5种光周期对锦鲤生长、能量收支及生物钟基因表达的影响

研究不同光照周期(长光照18L﹕6D、短光照8L﹕16D、连续光照24L﹕0D、连续黑暗0L﹕24D和对照组12L﹕12D)条件对锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio)生长、能量收支及生物钟基因相对表达量的影响, 实验周期为90d。结果表明, 在整个试验周期, 各光周期处理组成活率无显著变化(P＞0.05), 24L组和18L﹕6D组饲料系数显著低于12L﹕12D组、8L﹕16D组和24D组(P＜0.05)。终末体重、特定生长率在实验前30d内受光照影响不大(P＞0.05), 而实验30d后出现显著变化, 延长光周期尤其是连续光照会显著增加终末体重和特定生长率(P＜0.05); 对比连续黑暗0L﹕24D组, 其他光周期处理组锦鲤摄食能分配在代谢和生长的比例显著增加(P＜0.05); 4个生物钟相关Clock、Per2、Cry1和Bmal1基因相对表达水平无明显规律。综上所述, 延长光照时间, 尤其是连续光照有利于锦鲤幼鱼的生长和发育。     

Continuous Darkness Stimulates Body Growth of the Juvenile Giant Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachiumrosenbergiide Man

-The effect of photoperiod on growth of juvenile giant freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii de Man, was tested. The prawns were divided into four groups and each group was reared under one of the following light-dark conditions: continuous darkness (L0:D24), 12 hr light: 12 hr dark (L12:D12), 16 hr light: 8 hr dark (L16:D8), and 20 hr light: 4 hr dark (L20:D4). Body size was determined at the age of 45, 75, and 110 days by measuring total length, orbital length, and carapace length; body weight was determined at the age of 110 days. At 110 days of age, the prawns reared under L0:D24 photoperiod were significantly longer and heavier than those reared under other light-dark conditions. The survival rate of the prawns reared under L0:D24 photoperiod was also higher than that of other groups. This study indicates a positive effect of continuous darkness on growth and survival rate of juvenile giant freshwater prawns, M. rosenbergii.     

Influence of photoperiod on growth changes in juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

During their first 6 months sibling Atlantic salmon parr, Salmo salar L., grew larger under constant light than under natural photoperiod or simulated natural photoperiod (control). When rate of change of photoperiod was accelerated after midsummer, ×2, ×3 and ×4, there were no growth differences between the three groups, but all were smaller than the control population. Under constant autumn photoperiod of 8 h light: 16 h dark growth was less than under all other experimental photoperiod conditions. Mean length was directly correlated with total hours of daylight experienced, excluding those fish kept under constant light. Fish reared from first feeding under photoperiod regimes delayed 6 and 9 months out of phase with the natural light cycle were smaller than the controls, whereas those under a regime 3 months out of phase did not differ from the controls. The clear segregation of modal length groups within the 3, 6 and 9 months out-of-phase populations occurred 1, 4 and 4 months, respectively, after the segregation in the control group. Under constant light, and under constant 12 h light: 12 h dark (12 LD), the segregation was delayed 3 and 4 months, respectively. The proportion of the population which maintained growth (upper modal group) was significantly less in the 9 and 6 months out-of-phase and 12 LD groups (39, 40 and 42%, respectively) than in the other three groups (82.5-85%). Acceleration of photoperiod change also resulted in decreased growth. The results support a model of salmon development in which, 2-3 months after first feeding, growth is maintained if feeding opportunities at that time are above a threshold level, and in which this critical timing is influenced by photoperiod. It is suggested that the delays reflect a synchronizing effect of photoperiod on an endogenous rhythm of appetite and growth. The differences in upper modal group proportions observed in the present experiments, reflect the relative feeding opportunities available at the critical period in July-August.     

