异养硝化细菌脱氮特性及研究进展

异养硝化细菌能够在利用有机碳源生长的同时将含氮化合物硝化生成羟胺、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐等产物, 多数还能同时进行好氧反硝化作用, 直接将硝化产物转化为含氮气体。因此, 这类细菌已成为废水处理中生物脱氮新工艺的重要研究对象。本文综述了目前所分离出的一些异养硝化菌的脱氮特性, 分析了各种环境条件如温度、pH、溶解氧、碳源类型、C/N以及抑制剂等对异养硝化菌的影响, 并介绍了异养硝化菌的应用现状及前景。     

太平洋中西部海域浮游植物营养盐的潜在限制

2009年8月至9月期间在太平洋西部N1站和中部N2站进行现场营养盐加富培养实验。结果显示:N1站,浮游植物生物量对N或者P添加都有较强的响应,其中N+P+Si组和N+P组浮游植物长势迅速,叶绿素a从初始的0.03μg/L分别达到2.12μg/L和1.83μg/L,同时P先于N和Si之前被耗尽;说明N1站为N、P共同限制,P是首要限制因子。而N2站,浮游植物生物量仅对N、P共同添加有明显响应,N先于P和Si被浮游植物消耗殆尽。利用培养过程中营养盐比值变化推断,N1站浮游植物以低于Redfield ratio(16N∶1P)吸收N和P;而N2站浮游植物以高于Redfield ratio(16N∶1P)吸收N和P。这可能解释了太平洋西部的寡营养盐海域为潜在P限制,而在太平洋中部海域则为潜在N限制。     

海洋滩涂沉积物环境中几类主要细菌的动态分布

目的研究宁波市宁海县贝类养殖滩涂中异养细菌、反硝化细菌、氨化细菌和硫酸还原菌等几类细菌的动态分布及异养细菌的菌群组成。方法异养细菌的计数采用平板菌落计数法;反硝化细菌、氨化细菌和硫酸还原菌的计数采用MPN法;并参照Oliver提供的海洋细菌鉴定检索图、《海洋调查规范》和《一般细菌常用鉴定方法》提供的图式将分离到的细菌鉴定至属。结果滩涂沉积物环境中异养细菌的数量波动在8.00×103~7.60×104CFU/g(湿重),反硝化细菌的数量变动在5.00×102~5.00×104个/g(湿重),氨化细菌的数量变动在3.00×105~5.00×107个/g(湿重),硫酸还原菌的数量分布在9.00×104~9.00×106个/g(湿重),温度的变化对这几类细菌的数量分布没有直接的影响。所分离的细菌经过鉴定,可归于15个属与肠杆菌科的部分属,其中肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)的部分属、梭状芽胞杆菌属(Clostridium)、芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)、棒状杆菌属(Corynebacterium)、发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)等为优势菌属。沉积物中氨化细菌、反硝化细菌和硫酸还原菌的检出率均为100%,且含量很高。结论经过多年不间歇的养殖后,宁海贝类养殖滩涂已经不同程度地受到了污染,应尽快调整养殖容量并对养殖环境进行重新布局。     

异养硝化细菌的生物脱氮

正氮类污染物是造成水体污染和富营养化的主要原因,水体中氮的去除对于清洁水体有着重要的意义~([1-2])。因此,高效与便捷地去除污水中的氮是污水处理中的关键问题,而生物脱氮又被认为是目前废水脱氮中最经济有效的方法之一~([3])。最初研究者们认为只有自养硝化细菌才能进行高效的硝化作用,近年来研究表明,异养硝化微生物同样在生物硝化过程中起着不可忽视的作用~([4])。异养硝化微生物相比传统的自养微生物在废水生物脱氮中占有明显优势,具有良好的应用前景。     

利用改良培养基探究西太平洋海水可培养细菌多样性

[目的]西太平洋复杂的海洋生态环境孕育了其独特的生物群落,蕴含着种类丰富的海洋微生物资源.本研究基于分离培养技术探究了西太平洋海域不同水深细菌的多样性,并尝试通过改良培养基提高海洋细菌可培养性.[方法]采用改良的2216E固体培养基(IMA)、R2A固体培养基(R2A)、MBM固体培养基(MBM)、TCBS固体培养基(...     

