车轮虫分类与系统发育研究进展

车轮虫属一大类寄生性纤毛虫原生动物，可不同程度地给宿主造成危害，故对其研究既具有理论意义，又具有经济价值。文中简单回顾了车轮虫的分类研究和系统发育研究的历史。在分类学研究领域方面，全面介绍了目前车轮虫科已发现属的寄生部位和地理分布等；而系统发育研究领域方面，则介绍了车轮虫研究在萌芽期、探索期和发展期这三个时期的进展，包括形态学和分子生物学两方面的研究内容。并对该领域今后应进行的研究提出了建议。     

近藤虫疠霉分类地位的分子证据

对近藤虫疠霉和伊萨卡虫瘴霉的18SrRNA基因进行克隆测序（登录号分别为AF351133和AF351134）,并于GenBank中的新蚜虫疠霉相应序列（登录号AF052405）进行比较,近藤虫疠霉有43个碱基差异,而伊萨卡虫瘴霉仅有38个碱基差异,这证明近藤虫疠霉作为一个独立的种存在是合理的,系统发育进化树发现近藤虫疠霉和伊萨卡虫瘴霉的亲缘关系比它和新蚜虫疠霉更近,这时Humber的新系统提出了异议。     

瓦氏黄颡鱼2种寄生车轮虫形态分类

采用国际上使用的"统一特定描述"和"齿体定位描述"方法对寄生在瓦氏黄颡鱼(Peleteobagrusvachelli)鳃上的适度车轮虫(Trichodina modesta)和马氏车轮虫(T.mastu)2种车轮虫的虫体外形、附着盘、齿体、辐线、中央颗粒、核器、口围绕体等形态特征进行了较为详细的描述,并分别与已报道的其他适度车轮虫、马氏车轮虫种群及相似种的形态特征进行了比较。实验证实了瓦氏黄颡鱼为适度车轮虫的寄主新纪录。     

根瘤菌的系统发育及其分类研究进展

根瘤菌与豆科植物这一共生体系的突出特点是固氮量大,抗逆能力强和为人畜提高高蛋白质营养,在农业生产及固氮生态系统中占重要地位,对根瘤菌系统发育研究作一概述并描述了1997年后正式发表的根瘤菌新属种。     

下毛目分子系统进化研究和鬃棘尾虫再描述(纤毛动物门:下毛目:尖毛虫科)

作者自武汉东湖采集的样本中分离出鬃棘尾虫Stylonychia pustulata,利用活体观察与蛋白银染色技术进行了形态学研究,并测定了核糖体小亚基RNA基因全序列;以邻接法（Neighbor-Joining,NJ)和最大简约性法（Maximum Parsimony Method,MP)对该物种与GenBank中所有其它下毛目物种进行了分子系统发育分析。结果显示：所研究下毛目种类皆聚为一支,支持下毛目为单系观点;尖毛虫属和棘尾虫属物种聚类相互交错,因此结合形态学上分类标志的分析,对这两个属存在合理性提出异议,根据本文对同种不同种群的小腔游仆虫Euplotes aedicalatus、尖毛虫Oxytricha granulifera以及鬃棘尾虫Stylonychia pustulata分子进化分析。说明在研究系统问题时同时给出模式种的形态学及分子生物学两方面资料的必要性。     

近藤虫疠霉分类地位的分子证据*

对近藤虫疠霉和伊萨卡虫瘴霉的18SrRNA基因进行克隆测序(登录号分别为AF351133和AF351134),并于GenBank中的新蚜虫疠霉相应序列(登录号AF052405)进行比较。近藤虫疠霉有43个碱基差异,而伊萨卡虫瘴霉仅有38个碱基差异。这证明近藤虫疠霉作为一个独立的种存在是合理的。系统发育进化树发现近藤虫疠霉和伊萨卡虫瘴霉的亲缘关系比它和新蚜虫疠霉更近。这对Humber的新系统提出了异议。     

利用三种分子标记研究缘毛类纤毛虫的系统发育地位

为了探讨缘毛类纤毛虫的系统发育地位 ,利用RAPD方法得到了 9种缘毛类纤毛虫、 1种四膜虫和1种喇叭虫的 3个随机引物的电泳带谱 ;测定了 7种缘毛类纤毛虫rRNA基因中的间隔区 1(ITS1)和小亚基核糖体核糖核酸 (SSrRNA)基因序列 ,并构建了相应的系统树。在比较和分析RAPD、ITS1和SSrRNA基因序列在缘毛类纤毛虫系统发育研究中的适用范围的基础上 ,以SSrRNA基因序列为分子标记研究了缘毛类纤毛虫系统发育地位 ,结果表明 :①缘毛亚纲是单系的 ,作为寡膜纲中一个亚纲的分类地位是合理的 ;②缘毛类纤毛虫可能是寡膜纲中较高等的一个类群。     