Effects of food type, feeding frequency, and temperature on juvenile survival and growth of Marisa cornuarietis (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

Abstract. The present experiments are part of a larger study designed to investigate the influence of husbandry parameters on the life history of the ramshorn snail, Marisa cornuarietis, in order to identify suitable husbandry conditions for maintaining multi‐generation populations in the laboratory for use in ecotoxicological testing. In this paper we focus on the effects of a combination of food types and feeding frequencies (i.e., the frequency with which the snails were offered food) on juvenile growth and survival at different temperatures. Offspring produced in the laboratory by wild specimens of M. cornuarietis, from Puerto Rico, were used to test the effects of three types of food (lettuce, alginate with fish food, alginate with snail mix) fed at three frequencies (given ad libitum on 4/4, 2/4, or 1/4 d) on juvenile survival and growth. The 4‐d feeding regimens were repeated four times, giving a total of 16 d for the experiments. The experiments were conducted at two temperatures (22° and 25°C) under a 12 h light:12 h dark photoperiod. Juvenile growth rates increased with increasing feeding frequency for all food types. The most rapid growth rates occurred in the high‐frequency lettuce treatments and the slowest growth rates in the low‐frequency lettuce and alginate with snail mix treatments. Juvenile snails grew faster at 25° than at 22°C, and mortality was about twice as high at the lower temperature. Growth rates were used to provide a rough estimate of time to maturity, which was determined to take about twice as long at 22° than at 25°C. The results showed that lettuce is the best food if supplied in abundance, but effects on growth are very dependent on feeding frequency and temperature. We conclude that 25°C is a more appropriate temperature for maintaining populations than 22°C, that lettuce provides a suitable food source, and that food should be supplied continuously for husbandry and toxicity testing of populations of M. cornuarietis.     

Effect of photoperiod on growth and feed conversion of juvenile wild carp, Cyprinus carpio

Because of the effect of photoperiod on physiological and biochemical processes in fish, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of manipulated photoperiod on growth, feed conversion and survival of wild carp, Cyprinus carpio. Fish received six photoperiod regimes (light:dark cycle) including: natural photoperiod (control), 24L:0D, 16L:8D, 12L:12D, 8L:16D and 0L:24D by the three replications. Regulated photoperiods as a 16L:8D or 12L:12D light/dark cycle significantly improved growth rate and food conversion ratio of wild carp.     

不同光质光周期对樱桃萝卜生长发育及营养品质的影响

光质和光周期可以调节植物生长过程中肉质根等地下贮藏器官的形成。该试验以‘昆优2号’樱桃萝卜为试验材料,以白光(W)为对照,研究8R2B、5R5B、2R8B红蓝光配比光质(红蓝光比例分别为8∶2、5∶5、2∶8)与8L/16D、12L/12D、16L/8D光周期(光照/黑暗分别为8 h/16 h、12 h/12 h、16 h/8 h)组合对樱桃萝卜生长发育和营养品质的影响,筛选适合樱桃萝卜生长的光质光周期组合。结果表明:长光照(16L/8D)W、8R2B处理对樱桃萝卜叶片生长、肉质根大小、根冠比都有显著的促进作用,长光照W有利于樱桃萝卜更快形成膨大的肉质根;长光照W、8R2B处理下的樱桃萝卜肉质根多酚含量、抗氧化能力差异不大;长光照W利于樱桃萝卜肉质根可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白积累,长光照8R2B有利于肉质根可溶性蛋白积累。研究发现,适当的光质和光周期组合可显著促进樱桃萝卜叶片生长、肉质根膨大以及根中营养物质的积累,从而获得良好的长势和营养品质,并以长光照(16L/8D即光照/黑暗为16 h/8 h)白光组合最佳。     

Control of Growth and Reproduction in Cultivated and Wild Rice by Light Quality and Dark Period

