等位基因和“多态现象”

生物体合成什么样的酶和蛋白质是由染色体上的基因决定的。当有两个以上常见等位基因控制酶和蛋白质的合成时,便会导致酶和蛋白质的多态现象。在一个或几个主要的人类群体里,有两个或更多的常见等位基因,它们各自对某一酶或蛋白质的合成产生一种独特的影     

遗传的多态现象

多态现象是生物种内的一种变异形式,而遗传多态现象则是群体遗传学中的重要内容,它和生物进化的研究,动植物的分类以及育种实践都有着密切的关系。本文讨论了遗传多态现象的确切含义,简述了染色体多态现象和基因多态现象,并扼要介绍了多态现象保持机理的几种学说。     

鸡血清蛋白质遗传多态性的研究

用聚丙烯酸胺凝胶电泳技术对鸡血清蛋白质多态性进行了研究。实验结果表明：在凝胶图谱上,鸡血清蛋白质从原点到阳极端基本上可划分成,γ-球蛋白、β-球蛋白、α-球蛋白和清蛋白4个区域。各区域均存在不同程度的遗传多态现象,总共约有15条谱带左右。     

鸟类羽色多态现象：概念及其进化机制假说

多态现象对了解物种的遗传、变异和进化有着重要意义,鸟类羽色多态现象的进化机制,是多态现象研究中非常重要的内容。鸟类羽色多态现象的进化机制假说主要有：分化选择假说、异类选择假说和非随机性交配假说等。本文对鸟类羽色多态现象的概念和以上进化机制假说进行了综述,并针对鸟类羽色多态现象进化机制研究中存在争议的问题及研究的不足提出了自己的看法。     

鸟类羽色多态现象:概念及其进化制假说

多态现象对了解物种的遗传、变异和进化有着重要意义,鸟类羽色多态现象的进化机制,是多态现象研究中非常重要的内容.鸟类羽色多态现象的进化机制假说主要有分化选择假说、异类选择假说和非随机性交配假说等.本文对鸟类羽色多态现象的概念和以上进化机制假说进行了综述,并针对鸟类羽色多态现象进化机制研究中存在争议的问题及研究的不足提出了自己的看法.     

几种害鼠血红蛋白型的研究

哺乳动物的蛋白质生化多态现象(biochemical polymorphism)是微观生态学和种群分子遗传学共同涉及的课题,国外已有多年的研究历史,积累了丰富的资料(Lush,1970)。产生多态性的原因,一般认为是自然因素选择平衡的结果(Hedrick等,1976)。     

小量个体人血清中补体成分C_4的纯化

 <正> 补体成分的多态现象,特别是对人C4多态现象的研究,是近年来补体研究进展的一个重要方面。1969年Roseufeld等报告了人补体C4的多态现象以后,Teisberg等(1976)率先应用免疫固定电泳研究C4多态现象。这是当前研究补体多态现象的通用方法。1978年O’Neill等报告人的C4F和C4S分别由C4A和C4B两个基因座位控制,并分别与Rodgers和Chido血型抗原相应。现已发现C4A共有13个别型,C4B共有22个别型。     

黑鹿(Muntiacus. crinifrons)染色体的多态及着丝粒的研究

近十多年来,由于显带技术的广泛应用,揭示了同种异体之间染色体的多态现象,除着丝点融合或断裂是染色体数目多态的原因外,也有因异染色质差异而形成的多态。如王宗仁等(1981)、Maia等(1981)用G显带技术,分别在鹿属动物及啮齿类中观察到染色体的多态现象,Murray等(1980)用C显带技术在有袋类中,不仅观察到着丝点融合现象,亦看到异染色质差异的多态。本文报导了我国特有动物——黑麂染色体的多态现象及众多的双着丝点染色体。     

双脘腔蚓的生殖器官多态现象（寡毛纲：巨蚓科）

报道腔蚓属蚯蚓应作为同种异名,并记述该种的生殖器官多态现象。     

红树(Rhizophora a piculata Bl.)的花粉形态与多态现象

通过光学显微镜(LM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察表明,红树(Rhizophora apiculata)花粉粒赤道面的形状为球形-近球形,极面观为圆三角形,偶见圆四方形,3-4孔沟,具有连续的环赤道内孔,花粉外壁的典型纹饰为细网状-皱纹状(microreticulate-rugulate)。作者首次报道红树花粉的多态现象,其花粉外壁纹饰和萌发孔数量存在显著的变异,SEM观察到花粉外壁纹饰的变异主要是孔状(perforate)、皱纹状(rugulate)和穴状(foveolate)等类型,LM观察发现4个萌发孔的花粉变异类型。花粉形态的观察与描述为化石花粉的鉴别提供了不可或缺的对比依据。研究红树的花粉形态和发现多态现象有助于了解红树科红树属的花粉外壁演化。花粉的多态现象表明单个花粉形态特征并不能完全代表种的特征。花粉的分类也应该充分考虑花粉性状的间断和连续性,以期正确认识花粉性状在种群内的变异和变异式样,达到客观认识和正确划分植物种下等级的目的。花粉的多态现象为化石花粉的种类鉴定增加了新的参考信息,作者也讨论了花粉多态现象在植物系统演化和古生态学等研究中的可能价值与意义。     

