北京外来入侵植物刺萼龙葵的生态状况

调查了北京密云县李各庄和小漕村荒草地90个2m×2m草本优势型样方的刺萼龙葵入侵地,分析了样方中各种植物的种类组成和区系特点以及种群的多度、频度和重要值,并结合其生长型、生态优势和竞争关系,评估了北京外来入侵植物刺萼龙葵的生态状况和生态危害风险。结果表明:在多度方面,刺萼龙葵在李各庄群落(共29种植物)中位列第3,在小漕村群落(共51种植物)中位列第5;在频度方面,刺萼龙葵在李各庄群落和小漕村群落中都位列第1;重要值数据表明,刺萼龙葵在李各庄群落和小漕村群落中的综合适应力均最大。综合分析可知,刺萼龙葵在北京的入侵生长尚处于局部危害阶段,但在其范围内已经突破生长瓶颈,成为优势种,同时禾本科、菊科和桑科的一些物种在抗衡刺萼龙葵的进一步扩展上具有一定的潜力。在生态干预策略上,可立足于若干具一定优势的本地物种,在刺萼龙葵发展到单优势种之前对其实行生态更替和铲除。     

外来入侵植物刺萼龙葵的入侵特征与防治策略

刺萼龙葵是原产于北美洲的恶性外来入侵植物,在世界各地广为分布,已入侵我国北方地区,严重威胁我国农牧业安全,亟待明确刺萼龙葵入侵过程与危害,为我国制定刺萼龙葵防治策略提供参考。本文对刺萼龙葵生物学和生态学特性、传播途径、入侵历史和分布特征、危害、现有防除措施及存在等问题进行综述。刺萼龙葵具有花期长、花粉萌发率和结实率高、果实和种子产量大等高繁殖能力特征;能适应多变气候和异质性生境;具有自体传播、风力传播、水力传播、动物传播和人为传播等多种传播途径;已先后入侵了我国9个省级行政区的55个区县,向华北、华中和华东快速入侵的可能性高;刺萼龙葵的植株及分泌物对人畜安全、动物皮毛质量、草地植被结构、农作物产量等方面造成严重危害,并帮助传播植物病虫害。然而,现有的化学和物理防除措施仍不能彻底遏制传播、消除危害和保障生产。为有效防除刺萼龙葵,应开展刺萼龙葵入侵风险评估,针对不同土地利用类型制定防治措施,加强入侵机制和防控技术研究。     

刺萼龙葵不同生育期根际土壤酶活性和真菌多样性变化

分析入侵植物刺萼龙葵(Solanum rostratum)在不同生育期根际土壤真菌多样性及土壤酶活性变化,探讨刺萼龙葵入侵对土壤微生态的影响机制,以期寻找防治刺萼龙葵的最佳时期。本试验利用土壤平板法对刺萼龙葵根际土壤真菌进行培养,共鉴定真菌22个属,并且从生长初期到开花期土壤真菌多样性显著增加;从生长初期到开花期根际土壤过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶、脲酶、脱氢酶、转化酶和蛋白酶活性变化显著;Pearson相关分析发现,刺萼龙葵从生长初期到开花期根际土壤真菌多样性与过氧化物酶活性相关性并不显著,而与其余6种土壤酶活性具有显著的相关性;主成分分析发现,刺萼龙葵开花期、现蕾期和四叶期与空白土壤和生长初期发生了显著的变化。因此,随着刺萼龙葵的生长,其根际土壤真菌多样性及土壤酶活性均发生改变。     

入侵植物刺萼龙葵花部性状的表型变异及其对繁殖适合度的影响

入侵植物花部性状的表型变异及其与繁殖适合度的关系是入侵生态学研究中的基本问题之一.为明确入侵植物刺萼龙葵(Solanum rostratum)种群间和种群内花部性状的表型变异程度和变异规律,并探讨刺萼龙葵花部表型变异对繁殖适合度的影响,采用巢式方差分析、变异系数分析、相关分析、主成分分析及多元线性回归等分析方法,对中国京冀地区的6个刺萼龙葵自然种群的10个花部表型性状和果实种子数量进行了研究.结果表明,(ⅰ)刺萼龙葵花部表型性状在种群间和种群内均存在极显著的变异,种群间的变异(27.26%)大于种群内的变异(3.55%),种群间平均表型分化系数为82.31%,种群间变异是刺萼龙葵表型变异的主要来源,表明刺萼龙葵具有较强的环境适应能力;(ⅱ)各花部表型性状的平均变异系数(coefficient of variation, CV)为13.13%,变异幅度为7.45%～29.79%,柱头与最近喂食雄蕊顶端的距离(distance between the stigma and the closest feeding stamen, DSF)的变异系数最大,传粉雄蕊长(length of the...     