One cultivated and two wild rice varieties have been subjectedto variation in photoperiod and light quality by daily exposureof the seedlings at the four-leaf stage to 8 h of natural daylightfollowed by white incandescent, red, green or blue light for2,4 or 8 h in a temperature and humidity-controlled growth chamber.In some cases far-red irradiation was applied after white orred for 1 and 2 h. The treatments caused marked differencesin growth and reproduction between the cultivated and wild rices.The cultivar Dudkalmi showed extensive tillering after far-redexposure. Earliest flowering was observed with a 16-h dark periodboth in the cultivated and wild rices. Failure of floweringwith and 8-h day and 8-h artificial light of different wavelengthscould be overcome by red or far-red of 1-h duration. The lightquality interacted differently with the dark period in the accelerationof flowering in the three varieties. In another experiment theeffects of interruption of the dark period by a light periodof 2 h after from 4–12 h of darkness in a 24-h cycle werestudied in the two wild rice varieties. Light of different wavelengthsinterposed in the dark period caused variation in tiller numberand stem length in comparison to an uninterrupted dark periodof 16 h. The effect at the beginning of the dark period wasearlier flowering; flowering was delayed by interruption at4 h and inhibited after 8 h but accelerated after a 10- to 12-hdark period. The results are discussed in the light of the significanceof the dark period and light quality in regulating hormone balanceand phytochrome reactions.     

Role of photoperiod in reproductive maturation and peripubertal hormone concentrations in male collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx groenlandicus).

Onset of sexual maturation was determined in weanling male collared lemmings exposed to one of three experimental regimens of different photoperiods before and after weaning. Animals gestated in photoperiods of either 16 h light:8 h dark or 8 h light:16 h dark. Those from 16 h light:8 h dark were transferred at 19 days of age to either 20 h light:4 h dark or 8 h light:16 h dark; those gestated under 8 h light: 16 h dark remained in that photoperiod throughout the experiment. After exposure for 15, 20, 25 or 30 days to the postweaning photoperiod, animals were killed and the following parameters assessed: body weight, testes weight, seminal vesicle weight, the presence or absence of epididymal spermatozoa and serum concentrations of prolactin, testosterone and corticosterone. All parameters except serum testosterone were significantly influenced by photoperiod. Animals housed under 8 h light:16 h dark had significantly greater body weights than those housed under 20 h light:4 h dark, a response that differs from that reported for other arvicoline rodents. The group gestated on 16 h light:8 h dark and transferred on day 19 to 8 h light:16 h dark had lower testes and seminal vesicle weights than the other two groups, and mature spermatozoa in the epididymides appeared 5 days later than in the 20 h light:4 h dark group. Serum prolactin was largely undetectable in animals from both 8 h light:16 h dark groups, but all males housed in 20 h light:4 h dark had 2.0-15.0 ng prolactin ml-1. Concentration of serum corticosterone was higher in animals weaned into long photoperiod, and decreased with age. These data indicate that weanling male D. groenlandicus are reproductively photoresponsive, but use a decrease in photoperiod, not static short-photoperiod exposure, to alter the rate of development. Prolactin was largely undetectable in animals exposed to short photoperiod, indicating that high concentrations of this hormone are not important for maturation. Low prolactin concentrations in animals in short photoperiods may mediate the annual moult to white pelage. The short-photoperiod-mediated decrease in corticosterone may play a role in seasonal changes in body weight and composition.     

Sustained reproductive responses in Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) exposed to a single long day

Male and female Djungarian hamsters maintained from birth in a short photoperiod (8 h light per day; 8L:16D) showed substantial testicular and uterine growth in response to a single long photoperiod or a 15-min light pulse that interrupted the 16-h dark period at 18 days of age. These light regimens resulted in heavier testes and uteri at 30 and 35 days of age when compared with those of control animals. Similar results were obtained in hamsters maintained from birth to Day 18 in a long photoperiod (16L:8D), given a single longer day (20L:4D) or constant light on Day 18 and then transferred to a short photoperiod (8L:16D) on Day 19. At 35 days of age animals that received extended light treatment on Day 18 had significantly more developed reproductive structures than did control hamsters. The marked effects of brief light treatment in producing long-term changes in the reproductive axis provide a convenient mammalian model system in which to study neuroendocrine events that underlie photoperiodism.     

