二氧化硫衍生物对蚕豆幼苗生长和细胞周期的影响

研究SO₂体内衍生物NaHSO₃与Na₂SO₃(1:3,mmol/L)对蚕豆幼苗生长和细胞分裂的影响。结果表明:SO₂衍生物(浓度在0~30mmol/L)对幼苗生长的抑制作用具有剂量效应和时间效应关系,短时间处理效应不明显,处理48h后蚕豆幼根生长抑制,168h后幼苗根上部分长度(芽长)表现生长抑制,根长和芽长与处理浓度间呈负线性相关。SO₂衍生物处理12~36h,导致根尖细胞分裂指数下降,根尖中前期细胞减少,间期、后期和末期细胞增多,表明SO₂衍生物能够阻止细胞进入分裂态,延长分裂过程,这可能是SO₂衍生物处理组根尖细胞分裂指数降低,幼苗生长抑制的主要原因。     

表面活性剂、酸雨和Cd2+复合污染对蚕豆胚根细胞核的毒性

用蚕豆根尖微核技术研究了Cd²⁺单因子以及与表面活性剂、模拟酸雨复合污染时对植物细胞的毒性作用.结果表明,Cd²⁺浓度在0～10.0mg·L^-1范围内,对蚕豆胚根细胞微核的形成有强烈的诱导作用,Cd²⁺浓度6.0mg·L^-1时的细胞微核率为13.85‰,对照组的微核率为4.53‰,此时污染影响指数(PI)为3.06;当环境中存在表面活性剂LAS1.0mg·L^-1或pH值降到4.5和3.5时,同一Cd²⁺浓度下,蚕豆根尖细胞微核率、PI降低,同时伴有核变形,细胞中颗粒物增多,胚根组织不容易分散等症状,根的生长受到抑制,说明表面活性剂、酸雨对Cd²⁺的毒性有协同作用.pH3.5的酸雨环境中Cd²⁺对蚕豆细胞的损伤程度比pH4.5酸雨环境高.在检测高浓度、强毒性污染物的致突变效应时,应作至少3个稀释倍数,找出蚕豆根尖细胞最高微核率及PI.     

SO2体内衍生物诱发蚕豆根尖细胞微核

以蚕豆为材料 ,研究 SO2 体内衍生物 -亚硫酸钠与亚硫酸氢钠混合液 (3:1)对根尖细胞的遗传毒效应。结果表明 :0 .0 5～2 .0 0 mmol/ L的 SO2 衍生物处理可诱发两品种蚕豆根尖中的微核细胞明显增加 ;不同浓度 (0 .0 5～ 15 .0 0 mmol/ L ) SO2 衍生物处理 12、2 4、36 h后 ,根尖微核细胞率是对照组的 2 .5～ 5 .0倍 ,显著高于对照组。在一定浓度范围内 ,蚕豆根尖细胞微核率与SO2 衍生物浓度之间具有正的线性相关。研究结果表明 ,SO2 衍生物能够破坏蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传稳定性。     

重铬酸钾对蚕豆根尖细胞致畸效应的研究

以蚕豆根尖为材料,研究重铬酸钾对蚕豆根尖细胞的致畸效应。采用蚕豆根尖细胞的微核试验和染色体畸变试验方法,以不同浓度的重铬酸钾为诱变剂,测定蚕豆根尖细胞的微核率和染色体畸变率。结果表明:重铬酸钾能诱发较高频率的微核率,即在一定浓度范围内,其微核率随重铬酸钾处理浓度的升高而增加,但高于一定浓度后反而呈下降趋势;不同浓度的重铬酸钾均使蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂指数增大;重铬酸钾还能诱导蚕豆根尖细胞产生较高频率的染色体畸变,且产生多种类型的染色体畸变。结论是重铬酸钾对蚕豆根尖细胞具有明显的致畸效应。     

利用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术检测Cu、As污染的诱变性

应用蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术检测Cu、As及其复合污染的诱变性能,计数了蚕豆根尖细胞微核千分率(MCN‰)和污染指数(PI)并进行了F检验.结果表明,在一定浓度范围内(Cu＜200mg·L,As＜15mg·L^-1),随着Cu、As浓度的增加,MCN‰上升;24个试验处理组PI均在2以上,各处理组MCN‰有显著差异,和对照组有极显著差异(a＜0,01),表明Cu、As及其复合处理对蚕豆根尖细胞的分裂活动有明显影响.     