外来入侵植物刺萼龙葵在我国的分布格局与早期监测预警

【目的】刺萼龙葵是20世纪80年代入侵我国的检疫性外来植物,目前已在东北和西北地区广泛分布并对农牧业生产造成极大危害,急需明确其时空分布格局和潜在扩散动态,为其早期监测预警提供依据。【方法】首先,利用实地调查、标本和文献查询途径获得的地理分布信息重建刺萼龙葵在我国的扩散历史和分布格局;其次,通过物种分布模型预测其潜在的分布区;最后,融合时空动态和潜在的扩张趋势,利用空间分析模型划定早期监测预警的区域。【结果】刺萼龙葵最早于1980年在辽宁省朝阳市被发现,其后不断沿河流和公路等扩散蔓延。2000年以后相继在内蒙古、北京、河北、吉林以及新疆等省区发现其入侵种群。截至目前,已扩散到了7个省的54个县区。适生区预测结果表明,其在我国存在广阔的潜在分布区,目前还处在快速扩散阶段,没有达到饱和阶段。【结论】刺萼龙葵在我国还处在快速扩散阶段,远没有达到饱和,华北平原是其潜在扩散的高风险区,建议加强对其扩散前沿带包头、张家口、北京、秦皇岛一线的监测力度,以抑制其进一步扩散蔓延。     

外来入侵植物黄花刺茄与其近缘非入侵植物少花龙葵繁育系统的比较

黄花刺茄是一种具有严重危害性的外来入侵植物,本研究以分布于我国的4个黄花刺茄种群为材料,与其同属的外来非入侵植物少花龙葵为近缘种对照,在同质种植园内对其繁育系统进行了比较研究。黄花刺茄和少花龙葵在开放性授粉和补充授粉条件下的平均结籽率没有显著差异;套袋处理下,黄花刺茄的平均结籽率(29.5%)显著低于少花龙葵(47.0%);去雄套袋处理下两者均没有可育种子产出,表明黄花刺茄和少花龙葵均无自发无融合生殖特性。黄花刺茄的平均自交指数为0.38,低于少花龙葵(0.64);平均花粉限制指数(0.29)和平均传粉者的贡献指数(0.49)均大于少花龙葵(0.08和0.31)。目前黄花刺茄分布于中国的12个省份,在全球发生数量为3835次;少花龙葵分布于中国的18个省份,在全球发生数量为10897次。外来入侵植物黄花刺茄的自交亲和性低于外来非入侵植物少花龙葵,说明自交亲和性高低与两种植物的入侵性强弱无显著相关关系,但与其分布范围呈正相关。     

龙葵果肉培养植株再生的研究

龙葵 Solanum nigrum L.为常用中草药,含有龙葵碱、澳洲茄碱和澳洲茄边碱等植物碱及皂苷,维生素 A、C 等成份。有清热解毒,利水消肿的功效。龙葵组织培养在国外已有报道,近年来在原生质体培养方面也取得成功。国内尚未见有关组织培养的报道。我们用龙葵果肉诱导愈伤组织,并获得再生植株。     

马铃薯甲虫幼虫

正马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)是世界著名的入侵害虫,也是我国禁止进境检疫性有害生物和全国农业植物检疫性有害生物。该虫隶属于鞘翅目Coleoptera、叶甲科Chrysomelidae,对马铃薯可造成毁灭性危害,其成虫和幼虫也危害和取食茄子、番茄、天仙子和刺萼龙葵等。马铃薯     