Effects of melatonin feeding on smoltification in masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou)

Influences of photoperiod on plasma melatonin profiles and effects of melatonin administration on long-day-induced smoltification in masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou) were investigated in order to reveal the roles of melatonin in the regulation of smoltification in salmonids. Under light-dark (LD) cycles, plasma melatonin levels exhibited daily variation, with higher values during the dark phase than during the light phase. The duration of nocturnal elevation under short photoperiod (LD 8:16) was longer than that under long photoperiod (LD 16:8). Melatonin feeding (0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/kg body weight) elevated plasma levels of melatonin in a dose-dependent manner for at least 7 h but not for 24 h. When masu salmon reared under short photoperiod were exposed to long photoperiod (LD 16:8) and fed melatonin (1 mg/kg body weight) 7 hours before the onset of darkness, a significantly smaller proportion of smolts appeared in the melatonin-fed group after 32 days than in the control group. However, after 59 days of the treatment, there was no difference in the proportion of smolts between the control and melatonin-treated groups. Thus, melatonin feeding mimicked the effects of short photoperiod, which delays but does not completely suppress smoltification. These results indicate that the day length is transduced into changes in the duration of nocturnal elevation in plasma melatonin levels, and that artificial modification of the plasma melatonin pattern possibly delays the physiological processes of smoltification induced by long-day photoperiodic treatment.     

Effect of photoperiod and light intensity on in vitro propagation of Alocasia amazonica

Plantlets of Alocasia amazonica regenerated under a photon flux density (PFD) of 15 or 30 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ showed better growth and development than those grown under higher PFDs. While chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b decreased, the number of stomata increased with increasing PFD. Photoperiods also affected plantlet growth and stomatal development. Highest growth was observed for the short photoperiod (8/16 h) and for equinoctial (12/12 h) light and dark periods. Very few stomata developed in the leaves of plantlets grown under a short photoperiod (8/16 h) and the number of stomata increased with increasing light period. In conclusion, both light intensity and photoperiod independently affect growth of A. amazonica and development of stomata, depending on the intensity and duration of light treatment.     

The effects of surimi and pelleted diets on the laboratory survival, growth, and feeding rate of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis L.

The effects of feeding a prepared surimi diet (fish-based) and a prepared pelleted diet (shrimpbased) on the survival, growth and feeding rate of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis L. were evaluated during a 45-day experiment. One hundred and twenty juveniles of laboratory cultured cuttlefish (74.5 ± 12.36 g) were divided into three treatments and were fed thawed shrimp (control), pellets or surimi. Survival rates on these diets were 95.0%, 67.5% and 22.5%, respectively. Preliminary data indicated that the low survival of cuttlefish fed surimi may have been caused by low levels of copper in their blood (131 vs 244 μg/ml) since copper is required for their respiratory blood pigment, hemocyanin. Instantaneous growth rates were 2.71 % body weight BW/day for cuttlefish fed raw shrimp, 0.33% BW/day for cuttlefish fed pellets, and 0.54% BW/day for cuttlefish fed surimi. The feeding rate of cuttlefish fed shrimp was high (6–8% BW/day). The feeding rate on pellets increased with time (from < 1 to 3% BW/day) but never reached the level for raw shrimp. The feeding rate on surimi increased to equal the rate for raw shrimp during days 1–30 (8 to 9% BW/day) and thereafter decreased (<4% BW/day). In conclusion, there was a major distinction between the palatability of a prepared diet and the ability of that diet to support growth. Surimi was highly palatable but resulted in poor survival, suggesting low nutritional quality. In contrast, pellets were less palatable but produced maintenance growth. Development of practical surimi diets will require supplementation of the surimi with soluble micro- and macronutrients.     