DNA分子标记技术在濒危物种保护中的应用

近20年来,随着分子生物学技术的迅猛发展,涌现出一批高效、可靠的DNA分子标记技术.本文论述了限制性片段长度多态性、微卫星DNA、随机扩增多态性DNA、扩增片段长度多态性等DNA分子标记技术的基本原理及技术特点;同时,介绍了DNA分子标记在濒危物种种群遗传学研究、致危因素分析及保护策略的制定等保护生物学方面的应用.     

The mind of primitive anthropologists: hemoglobin and HLA, patterns of molecular evolution

Frank Livingstone played a central role in defining the population genetics of the sickle cell mutation at position 6 of the human beta globin gene, the most famous amino acid substitution in evolutionary biology. Its discovery occurred at a time when traditional, 19th-century principles of natural selection were being joined with the newly discovered mechanics of DNA structure and protein synthesis to produce Neo-Darwinian theory. When combined with the epidemiology of malaria in Africa, differential mortality for both homozygotes, and the resulting advantage of the heterozygote, sickle cell became the classic balanced polymorphism. Human HLA-A has 237 molecular alleles. The histocompatibility system has as its primary function the presentation of peptides to T-cell receptors and plays an essential role in the immune system. Nearly all of the alleles are codominant and fully functional. Despite almost 30 years of disease-association studies with HLA-A, no convincing evidence has been found for differential fertility or mortality at this locus. Yet the dogma in the histocompatibility field is that this extensive human polymorphism is maintained by "balancing selection." Explaining HLA-A polymorphism is what one might call the sickle-cell-effect. This one mutation, coming as it did at the historical convergence of Darwinian theory and modern genetics, and carrying with it the strong relationship between mutation, disease, and allele frequency, has conditioned our discussion of human genetic variation and population genetics. Has the strength of this early idea made evolutionary biologists uncritical of systems like HLA-A and retarded the search for new mechanisms of molecular evolution? Is it now time to move away from a focus on mutation and polymorphism in evolutionary genetics and toward a systems theory that would explain the origin and evolution of hemoglobin and HLA-A and the biochemical pathways that surround them?     

DNA水平自然选择作用的检测

上个世纪60年代,Kimura提出的“中性进化”假说使经典的达尔文自然选择学说遭遇了前所未有的挑战。但新近的研究表明：在DNA水平,越来越多的证据支持“自然选择”的进化理论。这些研究成果得益于近年来大量群体和基因组DNA数据的积累,以及理论群体遗传学的发展。在DNA水平检测选择作用是否存在的方法包括两大类：种内多态性检验和种间差异度检验。前者以Tajima(1989)提出的D检验为代表,后者大都基于“中性条件下,种内与种间进化速率一致”的原理。这些方法以中性假说作为零假设,结合统计检验方法分析DNA数据,被称为“中性检验”。这些方法对于解决一些有关进化的基础理论问题和人类遗传学及生物信息学的深入研究都具有重要意义。本文介绍几个应用广泛的检测方法,以使国内的读者了解它们的基本思路和操作方法。     

Human hemoglobin: polymorphism, neutrality of variants, evolutionary aspect

Integrated analysis of the polymorphism of human hemoglobin has been made using populational genetics, hematological, physiological, protein chemistry and molecular biology data. The known variants of human hemoglobin are conventionally classified as "widely common", "less common" and "rare", depending on their contribution to polymorphism. The importance of homeostasis and compensatory reactions for maintaining the resistance of the human body against mutant hemoglobins is emphasized. Hb D Punjab and Hb O Arab being relatively neutral, the genetic structure of populations may restrict their distribution. A hypothesis is put forward concerning the possible role of an increased local conformational mobility of protein in creating neutral protein variants. It is proposed to discriminate between truly neutral and pseudoneutral protein variants. In case of possible changes in the genetic and environmental factors, the former are not subject to selection, while the latter may be. Contribution to neutral evolution can be made only by truly neutral variants. In a compensated heterozygotic state the truly neutral and pseudoneutral variants may give rise to new functions and adaptively valuable properties in protein. The evolution of proteins is believed to proceed from a stage which is consistent with M. Kimura's concept of neutrality of protein polymorphism toward a stage which is consistent with the concept of selectionism. It is concluded, that the currently observed degree of polymorphism of human hemoglobin corresponds to the present stage of molecular evolution of the protein.     

