1～2百万年;原羚属与羚羊亚科其它属分歧时间大约在5．7～8百万年。     

黄羊消化道形态和结构的特征

研究了51副黄羊消化道的形态结构特征。腮腺（g）占体重（kg）的比率为1.035,整个胃组织重占体重的比率为2.74%～2.89% , 瘤胃最大,占整个胃组织重量的72%～76%,其次是网胃（9%～10%）、皱胃（8%～10%）和瓣胃（5%～6%）,除瘤胃与体重呈线性正相关外,其它3个分胃与体重呈线性负相关,瘤胃表面扩张系数（SEF）值为8.52,瘤胃粘膜乳突密度为89,整个肠道长度是体长的17.8倍,肠重占体重的比率为4.96%,从消化道的形态结构特征分析,黄羊属于混饲者。     

我国黄羊种群结构及动态趋势的研究

随机抽取1988年12月猎于内蒙古西旗的1026只黄羊,对其种群结构的研究表明:1988年黄羊种群可划分成8个年龄组,当年出生的幼体比重较大,占39.7％;具繁殖能力的雌体数占24.95％;4.5岁以上年龄组个体数占12.7％;是典型的增长型年龄结构。种群全体、2.5、3.5、5.5岁以上年龄组的性比((?)/♀♀)与1:1差异显著(P<0.05),此结果与1979年差异较大。生命表和死亡率曲线表明:种群有3个死亡高峰,分别发生在0.5、3.5和6.5岁以上年龄组。1979年和1988年黄羊种群的净生殖率(R。)分别为1.1335和0.864;1988年雌性开始繁殖的年龄有比1979年提前的趋势。30年来黄羊种群数量明显减少,分布区迅速缩小。由于黄羊的繁殖能力强和增长型的年龄结构,只要加强保护和管理,恢复扩大种群是可能的。     

春季和夏初黄羊的集群行为

本文对春季和夏初在野外观察到的６３７群黄羊（Ｐｒｏｃａｐｒａｇｕｔｔｕｒｏｓａ）的集群行为进行了研究。给出了春季和夏初各种类型黄羊群平均大小及其方差,并对黄羊群的平均大小、所占比例及其稳定性也进行了比较分析。结果表明,春季和夏初羊群的平均大小存在着显著差异（Ｆ＝３．０９＞Ｆ０．０５）,春季羊群（２～４１２只）较夏初羊群（２～１０３只）变动范围要大。春季羊群主要是混合群（６３．１４％）,夏初羊群主要是雌性群（６０．７３％）。在春季和夏初两个季节,雄性群比例皆最低,分别为７．４５％和７．５９％。较大的集群往往是混合群,春季平均大小为３８．９５只,夏初为２９．１３只。而雄性群和雌性群集群规模皆较小。在春季,雌性群平均大小为１１．３５只,雄性群平均大小为８．８４只。在夏初,雌性群平均大小为４．８８只,雄性群平均大小为９．６３只。混合群的社群组织最为松散,处于不稳定状态,雄性群最为稳定,羊群波动最小。产仔期、食物丰富度及羊群类型是影响黄羊春季和夏初集群变化的重要因素。     

青海省天峻地区藏原羚的食性分析

2005 ～2006 年草青期和草枯期我们在青海省天峻地区随机收集了藏原羚的粪样,并利用粪便显微分析法对藏原羚的食性进行了研究。结果表明,藏原羚采食共计16 科34 属43 种植物,其中草青期采食16 科33 属42种,草枯期12 科22 属30 种。豆科植物是藏原羚采食的主要类群,禾本科、菊科、蔷薇科和莎草科其次,豆科、禾本科、菊科、蔷薇科和莎草科等五科植物占藏原羚采食总量的90% 左右。不同物候期,藏原羚的食性变化明显,豆科、蔷薇科在草枯期所占的比例显著低于草青期,而禾本科、菊科和莎草科所占比例则显著高于草青期。     

普氏原羚的分布和种群数量调查

2003 年8 ～9 月,对青海省境内普氏原羚的分布和种群数量进行了专项调查。调查结果表明,普氏原羚现存7 个种群,累计数量为602 只;其中塔勒旋果种群属首次报道。与以往报道相比,目前元者和鸟岛种群数量呈下降趋势;海晏—刚察种群数量增长明显;湖东—克图种群数量有所回升,但仍没有达到20 世纪80 年代中期时的种群数量。普氏原羚种群数量变化与栖息地质量及人为干扰程度有密切相关。本次调查显示,普氏原羚现存栖息地呈不连续的间断分布,随着区域经济开发力度的加大,其栖息地在不断缩减、生存环境质量仍在继续恶化。     