Genetic Characterization of Epilithic Cyanobacteria and Their Associated Bacteria

Epilithic phototrophic biofilms develop inside Roman Necropolis and Catacombs on rock surfaces exposed to artificial light sources and are composed by a microbial consortium dominated by cyanobacteria. In this work, six non-axenic cultures of Leptolyngbya sp. strains isolated from biofilms from different Roman hypogea and maintained in cultures from 11 to 20 years were analysed along with their associated bacteria isolated in culture. The employment of PCR-fingerprinting techniques, using HIP1 and ERIC derived primers, allowed the clustering in three groups of the six Leptolyngbya strains and the typing of their isolated bacteria. The bacterial fingerprinting patterns were in agreement with the 16S rRNA gene sequencing and showed the presence in Leptolyngbya isolates of Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Agrobacterium and Bacillus representatives that were detected also in biofilms sampled from catacombs.     

Diurnal variations in the auto- and heterotrophic activity of cyanobacterial phycospheres (Gloeotrichia echinulata) and the identity of attached bacteria

1. We assessed the role of cyanobacterial–bacterial consortia (Gloeotrichia echinulata phycospheres) for net changes in inorganic carbon, primary production (PP) and secondary production in Lake Erken (Sweden). 2. At the time of sampling, large colonies of G. echinulata formed a massive bloom with abundances ranging from 102 colonies L^?1 in the pelagic zone to 5000 colonies L^?1 in shallow bays. These colonies and their surrounding phycospheres contributed between 17 and 92% of total PP, and phycosphere‐associated bacteria contributed between 8.5 and 82% of total bacterial secondary production. PP followed a diurnal cycle, whereas bacterial production showed no such pattern. Over a 24 h period, carbon dioxide measurements showed that the phycospheres were net autotrophic in the top layer of the water column, whereas they were net heterotrophic below 2 m depth. 3. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA genes of attached bacteria revealed a diverse bacterial community that included populations affiliated with Proteobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Acidobacteria, Fusobacteria, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, and other Cyanobacteria. 4. Compared with their planktonic counterparts, bacteria associated with cyanobacterial phycospheres had lower affinity for arginine, used as a model compound to assess uptake of organic compounds. 5. Extrapolation of our data to the water column of lake Erken suggests that microorganisms that were not associated with cyanobacteria dominated CO₂ production at the ecosystem scale during our experiments, as CO₂ fixation balanced CO₂ production in the cyanobacterial phycospheres.     

一株异养硝化细菌的分离及系统发育分析

从大棚土壤中分离到一株异养型硝化细菌,命名为菌株HN,分离菌株为革兰氏染色阳性,球状或杆状。菌落颜色为橙红色。该菌株能以乙酰胺为唯一碳源和氮源进行氨化作用和硝化作用并产生亚硝酸。以硝酸钠为氮源时能进行反硝化作用。部分长度的16S rDNA 序列分析表明,分离菌株HN与Rhodococcus ruber 具有99％相似性。并用PHYLIPS程序将该菌株与报道的相关硝化细菌进行系统发育进化分析。本文首次报道Rhodococcus sp.HN为异养型亚硝化细菌。     

泥螺养殖滩涂异养菌群和弧菌的检测

1　引　　言泥螺 (Ｂｕｌｌａｃｔａｅｘａｒａｔａ)隶属腹足纲软体动物 ,肉质鲜嫩、营养丰富 ,是浙江沿海重要的滩涂养殖品种 .至 2 0 0 0年浙江省养殖面积已达 1.13× 10 4ｈｍ2 ,由于实行生态养殖 ,本轻利厚 ,广受养农的青睐 .随着泥螺养殖生产的发展 ,养殖业的自身污染和陆源排污水的大量入海 ,养殖生态环境越趋恶化 ,使生物病原大量滋生 ,自 1995年以来常诱发养殖泥螺的暴发性死亡 .有关海洋滩涂环境细菌的研究至今未见报道 .为探明泥螺养殖周期内暴发性死亡与滩涂环境的关系 ,对养殖滩涂的细菌菌群组成及其生态特性进行了检测分析 .2…     