外源水杨酸对干旱胁迫下小冠花种子萌发及幼芽生理特性的影响

以豆科牧草“绿宝石”小冠花为试材,研究PEG-6000(浓度8%和12%)模拟干旱胁迫下不同浓度外源水杨酸(0、0.5、1.0和2.0 mmol·L^-1)对小冠花种子萌发和幼芽生理特性的影响.结果表明: 0.5～1.0 mmol·L^-1水杨酸显著提高了干旱胁迫下小冠花种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和芽长,12%PEG胁迫下1.0 mmol·L^-1水杨酸处理小冠花幼芽干质量显著高于干旱处理.0.5～1.0 mmol·L^-1水杨酸处理显著提高了干旱胁迫下小冠花幼芽脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白含量,显著提高了过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性,显著降低了幼芽细胞电解质渗透率、H₂O₂含量、O₂^-·产生速率,其中以1.0 mmol·L^-1水杨酸处理效果最好.水杨酸浓度超过2.0 mmol·L^-1时对干旱胁迫没有缓解效应.表明适宜浓度的水杨酸(0.5～1.0 mmol·L^-1)可以提高小冠花幼芽渗透调节能力和抗氧化能力,促进小冠花生长,缓解干旱胁迫伤害.     

乙酸铜对蚕豆根尖细胞致畸效应

采用蚕豆根尖细胞的微核试验和染色体畸变试验方法,以不同浓度的乙酸铜为诱变剂,选择不同的处理时间,测定蚕豆根尖细胞的有丝分裂指数、微核率和染色体畸变率。结果表明：乙酸铜能诱发较高频率的微核率,处理6h、12h时微核率均随着乙酸铜浓度的升高而增加,具有明显的剂量效应;处理24h时在实验浓度范围内,其微核率随乙酸铜浓度的升高而增加,但高于一定浓度后反而呈下降趋势。不同浓度的乙酸铜在不同处理时间均使蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂指数增大。乙酸铜还能诱导蚕豆根尖细胞产生较高频率的染色体畸变,且产生多种类型的染色体畸变。因此,乙酸铜对蚕豆根尖细胞具有明显的致畸效应。     

光强和氮源及其浓度对缺刻缘绿藻生长、油脂和花生四烯酸积累的影响

对缺刻缘绿藻（Parietochloris incisa（Reisigl） S.Watanabe）在不同光强和氮源及其浓度条件下的生长状况及油脂和花生四烯酸（AA）的积累规律进行了研究。结果显示,缺刻缘绿藻在3种氮源条件下均能较好地生长。在高氮浓度条件下,增大光强能显著提高缺刻缘绿藻的生物量并促进油脂和AA的积累。缺刻缘绿藻在300 μmol·m^-2·s^-1光强、8.8 mmol·L^-1NaNO₃条件下生物量达到最大（4.17 g·L^-1）。油脂含量在100 μmol·m^-2·s^-1光强、1.0 mmol·L^-1氮浓度下达到最高,分别为41.17%（NaNO₃）、42.04%（NH₄HCO₃）和39.96%（CO（NH₂）₂）。AA绝对含量在300 μmol·m^-2·s^-1光强、2.9 mmol·L^-1 NaNO₃条件下达到最高,占细胞干重的16.44%。油脂和AA产率,在300 μmol·m^-2·s^-1光强、以NaNO₃为氮源的条件下达到最大,分别为134.6 mg·L^-1·d^-1（1.0 mmol·L^-1）和35.85 mg·L^-1·d^-1（2.9 mmol·L^-1）。综合考虑成本等因素,选择NH₄HCO₃（5.9 mmol·L^-1）和CO（NH₂）₂（2.9 mmol·L^-1）为氮源、在300 μmol·m^-2·s^-1高光强下培养缺刻缘绿藻进行AA的生产为最优方案。     