Unpredictability of vigilance in two sympatric Tibetan ungulates

Vigilance is important for anti-predation, and different animals adopt different vigilance strategies. Instantaneous and sequential randomness in vigilance behavior are two main principles for the classic Pulliam model (1973). Given this context, we studied the vigilance behaviors in two wild cloven-hoofed animals, the Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) and the Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata) on Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, to explore if the two randomness principles work across species. The results showed that the distribution of inter-scan intervals of both Tibetan antelope and Tibetan gazelle followed the negative exponential distribution; inter-scans of both Tibetan antelope and Tibetan gazelle were unrelated with their previous scan, and most sequences of inter-scan intervals could be considered as random organized or unpredictable. In conclusion, the vigilance patterns of Tibetan antelope and Tibetan gazelle followed instantaneous randomness and sequential randomness of Pulliam model. A random vigilance strategy might be the best choice for Tibetan ungulates, and how to distinguish the social vigilance from anti-predator vigilance is an important issue for future research.     

人类活动对普氏原羚分布的影响

根据卫星遥感（ＴＭ）影像与野外——ＧＰＳ（全球定位系统）定位的实地考察资料,结合数字化的地形图、植被图与土地利用图、交通图,利用地理信息系统软件——生态信息系统（ＥＩＳ）建立了地理信息系统模型,采用生境评价方法ＨＥＰ就人类活动对青海湖地区普氏原羚生境的影响进行了分析。影响普氏原羚生境适合度的因素主要为基质类型、坡度、水源远近、植被类型与人类活动。当不考虑人类活动影响时,普氏原羚活动区的面积为７９５５ｋｍ ２,最佳生境为典型草原,其次为灌丛沙地,折合适宜生境面积４６６４ｋｍ ２。由于交通、居民点、农业用地等土地利用的影响,普氏原羚仅分布在草地沙地边缘,其适宜分布区迅速减小,生境的适合度等级出现明显变化,最适生境缺损,折合最适生境面积５１１ｋｍ ２。只占原来适合生境面积１１％ 。典型草原围栏与人为放牧影响,普氏原羚实际分布区面积只有３５０ｋｍ ２,讨论了普氏原羚的保护对策。     

普氏原羚的活动规律与生境选择

普氏原羚生活在沙漠与干旱草原生态交错区(Ecotone)。青海湖畔沙漠中植被盖度较高, 沙地沙蒿群落中普氏原羚活动较多, 而沙地柏群落中普氏原羚活动较少。普氏原羚在沙地和距离沙地2～3 km以内的地域内活动, 利用起伏沙丘作为隐蔽生境。草原中的芨芨草群落、冷蒿—紫花针茅群落是普氏原羚的主要取食场所。普氏原羚具晨昏型活动规律, 在傍晚和清晨取食, 其活动避开牛羊的取食时间。普氏原羚常常聚群活动, 它们在繁殖期、育幼期和交配期形成大小不同的群体。群体的类型包括同性群、混合群和单一个体群。非繁殖季节普氏原羚雌雄分群活动。目前在人为活动影响下, 普氏原羚很难进行季节性迁移。     

Factors affecting the distribution of dorcas gazelle

The dorcas gazelle Gazella dorcas was very common and widespread in Tunisia. Nowadays, only some small isolated populations still survive in the desert areas of the southern part of the country. Factors affecting the distribution of this species in Tunisia have never been investigated despite the importance of such investigations for elaborating long-term conservation plans for the remaining wild populations. Using data on gazelle occurrence and on a set of habitat and human variables collected in south-eastern Tunisia, we aimed to identify the factors affecting gazelle distribution in this area. In particular, we investigated the relevance of habitat versus human factors for gazelle occurrence probability. As predicted, we found that human variables were the most relevant factors shaping the distribution patterns of gazelles in the studied area. Gazelles tended to avoid areas where agricultural development has occurred but did not seem to be disturbed by livestock. Overall, our results suggest that the occurrence probability of dorcas gazelle in southern Tunisia was mainly dependent on human presence and land use, rather than habitat characteristics. The recent intensification of agriculture in the more remote areas of southern Tunisia may thus constitute a serious threat to the conservation of this endangered species.     