Molecular biology and Pauling's immunochemistry: a neglected dimension

This paper argues that there is a substantial overlap between the history of immunology and the history of molecular biology, an overlap manifested in the researches on antibodies during the 1930s and 1940s. This common ground is a product of intellectual developments, as well as institutional trends. Viewed from an intellectual vantage point of the 1930s and 1940s, molecular biology was essentially the study of the biological specificities of the so-called 'giant protein molecules'. Within the conceptual framework of early molecular biology, which was rooted in the protein view of life, the concepts of protein template, autocatalysis, and heterocatalysis were central in explaining the protein syntheses of genes, viruses, enzymes, hormones, and antibodies. Immunochemistry and serological genetics were at the heart of that research agenda. This paper also shows that the immunochemistry program of Linus Pauling, which focused on molecular mechanisms of antibody structure and function, and the projects in serological genetics at Caltech's biology division were supported by the Rockefeller Foundation under the aegis of its molecular biology program. Based on the close examination of intellectual and institutional factors, the histories of molecular biology and immunology in the pre-DNA era are seen as closely linked.     

Molecular population genetics.

Molecular population genetics is entering a new era dominated by studies of genomic polymorphism. Some of the theory that will be needed to analyze data generated by such studies is already available, but much more work is needed. Furthermore, population genetics is becoming increasingly relevant to other fields of biology, for example to genetic epidemiology, because of disease gene mapping in general populations.     

Patterns of selection and polymorphism of innate immunity genes in bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

In response to on-going biodiversity loss, conservation genetics has established itself as an important branch of biology. Historically concentrating on assessing stochastic processes using neutral loci, there has been a recent surge of interest in understanding and quantifying variation at loci underlying ecologically important traits. To this end, patterns of selection and polymorphism at these loci must be characterized. Loci underlying immunity make good candidates in this context: they are expected to be important for population persistence and may exhibit diversifying or divergent selection. Predictions regarding the pattern of selection expected at immune system loci have been based on their interactions with pathogens, however, published studies report mixed results as to whether these are borne out or not. Here, polymorphism and selection is examined for three innate immune system loci in bumblebees: a peptidoglycan recognition protein, a putative alpha-macroglobulin, and scavenger receptor. Both intra- and inter-specific sequence variation is quantified. Very little polymorphism was encountered, precluding robust tests of selection. However, the lack of inter-specific polymorphisms suggests a lack of positive selection for the regions sequenced. Results are discussed with respect to population genetic predictions and generation of a specific immune response in insects. Alternative loci and methods for studying adaptive genetic variation in a conservation context are considered.     

DNA Polymorphism in Population Genetics

In the review, the literature evidence on DNA polymorphism obtained in the last 10–15 years using various molecular-genetic methods is summarized. All main types of DNA variation are considered but attention is focused on those extensively used in population genetics. The areas of using DNA markers are outlined and the limitations of their potential in analyzing genetic processes in populations are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on the relationship between the earlier developed biochemical genetics based on protein polymorphism analysis and modern molecular population genetics based on DNA polymorphism. The possible role of selection in maintaining DNA variation is considered.     

The genetic basis of tongue rolling

Tongue rolling is widely used in elementary biology education to illustrate simple genetics despite doubts about its validity. A survey was carried out to determine the extent to which apparent non-rollers can learn to roll their tongues and to discover what advantage the ability to roll the tongue or not might confer and thus offer an explanation for this apparent polymorphism.     

被子植物镜像花柱及其进化意义

镜像花柱是指花柱在花水平面上向左(左花柱型)或向右(右花柱型)偏离花中轴线,是一种花柱多态现象,可根据左、右花柱花在植株上的排列式样划分为单型镜像花柱和二型镜像花柱两类,或根据镜像花柱和雄蕊的排列方式划分为雌雄互补镜像花柱和非雌雄互补镜像花柱两类。镜像花柱现象已在被子植物11个科的部分种类中进行了报道,它在保护功能型雄蕊和雌蕊、通过自交产生繁殖保障效应以及通过减小雌雄功能间干扰、提高异交率和雄性适合度等方面具有重要的进化意义,目前已成为植物繁殖生物学领域的研究热点。本文总结分析了国际上有关镜像花柱的研究工作,重点介绍:(1)镜像花柱的类型、镜像花的形态分化及花部特征,(2)镜像花柱植物在被子植物中的分布及其遗传演化,(3)镜像花的交配式样和交配频率、传粉特点及其进化生物学意义,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望,以期为进一步研究镜像花柱植物的进化生物学特性,推动我国在该领域的发展提供科学依据。