刺萼龙葵种群在中国不同分布地区的表型变异

外来有害植物刺萼龙葵(Solanum rostratum)又名黄花刺茄, 已扩散至中国多省, 各地的种群在表型上存在差异。为揭示刺萼龙葵在中国不同分布区表型变异产生的原因及变异规律, 该文以来自中国9个地区的刺萼龙葵种群的种子为材料, 进行同质生物园种植。通过对营养和生殖器官共10个表型性状进行严格细致的测量, 并采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)、变异系数分析、主成分分析、聚类分析(UPGMA)和相关性分析等数理方法, 分析了各个种群的表型变异。结果表明: (1)来自不同种群的刺萼龙葵在10个性状上差异均极显著(p < 0.01), 表明种群间的性状差异具有遗传上的稳定性; (2)营养性状平均变异系数(CV = 18.2%)显著高于花部性状(CV = 9%), 结合主成分分析的结果, 可得出冠幅、 花冠直径、节间距以及株高是决定表型变异的主要代表性状; (3)种群间的聚类分析将刺萼龙葵的9个种群划分为3类, 表型性状并没有依地理距离而聚类; (4)地理因子中, 对性状影响最大的是海拔, 其次是经度, 最后是纬度。     

马铃薯甲虫幼虫

<正>马铃薯甲虫Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)是世界著名的入侵害虫,也是我国禁止进境检疫性有害生物和全国农业植物检疫性有害生物。该虫隶属于鞘翅目Coleoptera、叶甲科Chrysomelidae,对马铃薯可造成毁灭性危害,其成虫和幼虫也危害和取食茄子、番茄、天仙子和刺萼龙葵等。马铃薯     

五种茄科糖苷生物碱及其混合物的抗真菌活性研究

本文研究了五种茄科糖苷生物碱(茄碱、查茄碱、边缘茄碱、澳洲茄碱和番茄碱)对两种植物病原真菌白菜白斑病菌和葱紫斑病菌的抑制活性.结果表明番茄碱的抗真菌活性最强,其后依次是查茄碱、边缘茄碱和澳洲茄碱,茄碱的活性最弱;不同浓度茄碱和查茄碱(马铃薯中的两种糖苷生物碱)的混合物均具有协同抗真菌作用,且低浓度的混合物产生的协同作用效果较大;边缘茄碱和澳洲茄碱(龙葵中的两种糖苷生物碱)的混合物基本没有协同抗真菌作用;边缘茄碱和查茄碱的混合物以及澳洲茄碱和茄碱的混合物(均为来自不同植物的糖苷生物碱的混合物)在抗真菌活性上都呈现了相加关系.     

Pollen limitation in invasive populations of Solanum rostratum and its relationship to population size

Aims Small plant populations may be more likely to suffer more severe pollen limitation due to the lower number of potential mates or suitable pollinators. For invasive species, this phenomenon may be more common when an invading population colonizes a new habitat. Here, we investigated whether pollen limitation occurs in invasive populations of Solanum rostratum during its invasion from North America to China and evaluated the patterns between pollen limitation and population size.Methods Pollen addition experiments were performed on six invasive populations of S. rostratum. By comparing fruit set and seed production with open pollination treatment, we calculated the index of pollen limitation and regressed it to population size and density.Important findings Among the six sampled invasive populations of S. rostratum, the fruit set and seed production per fruit were 0.346±0.014 and 52.38±9.29, respectively, with open pollination treatment and 0.572±0.022 and 56.28±10.79, respectively, with pollen addition treatment. Compared with open pollination, pollen addition significantly increased fruit set and seed production by 65.3 and 7.4%, respectively. The standardized index of pollen limitation ranged from 0.022 to 0.125, with an average of 0.065, suggesting that invasive populations of S. rostratum do suffer from pollen limitation. The index of pollen limitation was negatively correlated with population size, which is consistent with the pattern that smaller populations suffer from more severe pollen limitation.     

Optimization of Glycoalkaloid Analysis for Use in Industrial Potato Fruit Juice Downstreaming

Annually, within the European Union about 1.7 million tons of starch is produced by processing over 8 million tons of potato tubers, Solanum tuberosum. In recent years, the potato protein content has gained tremendous industrial interest, since these proteins have excellent nutritional value. As naturally occurring, secondary plant metabolites steroidal potato glycoalkaloids are formed in potatoes. The two major glycoalkaloids in potatoes are α‐solanine and α‐chaconine. Because of the significant toxicity of the glycoalkaloids for human and for animal nutrition it was essential to develop efficient extraction processes. The need for an easy, fast, sensitive and reliable glycoalkaloid assay at the very beginning of the production chain is obvious. In this study an efficient analytical assay for potato glycoalkaloids from powdery protein samples under industrially relevant conditions is described: sample extraction, analyte pre‐purification, and final HPLC analysis. An acetic acid extraction/homogenization process was used for glycoalkaloid extraction from potato protein samples. The extracts were purified by means of solid phase extraction cartridges using the different washing steps developed in this study. The final determination was performed through an HPLC method using a Reprosil‐Pur NH₂ column. The limit of detection was 5 μg/mL for α‐solanine and α‐chaconine, respectively, corresponding to concentrations of 20 ppm in potato protein powder.     