社区对普氏原羚的保护态度和意愿及其影响因素

普氏原羚(Procapra przewalskii)是我国的特有种,青海湖地区是其唯一的分布区,青海湖国家级自然保护区对普氏原羚的有效保护、社区发展与保护之间矛盾的协调,对于生物多样性保护具有重要意义。了解青海湖国家级自然保护区周边社区对普氏原羚的保护态度、意愿及其影响因素,可以为自然保护区开展生物多样性保护工作,维持当地生态和平发展提供保障。基于问卷调查法对自然保护区周边社区的牧民和居民进行了调查,研究表明:(1)受访者认为草场质量退化(n=92,65.25%)和草场围栏设置(n=80,56.74%)是威胁普氏原羚的主要因素;在以保护普氏原羚和给予生态补偿为前提下,牧民拆除围栏的意愿有所提高(由20.78%分别提高至34.21%和40.79%);(2)管理部门的宣教活动(79.43%)、手机(31.91%)和电视(28.37%)等媒体报道是受访者了解野生动物保护相关政策法规的主要渠道,可以增进受访者对政策法规的了解,积极影响受访者对普氏原羚的认知(P < 0.01)、保护态度(P < 0.01)和保护意愿(P < 0.01);(3)受访者一致认为自然保护区的严格管理与保护(牧民94.81%,居民96.87%)、当地牧民对普氏原羚的包容与保护(牧民97.40%,居民87.50%)是普氏原羚能够在自然保护区周边生存的主要原因;(4)受访者对普氏原羚的保护态度和意愿均较高,且愿意参与宣传教育(92.91%)和社区共管(87.94%)工作;(5)除了受访者的文化程度、年龄、宗教信仰和家庭年收入的影响,对政策法规的了解及拆除围栏认同度是影响受访者对普氏原羚保护态度和意愿的关键因素(P < 0.01)。因此,建议自然保护区以国家公园建设为契机,加强协调保护与发展的科学研究,深入开展宣传教育,增进社区对自然保护区生物多样性的认识,提升社区共管参与度。     

Food resource partitioning among large herbivores of eastern Mongolia in summer

The Mongolian gazelle (Procapra gutturosa Pallas, 1777) and five domestic herbivores share the steppe plants. The desertification of the steppe induced by overgrazing is related to the activities of the community of the large herbivore. A plant-herbivore data matrix obtained by cuticular analysis has made it possible to estimate the impact of trophic interaction in the dynamics of the herbivore comminity of the Mongolian steppe. By estimating pasture use, food niche overlap, and competition advantages of the studied species, it is concluded that the present population decline in the Mongolian gazelle resulted not only from overkill and artificial habitat fragmentation but also from composition, abundance, and spatial distribution of livestock species.     

Comparable High Rates of Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in Birds of Prey from Germany and Mongolia

Frequent contact with human waste and liquid manure from intensive livestock breeding, and the increased loads of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that result, are believed to be responsible for the high carriage rates of ESBL-producing E. coli found in birds of prey (raptors) in Central Europe. To test this hypothesis against the influence of avian migration, we initiated a comparative analysis of faecal samples from wild birds found in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany and the Gobi-Desert in Mongolia, regions of dissimilar human and livestock population characteristics and agricultural practices. We sampled a total of 281 wild birds, mostly raptors with primarily north-to-south migration routes. We determined antimicrobial resistance, focusing on ESBL production, and unravelled the phylogenetic and clonal relatedness of identified ESBL-producing E. coli isolates using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and macrorestriction analyses. Surprisingly, the overall carriage rates (approximately 5%) and the proportion of ESBL-producers among E. coli (Germany: 13.8%, Mongolia: 10.8%) were similar in both regions. Whereas bla _CTX-M-1 predominated among German isolates (100%), bla _CTX-M-9 was the most prevalent in Mongolian isolates (75%). We identified sequence types (STs) that are well known in human and veterinary clinical ESBL-producing E. coli (ST12, ST117, ST167, ST648) and observed clonal relatedness between a Mongolian avian ESBL-E. coli (ST167) and a clinical isolate of the same ST that originated in a hospitalised patient in Europe. Our data suggest the influence of avian migratory species in the transmission of ESBL-producing E. coli and challenge the prevailing assumption that reducing human influence alone invariably leads to lower rates of antimicrobial resistance.