外源Ca2+对高温强光下西葫芦幼苗形态特征、光合特性及荧光参数的影响

选用西葫芦(Cucurbita pepo)品种“阿兰”一代为试验材料,研究了外源Ca²⁺处理对高温强光交叉胁迫下西葫芦幼苗生长特征、光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明：高温强光胁迫下,5～20 mmol·L^-1 Ca²⁺处理的西葫芦幼苗具有较高的株高和较大的叶面积,其叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量及光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(q_P)均较高,而胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）和非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）较低,其中以10 mmol·L^-1Ca²⁺处理效果最好.说明5～20 mmol·L^-1Ca²⁺处理能有效缓解高温强光对西葫芦光合机构的不可逆伤害,使其保持较快的光合电子传递速率和较高的PSⅡ电子传递活性.Ca²⁺处理浓度超过40 mmol·L^-1时对高温强光胁迫没有缓解效应.     

硫化氢对淹水平邑甜茶根系形态构型、叶片活性氧和光合特性的影响

以盆栽平邑甜茶为试材,分别将盆浸没于5种浓度硫化氢(H₂S)释放剂硫氢化钠(NaHS;0、0.02、0.05、0.1、0.2 mmol·L^-1)水溶液,以及添加有次牛磺酸(HT;H₂S清除剂)的NaHS水溶液中,10 d后调查根系形态构型、叶片活性氧生成和光合气体交换参数以及植株生长的变化.结果表明: 在淹水处理液中加入0.02～0.1 mmol·L^-1 NaHS,能增加土壤淹水时根系总长度、表面积、体积、直径、根尖数、分形维数、一级侧根数量和根系活力,降低叶片超氧阴离子(O₂^-·)生成速率和过氧化氢(H₂O₂)含量,提高叶片光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(g_s)、水分利用效率(WUE)和表观CO₂利用效率(CUE),还提高幼苗株高和植株生物量,其中NaHS在浓度0.1 mmol·L^-1 时作用效果最显著;当NaHS施用浓度达到0.2 mmol·L^-1或在0.1 mmol·L^-1 NaHS中加施次牛磺酸时,上述指标均降回到单纯淹水时的水平.这说明添加适量H₂S能够有效缓解土壤淹水对平邑甜茶根系生长的抑制,可以通过减少活性氧产生以及提高CUE,从而减轻淹水胁迫对叶片光合性能和植株生长的不利影响.     

Genotoxicity of hydrated sulfur dioxide on root tips of Allium sativum and Vicia faba

Genotoxicity of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) and its hydrates (bisulfite and sulfite) in human lymphocytes and other mammalian cells have been found earlier in our laboratory. In the present studies, we used Allium stavium and Vicia faba cytogenetic tests, which are the highly sensitive and simple plant bioassays. A mixture of sodium bisulfite and sodium sulfite (1:3), at various concentrations from 1 x 10(-4) to 2 x 10(-3)M was used for the treatment. Genotoxicity was expressed in terms of anaphase aberration (AA) frequencies in the Vicia-AA test and in terms of micronuclei (MCN) frequencies in both Vicia-MCN test and Alllium-MCN test. On average, the results showed a 1.7-3.9-fold increase of AA frequencies and a 3.5-4.5-fold increase of MCN frequencies in Vicia root tips as compared with the negative control. Similarly, results of Allium-MCN test also showed a significant increase in MCN frequencies in the treated samples. In addition, pycnotic cells (PNC) appeared in Allium root tips of treated groups. The frequencies of MCN, AA and PNC increased dose-dependently and the cell cycle delayed at the same time in bisulfite treated samples. Results of the present study suggest that the Vicia and Allium cytogenetic bioassays are efficient, simple and reproducible in genotoxicity studies of bisulfite.     