Larval diapause of Monochamus urussovi and photoperiodic effects on larval development in tree bolts

To determine the larval diapause and the effect of photoperiod on development in Monochamus urussovi (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), larvae were reared on Abies sachalinensis and Picea jezoensis logs and bolts. Larvae stopped developing in the final instar at 25°C and 16L : 8D (16 h light and 8 h dark) whereas an exposure to 5°C in the dark (134 days) following acclimation at 12°C under natural daylength led to adult emergence. When larvae were reared under 8L : 16D or 16L : 8D at 25°C with an intervening period of chilling at 5°C in the dark (112 days), a photoperiod of 8L : 16D induced a shorter time required for adult emergence after being returned to 25°C, and smaller adult body size than 16L : 8D.     

Effects of donor plant genotype and growth environment on anther culture of soft-red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The effects of donor plant growth temperature and photoperiod on embryo formation and plant regeneration from cultured anthers in five genotypes of soft-red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were examined. There were no significant differences between the three environments studied (15°C - 16/8 h light/dark, 20°C - 16/8 h light/dark, and 20°C - 12/12 h light/dark) when frequencies were averaged over genotypes; however, significant genotype and genotype x environment interactions were observed for embryo formation. When averaged over environments, highest embryo and plant production frequencies were exhibited by a line derived from the cross IL 72-2219-1/Amigo. A mean of 8.6 embryos per 100 anthers plated was observed for this genotype grown in the 20°C - 16/8 h light/dark environment. The cultivar Scotty averaged 4.2 plants produced per 100 anthers plated when grown in the 15°C - 16/8 h light/dark environment. The results from this study suggest a potential for increasing embryo and plant production in this material and point toward the need to optimize donor plant growth environmental conditions to maximize response frequencies for specific genotypes of interest.     

Impact of artificial photoperiodism on the colony development of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris

This study investigated the effect of the photoperiodic regimes 0 h light : 24 h dark (LD 0:24), LD 8:16, LD 16:8 and LD 24:0 at 28°C and 50% Relative Humidity (RH) on the colony development of hibernated (2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 months) bumblebee queens. The queens which had hibernated for 3.0 months and which were reared in a LD 8:16 photoperiod showed the highest rate of colony initiation (88.2%), colony foundation (67.6%) and progeny queen production (38.2%). The photoperiod LD 8:16 also produced the shortest period of colony initiation and colony foundation. The highest number of sexual males (171.2 ± 12.2) and queens (91.2 ± 9.9) were produced in the colonies when 3.5 and 3.0 month hibernated queens were kept in an LD 8:16 photoperiod. The results show that light regime and hibernation duration affect colony characteristics of Bombus terrestris.     

Interaction of photoperiod and nutritive state in female reproduction of Lymnaea stagnalis

Summary

A study was made of the interaction of the photoperiod and the availability of food in influencing egg laying of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. At a long day photoperiod (LD = 16 h light/8 h dark) egg laying of fed snails had increased compared with that of fed animals kept at a medium day photoperiod (MD = 12 h light/12 h dark). In MD snails oviposition ceased within a week of the beginning of a starvation period. This is most probably due to a reduction in the activities of the neuroendocrine caudodorsal cells which secrete an ovulation hormone. In contrast, in starved LD snails a low rate of ovipository activity continued, indicating that a lowered frequency of caudodorsal cell release cycles occurred under these conditions. The decreased mean size (number of eggs) of the egg masses in starved LD snails indicates that the activities of the endocrine dorsal bodies, which control vitellogenesis and synthetic activities in the female accessory sex organs, had decreased.

All MD snails survived, but nearly all LD snails died during the course of the experiment. Determinations of the mantle glycogen stores of LD snails suggest that the high mortality of LD snails is due to exhaustion of the animal's energy reserves.     

Photoperiod influences endogenous indoleamines in cultured green alga Dunaliella bardawil

Effect of light intensity and photoperiod on growth, indoleamines and carotenoid production was studied in unicellular green algae D. bardawil. Maximum biomass and carotenoid contents were found when cultures were grown in light (intensity of 2.0 Klux) at a photoperiod of 16/8h light and dark cycle. There was a profound influence of tested photoperiod conditions of light:dark viz. 8:16, 10:14, and 12:12 hr, continuous light on indoleamines (SER and MEL) production as estimated by HPLC and confirmed by mass spectral data obtained from LC-MS-ESI studies. Serotonin level increased from 908 to 1765 pg/g fresh wt with increase in light duration and melatonin level increased from 267 to 584 pg/g fresh wt during increase in dark phase. Carotenoids production was high in continuous light than other tested conditions.     