中国9种嗜子宫线虫系统发育的初步研究

为了探讨鱼类寄生嗜子宫线虫的系统发育关系,测定了8种嗜子宫线虫的ITS rDNA(核糖体转录内间隔区核 糖核酸)序列和9种嗜子宫线虫的18S rDNA(小亚基核糖体核糖核酸)部分序列,并构建了18S rDNA序列的系统发 育树。在比较和分析ITS rDNA和18S rDNA两种分子标记对嗜子宫科线虫系统发育适用性的基础上,分析了嗜子 宫线虫的系统发育关系。结果表明:中国嗜子宫线虫是单系起源;黄颡鱼似嗜子宫线虫、赣州似嗜子宫线虫和棍头 嗜子宫线虫亲缘关系非常接近,可能是较晚形成的种;似嗜子宫线虫属可能应该被细分为更多的属。       

车轮虫感染奥尼罗非鱼的白细胞分类百分比变化

车轮虫(Trichodina spp.)是奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis aureus×Oreochromis niloticus)养殖中最常见的一种原生动物寄生虫。实验测定了感染组和未感染组中奥尼罗非鱼的各类型白细胞的百分比。感染组该鱼血液中的淋巴细胞和嗜中性粒细胞百分比极显著高于未感染组;未感染组该鱼血液中的单核细胞百分比极显著高于感染组。发现嗜中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞可能在抵御车轮虫入侵中起着重要作用;单核细胞在抵御车轮虫起着一定的作用。表明奥尼罗非鱼感染车轮虫后,细胞免疫增强。     

鲫鱼寄生车轮虫一新种的研究

本文记述了寄生在鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)体表和鳃上一种新的车轮虫(Trichodina carassii sp.nov.),虫体直径70(54.6—80.4)μm,附着盘直径58(51.6—67.2)μm,齿环直径32(27.0—36.2)μm,齿体25—30个,齿环中央有7—14个旧齿体残余物形成的颗粒结构。大核马蹄形。小核短杆状,在大核一端的外侧,其位置略有变动。口沟390—400°。齿钩镰刀状,齿棘较直,侧面具有若干个缺刻,末端钝圆或平截,近锥体的后方有一个不太明显的小突起。       

Taxonomy and phylogeny of two poorly studied genera of marine oligotrich ciliates including descriptions of two new species: Cyrtostrombidium paraboreale sp. n. and Apostrombidium orientale sp. n. (Ciliophora: Spirotrichea)

Although it is widely recognized that oligotrich ciliates are the dominant constituent of microzooplankton communities and perform key functions in energy flow and material cycling in marine microbial food webs, knowledge of their diversity is scant. In the present study, we investigate the oligotrich genera, Cyrtostrombidium and Apostrombidium, with emphasis on their morphology and evolutionary relationships. Three isolates were collected from coastal waters of northern and southern China including two new species, viz., Cyrtostrombidium paraboreale sp. n., Apostrombidium orientale sp. n., and Apostrombidium pseudokielum Xu et al., 2009. Cyrtostrombidium paraboreale sp. n. is characterized by possessing 64–98 cytopharyngeal rods and two macronuclear nodules. Apostrombidium orientale sp. n. is characterized by its somatic kinety consisting of five fragments including a horizontally orientated subterminal fragment and possessing conspicuously long dorsal cilia. Apostrombidium pseudokielum is redescribed based on the new population and a re-examination of the type material. Phylogenetic analyses were performed for the subclass Oligotrichia, incorporating SSU rRNA gene sequences of the three species investigated here. The results indicate that the genus Cyrtostrombidium is monophyletic with C. paraboreale sp. n. occupying the basal position. The genus Apostrombidium is not monophyletic as Varistrombidium kielum is nested within it.     

根瘤菌多样性和系统发育研究的多相分类体系及其进展

近年来对新的根瘤菌资源的不断发掘及现代分子生物学技术的发展和应用使根瘤菌分类研究有了突破性进展。多相分类通过综合获取信息,多种方法相互印证、互为补充,推进了根瘤菌的表型、遗传型和系统发育三方面的发展,从而较全面地反映根瘤菌的生物多样性特征,是根瘤菌多样性研究工作中常常采用的技术手段。文中主要阐述了根瘤菌多相分类体系中的主要方法及现代根瘤菌系统发育地位的研究和进展。     

Evolutionary relationships of Spirurina (Nematoda: Chromadorea: Rhabditida) with special emphasis on dracunculoid nematodes inferred from SSU rRNA gene sequences

The analysis of 26 new small subunit rRNA sequences obtained from helminths that primarily parasitize fishes sampled from five continents provided well-supported trees, allowing us to study the phylogenetic relationships among spirurid nematodes. The analyses have shown that Dracunculoidea is a paraphyletic taxon and Anguillicolidae and Gnathostomatidae constitute the basal branch of the suborder Spirurina. The genera Philometra and Philometroides appear to be paraphyletic, while on the higher taxonomic level, good correlation between the morphology-based system and molecular data was observed. Neither co-evolution of the studied helminths with their hosts, nor phylogeographic pattern, are apparent in our dataset.     