浊漳河水体污染物对蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传毒性研究

运用蚕豆根尖细胞微核试验技术对浊漳河南段6个代表性样点水体中有机污染物的遗传毒性进行了研究,为浊漳河流域水体污染状况的有效监测提供理论依据.结果显示:(1)浊漳河南段各监测断面的水体有机污染物对蚕豆根尖细胞均产生了不同程度的损伤,表现出细胞微核、断片、染色体桥等多种异常形态,严重时导致细胞坏死和细胞凋亡.(2)6个样点水样处理的蚕豆根尖细胞微核率在21.47‰～64.77‰,极显著高于对照组(P<0.01).(3)各样点水样对蚕豆根尖细胞的遗传损伤程度依次为:王桥>店上>漳泽水库>北寨>黄碾>五阳;在有丝分裂后期,蚕豆根尖中异常细胞最高达70%,且异常细胞比率有随着污染程度增大而升高的趋势.研究表明,蚕豆根尖细胞微核是水质毒理检测的有效指标,其细胞有丝分裂后期异常细胞比率也可作为水质毒理检测的观察指标.     

环磷酰胺诱发蚕豆体细胞遗传损伤的研究

利用蚕豆根尖研究环磷酰胺的遗传毒性效应, 结果表明:环磷酰胺(0.1~5.0 mg/mL)能够降低蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂指数, 使根尖细胞中具有微核、核出芽及核固缩的细胞明显增多, 并诱发染色体结构和行为异常, 产生染色体断片、滞后和桥。环磷酰胺处理组根尖中具有核固缩和微核的细胞数呈剂量依赖性增加, 且与作用时间呈正相关, 而分裂指数的降低也具有剂量和时间效应关系。研究结果表明, 低浓度长时间接触或高浓度短时间接触环磷酰胺均可产生遗传毒害, 因此, 有关的作业人员应注意防护。     

The effects of post-treatments with caffeine during S and G2 on the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations induced by thiotepa in root tips of Vicia faba and in human lymphocytes in vitro

The effects of post-treatments with caffeine on the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations induced by the trifunctional alkylating agent thiotepa were studied in human lymphocytes and in root tips of Vicia faba. In lymphocytes the frequency of aberrations induced in G0 or G1 was most strongly increased when the caffeine post-treatments were given during G2. In Vicia faba, on the other hand, the frequency of aberrations induced in early interphase was unaffected by post-treatments with caffeine during G2, but strongly increased when the root tips were exposed to caffeine during the S phase.     

Cytogenetic damage induced in human lymphocytes by sodium bisulfite.

The frequencies of chromosomal aberrations (CA), sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE), and micronuclei (MN) in human blood lymphocytes exposed to sodium bisulfite (sulfur dioxide) at various concentrations ranging from 5 x 10(-5) M to 2 x 10(-3) M in vitro were studied. It was shown that sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3 and Na2SO3, 1:3 M/M) caused an increase in SCE and MN in human blood lymphocytes in a dose-dependent manner, and also induced mitotic delays and decreased mitotic index. For CA, our results indicated that sodium bisulfite induced an increase of chromatid-type aberrations in lymphocytes from three of four donors in a dose-dependent manner. The chemical at low concentrations induced chromatid-type aberrations, but not chromosome-type aberrations; high concentrations induced both chromatid- and chromosome-type aberrations. No cytogenetic damage in human lymphocytes was induced by sodium sulfate. The results have confirmed that sulfur dioxide is a clastogenic and genotoxic agent.     

Cytogenetic Effects of γ-Radiation in Onion (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Allium cepa</Emphasis> L.) Seedlings

The effect of γ-radiation on the cytogenetic parameters of root meristem cells of onion seedlings was studied in laboratory experiments (Allium-test). An increase in the overall frequency of chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus frequencies in seedling cells at low γ-radiation doses (≤0.1 Gy) was detected for the first time. At a maximum absorbed dose of 13 Gy, chromosomal aberrations were detected in the majority of cells in the anaphase and telophase stages of the cell cycle, and the number of cells with multiple aberrations increased. The main contribution to the overall frequency of chromosomal aberrations, in addition to multiple aberrations, is made by the bridge-type aberrations, fragments, and lagging chromosomes. The data obtained allow using the cytogenetic indices of Allium cepa seedlings to assess the biological effects of lowdose γ-radiation.     