Interaction of Photoperiod,Grouping and Isolation in Female Reproduction of Lymnaea stagnalis

Summary

A study was made of the effects of the photoperiod on female reproductive activities in grouped and isolated specimens of the hermaphrodite freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Isolation of snails rapidly increased (< 3 days) egg production. The effect was long-lasting, and was probably caused by deprivation of copulation. Changes of photoperiod had similar effects in isolated and grouped snails. Compared to the effects of isolation, the photoperiodic effects were relatively slow in appearing (> 14 days). In comparison with a medium day (MD) (12 hr light/12 hr dark), a long day (LD; 16 hr light/8 hr dark) stimulated egg production whereas a short day (SD) (8 hr light/16 hr dark) lowered egg production. The LD effects were clearer in grouped than in isolated snails, but SD effects were clearer in isolated than in grouped snails. It is argued that the effects of grouping, isolation and photoperiod on egg production are mediated by the neuroendocrine system. It is suggested that the photoperiod plays an important role in the control of the egg laying season. Mating is probably important in the control of fecundity in relation to population density.     

Dependence of Arabidopsis Thaliana Floral Stem Growth and Architecture on Photoperiod

The influence of the applied photoperiod during floral stem development has been studied. A clear relationship between the length of the photoperiod, the frequency of light/dark switches, and the dynamic of growth and the subsequent morphology and architecture has been found. An increase in the day length (L/D = 16/8) or an increase in frequency of light/dark transitions (L/D = 7/7) stimulated the inflorescence growth. The two treatments induced the same enlargement in the early inflorescence, but the L/D = 7/7 condition causes a greater increase in the late one. The treatments induced also a diminution in the number of lateral inflorescences, principally with the high frequency light-on/light-off condition. Moreover than differences in the growth along the early inflorescence, at the level of the internode, a gradual growth was observed from the basal part to the upper part of the internode. Finally, the floral stem growth dynamic showed that it could be adapted to the environmental light/dark signalling by a good extension rate synchronisation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Endogenous circannual rhythms and photorefractoriness of testis activity, moult and prolactin concentrations in mink (Mustela vison).

Mink are seasonal photosensitive breeders; testis activity is triggered when days have less than 10 h light. Increasing and decreasing plasma concentrations of prolactin induce the spring and autumn moults. In a 5 year experiment, males were maintained under short days (8 h light:16 h dark) at 13 degrees C or long days (16 h light:8 h dark) at 21 degrees C, winter and summer conditions, respectively. Under winter and summer conditions, circannual cycles of prolactin secretion and moulting were observed at intervals of about 11 months. Recurrence of testis cycles was not evident. In a second experiment, males were maintained under an 8 h light:16 h dark cycle from the winter solstice or under 10 h light:14 h dark, 12 h light:12 h dark or 14 h light:10 h dark cycles from 10 February. Under 8 h light:16 h dark cycle, testis regression was slightly later than under natural conditions, indicating photorefractoriness. However, mink remained sensitive to light: the longer the photoperiod, the faster the testis regression. In a third experiment, males were transferred under 8 h light:16 h dark or 16 h light:8 h dark from 15 May (group 1), 12 June (group 2) or 4 July (group 3); males submitted to long days received melatonin capsules on the day of transfer. Increasing concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) and testis volume were shown by half the males in group 2 and nearly all the males in group 3; the constant release of melatonin from implants was more efficient than short days; but in the three groups, prolactin concentrations decreased in the few days after short-day or melatonin treatment. Overall, the results demonstrate endogenous circannual rhythms of prolactin secretion, body weight and moulting. Although a refractory period to short days was observed, the annual cycle of testis activity totally relies on the annual changes in daylength.