杭州西湖水体中异养细菌生长的限制因子

通过添加不同营养盐类的纯种和自然培养试验,对异养细菌生长的限制因子进行了研究．结果表明,生物可利用的有机碳是主要的限制性营养因子,而氮源和磷源的影响相对较小;湖水的高pH、丰富的藻类和浮游动物生物量也制约了异养细菌的生长．此外还发现,在自然水体中添加0．5％葡萄糖后,一些自生固氮细菌得到富集;添加C+N+P后,有大量霉菌生长,添加0．01％牛肉膏后,假单胞菌属(PSeu-domonas)细菌由原来的30％提高到57％;湖水进行实验室培养时细菌的最大生长量可达10^5个·ml^-1。     

New records of benthic marine algae and Cyanobacteria for Costa Rica,and a comparison with other Central American countries

We present the results of an intensive sampling program carried out from 2000 to 2007 along both coasts of Costa Rica, Central America. The presence of 44 species of benthic marine algae is reported for the first time for Costa Rica. Most of the new records are Rhodophyta (27 spp.), followed by Chlorophyta (15 spp.), and Heterokontophyta, Phaeophycea (2 spp.). Overall, the currently known marine flora of Costa Rica is comprised of 446 benthic marine algae and 24 Cyanobacteria. This species number is an under estimation, and will increase when species of benthic marine algae from taxonomic groups where only limited information is available (e.g., microfilamentous benthic marine algae, Cyanobacteria) are included. The Caribbean coast harbors considerably more benthic marine algae (318 spp.) than the Pacific coast (190 spp.); such a trend has been observed in all neighboring countries. Compared to other Central American countries, Costa Rica has the highest number of reported benthic marine algae; however, Panama may have a similarly high diversity after unpublished results from a Rhodophyta survey (Wysor, unpublished) are included. Sixty-two species have been found along both the Pacific and Caribbean coasts of Costa Rica; we discuss this result in relation to the emergence of the Central American Isthmus.     

Fishy Business: The High Seas Boarding and Inspection Regime in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean

The Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) was created in 2004 to more effectively conserve and manage the region's tuna fishery. One of the Commission's principal enforcement tools is the high seas boarding and inspection regime, which authorizes each member state to board and inspect fishing vessels engaged in a regulated fishery to verify compliance with the Commission's conservation and management measures. This article examines the structure of the WCPFC's high seas boarding and inspection regime and analyzes its effectiveness in furthering the Commission's conservations and management mandate.     

Spatial and temporal variations reveal the response of zooplankton to cyanobacteria

The effects of cyanobacteria on zooplankton abundance, structure and diversity were investigated, based on a systematic study on spatial and temporal variations of cyanobacteria and zooplankton in Lake Taihu from 1998 to 2007. It was found that similar increasing trends of cyanobacteria/phytoplankton ratios were accompanied by different trends in biomass, composition and biodiversity of zooplankton in different regions of the lake; the cladocerans benefitted from the increase in cyanobacteria; however, rotifers and protozoans were negatively affected by cyanobacteria. The biomass-based biodiversity of phytoplankton and zooplankton was negatively affected by cyanobacteria as well, and the adverse effects were in proportion to the cyanobacteria/phytoplankton ratio. These results indicated interestingly that higher amounts of cyanobacteria do not necessarily reduce zooplankton biomass, as the biomass of larger zooplankton such as cladocerans was positively related to cyanobacteria. The findings are essential to understand the complex ecological effects of cyanobacteria blooms in lakes.     

Size Structure of Deep-Sea Meio- and Macrobenthos in the Western Pacific

The size structure of deep-sea meio- and macrobenthos was studied using 12 USNEL box corer samples collected in the Western Pacific. Both macro- and meiobenthos decreased in abundance with increasing water depth, as expected, but contrary to previous findings, the rate of decrease did not differ significantly between the two size classes of organisms. The median size index of total meiobenthos decreased with increasing water depth, while when the vertical distribution of organisms in the sediment was considered, such a trend was restricted to the organisms found in the upper 1 cm layer. In contrast, the median size of the nematodes increased with increasing water depth, and a possible cause for this correlation is discussed.     