CVTree: A Parallel Alignment-free Phylogeny and Taxonomy Tool Based on Composition Vectors of Genomes

Composition Vector Tree (CVTree) is an alignment-free algorithm to infer phylogenetic relationships from genome sequences. It has been successfully applied to study phylogeny and taxonomy of viruses, prokaryotes, and fungi based on the whole genomes, as well as chloroplast genomes, mitochondrial genomes, and metagenomes. Here we presented the standalone software for the CVTree algorithm. In the software, an extensible parallel workflow for the CVTree algorithm was designed. Based on the workflow, new alignment-free methods were also implemented. And by examining the phylogeny and taxonomy of 13,903 prokaryotes based on 16S rRNA sequences, we showed that CVTree software is an efficient and effective tool for studying phylogeny and taxonomy based on genome sequences. The code of CVTree software can be available at https://github.com/ghzuo/cvtree.     

基于核型和分子系统学方法对中国猪尾鼠分类与分布的讨论

猪尾鼠属（Typhlomys）是啮齿类中的孑遗类群,片段化分布于我国南方和越南最北部的山地森林。前期我们基于形态和分子系统学的方法将猪尾鼠属现生类群划分为4个物种。但该分类系统仍存在争议和有待于解决的问题：一方面,有学者对大娄山猪尾鼠等是否应属于种级分类单元抱有疑问;另一方面,秦岭、南岭和广西周边的猪尾鼠种群的分类地位仍未有定论。因此,本研究采用核型分析以及分子系统学分析的方法,对我国猪尾鼠的分类及分布进行进一步梳理。本研究首次报道了中华猪尾鼠和大娄山猪尾鼠的G带核型和Ag-NORs的数目和分布,其中中华猪尾鼠2n=36,核型为14(M, SM) + 20 (A),XY (SM, A),Ag-NORs 6个;大娄山猪尾鼠2n=56,核型为2 (SM) + 52 (A),XX (SM, SM ),Ag-NORs 4个。上述核型与已报道的沙巴猪尾鼠核型（2n=38）存在显著差异,支持上述类群均为独立物种。基于线粒体Cyt b,ND2和COⅠ基因的进化关系分析,秦岭种群应属于大娄山猪尾鼠、南岭种群应属于中华猪尾鼠。而来自红河以东的云南南部的种群以及贵州南部的种群情况复杂,暗示云南、贵州和广西的喀斯特地区可能还存在未知的分类单元。     

The Pollen Morphology in Relation to the Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Fagaceae

The present paper deals with the pollen morphology of 103 species belonging to sixgenera-Castanea, Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, Quercus, Fagus and Trigonobalanus in threesubfamilies-Castaneoideae, Quercoideae and Fagoideae. All pollen grains were examinedunder light microscope and scanning electron microscope, and those of some species were ex-amined under transmission electron microscope. The results may be summarised as follows:1. Pollen morphology of Fagaceae, seems to support division of the family into threesubfamilies. Fagoideae, Castaneoideae and Quercoideae.2. Four types of pollen grains are recognized in Fagaceae:1) Fagus-type (representative genus: Fagus): pollen granis are oblate-sphaeroidal,(31.5-39.9) x (35.7 46.2) μm in size, 3(-4)-colporate, peritreme or goniotreme, granulate-ornate under LM., granulate or verrucate under SEM.2) Trigonobalanus-type (T. doichangensis): pollen grains are suboblate-sphaeroidal,(23.1-29.4) ×(25.2-29.4) μm in size, 3-colporate, goniotreme, obscurely granulate-ornateunder LM, densely granulate or verrucate under SEM.3) Quercus-type (Quercus): pollen grains are subspheroidal-subprolate, (21-44.3)× (16.8-39.9) μm in size. 3-colporoidate (-3-colpate), peritreme, crassgranulate or finely-gra-nulate under LM, tuberculate verrucate or spinate under SEM.4) Castanea-type (including Castanea, Castanopsis, Lithocarpus): Pollen grains areprolate-supraprolate, (14.7-23.1)×(10.5-16.8)μm in size; 3-colporate, peritreme, obscu-rely ornate or subpsilate, under LM, rugulose, striate-rugulate or crass-striate under SEM.3. Pollen grains of Cyclobalanopsis age very similar to those of Quercus, and there-fore we support the treatment of Cyclobalanopsis as a subgenus of Quercus.4. On the basis of shape, type of aperture and exine structure, pollen of Trigonobalanusis distinguishable from those of the other genera in Fagaceae and it may be a new type of Fagaceae;5. On the basis of pollen morphology, morphological characters and geological stratification a scheme of phylogeny of Fagaceae is here presented.     

锥虫系统发育的研究进展

锥虫(trypanosome)是最早在鱼类血液中发现、随后在几乎所有的脊椎动物血液里都有发现的原生动物寄生虫。它主要通过水蛭和吸血昆虫传播,使宿主受到不同程度的危害。为了较全面地了解锥虫系统发育的研究进展,本文综述了国内外有关锥虫系统发育研究的四个方面的内容锥虫的起源(介绍了锥虫起源于脊椎动物和起源于无脊椎动物的两种不同观点);锥虫的系统发育方式(单系发育);锥虫的进化是否与寄主存在协同性及进化史上分歧时间的差异性;目前研究中存在的问题。