POTATO LEAF EXTRACT AND ITS COMPONENT, α‐SOLANINE,EXERT SIMILAR IMPACTS ON DEVELOPMENT AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN Galleria mellonella L.

Plants synthesize a broad range of secondary metabolites that act as natural defenses against plant pathogens and herbivores. Among these, potato plants produce glycoalkaloids (GAs). In this study, we analyzed the effects of the dried extract of fresh potato leaves (EPL) on the biological parameters of the lepidopteran, Galleria mellonella (L.) and compared its activity to one of the main EPL components, the GA α‐solanine. Wax moth larvae were reared from first instar on a diet supplemented with three concentrations of EPL or α‐solanine. Both EPL and α‐solanine affected survivorship, fecundity, and fertility of G. mellonella to approximately the same extent. We evaluated the effect of EPL and α‐solanine on oxidative stress in midgut and fat body by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PCO) contents, both biomarkers of oxidative damage. We evaluated glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activity, a detoxifying enzyme acting in prevention of oxidative damage. EPL and α‐solanine altered MDA and PCO concentrations and GST activity in fat body and midgut. We infer that the influence of EPL on G. mellonella is not enhanced by synergistic effects of the totality of potato leaf components compared to α‐solanine alone.     

Evidence for an endogenous ATPase inhibitor protein in plant mitochondria. Purification and characterization

An endogenous ATPase inhibitor protein has been identified and isolated for the first time from plant mitochondria. The inhibitor protein was isolated from potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber mitochondria and purified to homogeneity. The isolated inhibitor is a heat-stable, trypsin-sensitive, basic protein, with a molecular mass approximately 8.3 kDa. Amino acid analysis reveals a high content of glutamic acid, lysine and arginine and the absence of proline; threonine and leucine. The interaction of the inhibitor with F1-ATPase requires the presence of Mg2(+)-ATP in the incubation medium. The ATPase activity of isolated F1 is inhibited to 50% in the presence of 14 micrograms inhibitor/mg F1. A stoichiometry of 1.3 mol inhibitor/mol F1 for complete inhibition can be calculated from this value. The potato ATPase inhibitor is also a potent inhibitor of the ATPase activity of the isolated yeast F1. The inhibitor resembles the ATPase inhibitors of yeast and mammalian mitochondria, and does not seem to be related to the inhibitory peptide, epsilon subunit, of chloroplast ATPase.     

Identification of the site where the electron transfer chain of plant mitochondria is stimulated by electrostatic charge screening.

Modular kinetic analysis was used to determine the sites in plant mitochondria where charge-screening stimulates the rate of electron transfer from external NAD(P)H to oxygen. In mitochondria isolated from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber callus, stimulation of the rate of oxygen uptake was accompanied by a decrease in the steady-state reduction level of coenzyme Q, and by a small decrease in the steady-state reduction level of cytochrome c. Modular kinetic analysis around coenzyme Q revealed that stimulation of the rate was due to stimulation of quinol oxidation via the cytochrome pathway (cytochrome bc1, cytochrome c and cytochrome c oxidase). It was not a consequence of any effect on quinone reduction (by external NADH or NADPH dehydrogenase). This explains the salt-induced decrease in the steady-state reduction level of coenzyme Q. Analysis around cytochrome c revealed that stimulation by salts was due to a dual effect on the respiratory chain. The kinetic curves for the oxidation and reduction pathways of cytochrome c revealed that they were both activated by salt, the simultaneity explaining the small variation observed in the steady-state reduction level of cytochrome c. A simple kinetic core model is used to show that changes in the rate of dissociation of cytochrome c from the membrane can explain the observed kinetic changes in both cytochrome c reduction and cytochrome c oxidation. The stimulation is proposed to be the result of an increase in the rate constant of cytochrome c dissociation from the membrane induced by cation screening. We conclude that this type of modular kinetic analysis is a powerful tool to identify and quantitatively characterize multiple-site effects on the mitochondrial respiratory chain.