Extracellular hydrolytic enzyme screening of culturable heterotrophic bacteria from deep-sea sediments of the Southern Okinawa Trough

The Southern Okinawa Trough is an area of focused sedimentation due to particulate matter export from the shelf of the East China Sea and the island of Taiwan. In order to understand the geomicrobiological characteristics of this unique sedimentary environment, bacterial cultivations were carried out for an 8.61 m CASQ core sediment sample. A total of 98 heterotrophic bacterial isolates were characterized based on 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic analysis. These isolates can be grouped into four bacterial divisions, including 13 genera and more than 20 species. Bacteria of the γ-Proteobacteria lineage, especially those from the Halomonas (27 isolates) and Psychrobacter (20 isolates) groups, dominate in the culturable bacteria assemblage. They also have the broadest distribution along the depth of the sediment. More than 72.4% of the isolates showed extracellular hydrolytic enzyme activities, such as amylases, proteases, lipases and Dnases, and nearly 59.2% were cold-adapted exoenzyme-producers. Several Halomonas strains show almost all the tested hydrolases activities. The wide distribution of exoenzyme activities in the isolates may indicate their important ecological role of element biogeochemical cycling in the studied deep-sea sedimentary environment.     

植物激素在小球藻异养培养中的作用

本文研究了几种植物激素对小球藻异养培养的影响。结果表明 ,IAA、IBA及 6_BA三种植物激素均不同程度地促进了小球藻的异养生长 ,培养≤ 36h时 ,IAA或IBA以 2 0mg/L的促进小球藻异养生长的效应最大 ,1 0 0mg/LIAA或IBA则抑制了藻的生长 ;>36h时 ,1 0 0mg/LIAA或IBA表现出促进小球藻生长的效应 ,并最终获最大净A540 增长量 ;6_BA以 0 1mg/L的促进作用最大。IBA与 6_BA组合同样表现出促进小球藻异养生长的效应 ,但并非IBA和 6_BA简单的加合效应 ,5mg/LIBA与 6_BA组合的效应维持 6_BA单因子的作用趋势 ,2 0mg/LIBA与 1mg/L 6_BA组合的效应大于与 0 .1mg/L 6_BA组合的 ,1 0 0mg/LIBA与 0 .1mg/L 6_BA组合的效应在≤ 36h时大于与 1mg/L 6_BA组合的 ,>36h时则相反。另外 ,高浓度IBA(≥ 2 0mg/L)与 6_BA组合抑制了前中期异养藻对葡萄糖的吸收 ,但加速了中后期葡萄的吸收。再者 ,IBA与 6_BA组合加速了异养小球藻对NO_3 的吸收。     

Variability of the microcystin synthetase gene cluster in the genus Planktothrix (Oscillatoriales, Cyanobacteria)

In populations of Planktothrix, microcystin-producers and non-producers, which are morphologically identical, coexist. In order to develop a basis for the reliable detection of microcystin producers in field samples with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods, we studied the presence and variability of eight regions of the mcy gene cluster in 46 Planktothrix strains, including both microcystin-producing and non-producing ones. PCR-amplification products for two mcy gene regions were also found in non-microcystin-producing strains, indicating the existence of natural mutants. PCR-products of the other regions studied were only detected in microcystin-producing strains. Two of these mcy-amplicons were variable in sequence and length. Four gene regions remained that were conserved and specific for microcystin-producing Planktothrix strains, and thus qualified to detect the respective chemotypes in environmental samples.     

Interannual and regional variations in body length, weight and energy content of age-0 Pacific herring from Prince William Sound, Alaska

Age-0 Pacific herring were surveyed in October of 4 years in a large northern Gulf of Alaska estuary, to determine the range of variations in length, weight and whole body energy content (WBEC). These parameters reflect their preparedness for surviving their first winter's fast. During the surveys there were distinct regional and interannual variations in all three parameters for individual groups of herring in Prince William Sound. Likewise, with each collection there was typically a large range of size and WBEC values. The average standard length was (±S.D.) 80±13 mm (range=40–118), the mean whole body wet weight was 5·7±3·0 g (range=0·7–29·2) and the average WBEC of all age-0 herring captured, regardless of year or site (n=1471), was 5·4± 1·0 kJ g⁻¹ wet weight (range=2·4–9·4). The large range of WBEC and size indicates that age-0 herring at different capture sites were not all equally prepared for surviving their first winter.