Induction of numerical chromosomal aberrations during DNA synthesis using the fungicides nimrod and rubigan-4 in root tips of Vicia faba L.

The 2 fungicides nimrod and rubigan-4 were tested for genotoxicity using Vicia faba root tips as the biological test system. Treating lateral roots with different concentrations of each fungicide for different periods showed that both fungicides were able to produce numerical but not structural chromosomal aberrations. The percentage of total aberrations in root tips exposed to nimrod reached 54.39% at 250 ppm for 4 h, and 64.69% in root tips exposed to rubigan-4 at 250 ppm for 6 h. The types of numerical chromosomal aberrations produced by both fungicides included: binucleate cells, c-metaphases, sticky chromosomes, polyploid cells, and laggards. Recovery experiments for 24, 48, and 96 h showed no significant differences between the percentage of total aberrations in treated and control groups.     

稀土元素钬对蚕豆的细胞毒性和遗传毒性研究

运用氧化钬与稀硝酸反应制备结晶,以去离子水溶解并且稀释成梯度溶液,对蚕豆根尖染毒6 h,分别修复培养22h和24h,观察根尖变化,统计微核率、染色体畸变率及有丝分裂指数。结果表明,4mg/L（以氧化钬质量体积浓度计）以下剂量对根尖生长具有促进作用;随着浓度的递增,微核率、染色体畸变率逐步上升,有丝分裂指数逐步下降,表现出明显的剂量-效应关系,说明稀土元素钬具有一定的细胞毒性和遗传毒性。同时,不同修复组在微核率、染色体畸变率及有丝分裂指数上也存在一定差异,表现为微核率22h修复组低于24 h 修复组,而染色体畸变率和分裂指数均高于24h修复组。微核检测应在染色体畸变检测之后进行。      

氯苯胁迫对蚕豆幼苗生长和细胞分裂的影响

研究了1,2,4-三氯苯(TCB)对蚕豆幼苗生长、根尖细胞分裂及染色体畸变的影响．结果表明,随TCB浓度增加和处理时间延长,蚕豆幼苗根长的生长及根尖细胞有丝分裂指数降低甚至停止．TCB诱发蚕豆根尖细胞有丝分裂过程中染色体数目畸变和结构畸变．50-100μg.g^-1TCB胁迫12-24h,蚕豆根尖染色体的主要损伤形式为c-有丝分裂、染色体桥和不均匀排列,其出现百分率达1．0％--10.3％．300μg.g^-1TCB胁迫12-96h,蚕豆根尖细胞中染色体粘连(S)、S+染色体断裂(S+B)、S+染色体环(S+R)、S+染色体不均匀排列(S+A)及S+染色体桥(S+Be)出现的百分率达47．9％--88.9％,各种类型染色体断裂出现的百分率仅为18．1％--29．6％,说明蚕豆根尖细胞染色体畸变分析可作为TCB土壤污染监测的敏感生物监测指标．     

Clastogenic and mitodepressive effects of the insecticide dichlorvos on root meristems of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia faba</Emphasis>

Plant bioassays are an important and integral part of the test battery used in detecting genotoxic/carcinogenic contamination in the environment. Highly sensitive biomonitoring of plant models have been developed, which enables the detection of hazards arising from pesticides, insecticides, industrial contamination, heavy metals and radiation. Root tips of Vicia faba ssp. minor were treated with 1-60 mM of the organophosphorus insecticide dichlorvos (DDVP) for 2 h, followed by a 20-h recovery period. Maleic acid hydrazide (MH) was used as a positive control for the mitotic index, micronucleus and chromosomal aberration assays performed on the Vicia model system. All treatments with DDVP significantly decreased the mitotic activity and increased the frequency of chromosomal aberrations at the metaphase. The frequency of micronuclei was significantly increased at DDVP concentrations starting from 10 mM. The results demonstrate clastogenic and mitodepressive effects of DDVP on Vicia faba cells.