An Analysis of Fish Species Richness in Natural Lakes

There is a growing recognition of the need to conserve biodiversity that has been conceptualised in the Convention of Biological Diversity. Maintenance of fish species richness is particularly important, because habitat degradation in inland waters continues to accelerate on a global scale. Here we develop empirical models for predicting fish species richness in natural lakes in various geographical regions of the world. In tropical lakes where fish biodiversity is richer than in temperate lakes, fish species richness can be predicted by a few variables such as lake area and altitude. Low fish species richness in most temperate lakes might be due to the effect of glaciation on colonisation and speciation of fishes. In US, Canadian and northern European lakes, lake acidification is one of the important factors influencing fish species richness. Although limnological characteristics influence fish species richness in temperate lakes, lake area and altitude have greater predictive power. This is in contrast to fish species richness in rivers, which can be reliably predicted by basin area. In the power curves, which describe the relationship between fish species richness and habitat size in lakes and rivers, the exponent is always greater in tropical regions than in temperate regions. Because fish biodiversity is greater in the tropics threats to fish biodiversity through habitat degradation are greater than those in temperate inland waters.     

安徽天堂寨国家级自然保护区蝶类名录

本文记载安徽天堂寨国家级自然保护区内蝴蝶8科102种,其中4种为安徽省蝶类新记录。     

历山保护区爬行动物多样性及保护历山保护区爬行类多样性及保护

历山保护区位于山西省南部,地处运城、晋城、临汾三个地市的垣曲、阳城、沁水、翼城四县交界处,地理坐标为东经111°51′10″～112°5′35″,北纬35°16′30″～35°27′20″,总面积24 200hm2。本区系中低山石质山地,系燕山褶皱而成,喜马拉雅山运动中有强烈的上升和断裂发生,本区属暖温带季风型大陆性气候,复杂的地理环境,丰富的光热资源,造就了种类繁多的爬行动物。搞清本区的爬行动物资源,可为资源的合理开发利用、珍稀物种的保护和地方志的编撰提供基础资料。关于该区的爬行类,山西大学殷源洪、蒋位金、杨懋深等1955～1963年进行过调查,樊龙锁等(1997、1998)有过报道。我们结合20世纪50年代以来不定期的调查结果和文献资料,对历山保护区的爬行类作一报道。     

Insights on Species Richness and Turnover from Long-Term Ecological Research: Fishes in North Temperate Lakes

SYNOPSIS. We examined eleven years of annual survey data onfish assemblages in seven lakes. Expectations based on biogeographicliterature were that, owing to the isolation of lakes, fishspecies structure should be relatively stable and species turnoverlow. Our original objective was to determine whether lakes houserelatively stable fish assemblages or ones with high rates ofspecies turnover. Methodological issues became apparent thatcaused us to consider issues of rare species and sample sufficiency.Ourdata were from samples rather than complete counts and rarespecies could have been missed. In our results mean annual richnesswas considerably lower than cumulative richness. In addition,species turnover was overestimated and decreased exponentiallyas the number of yearsbetween observation increased. Samplingvariability might explain these results; however, given thesame number of survey years, cumulative richness increased withthe number of years between observations. Apparently extinctionsand invasions occurred even within eleven years, but uncertaintyremains because rare taxa can be missed and their appearancesand disappearances in the record influence estimates of richnessand turnover. To compensate for this problem we removed raretaxa and corrected turnover rates by removing an estimate ofsampling error (the turnover rate between adjacent years). Evenusing these conservative approaches, estimates of turnover amonglakes ranged from 0.36% to 0.50% per year. Because the thresholdfor species detection by most sampling regimes is greater thanzero, survey data are expected to underestimate species richnessand overestimate species turnover even with standardized methods.Conservation biologists should evaluate claims of decline inspecies richness against such considerations     

文山国家级自然保护区特有珍稀植物

主要介绍文山国家级自然保护区的地理特点和保护区内丰富的植物资源,重点介绍国家级珍稀濒危保护植物的种类和用途。     

海南省尖峰岭保护区海南特有两栖类分布和种群密度调查

2005年8月、10月和2006年3月、7月,4次对海南省尖峰岭自然保护区的两栖类进行了专项调查,共发现海南特有两栖类8种,样带法计算种群数量最大的是细刺蛙（681只／km^2）,依次为脆皮蛙（376只／km^2）、小湍蛙（298只／km^2）、海南溪树蛙（207只/km^2）、海南湍蛙（90只／km^2）、海南疣螈（31只／km^2）、鳞皮厚蹼蟾（12只／km^2）、眼斑小树蛙（4只／km^2）。建议保护区对这些特有种开展长期的种群数量监测和分布范围调查。     

藏东南工布自然保护区的蚂蚁种类及分布格局

采用搜索采集法记载藏东南工布自然保护区的蚂蚁2亚科8属17种,切叶蚁亚科Myrmicinae有5属10种,蚁亚科Formicinae有3属7种,其中包括6个西藏新纪录种,1个中国新纪录种, 5个待定种.工布自然保护区的蚂蚁物种属于古北界区系,但是又与典型的古北界区系不尽相同,具有南方高海拔山地的区系特点.在9个调查点中...     

江西阳际峰自然保护区陆生贝类物种多样性

2007年11月～2008年5月调查了江西阳际峰自然保护区陆生贝类资源,共采得陆生贝类47种(含2个未定种),隶属13科27属,其中16种为江西省陆生贝类新纪录种.区系分析表明,该保护区陆生贝类以东洋界成分为主,占种类总数的63.83%.其优势种为墙草真管螺和同型巴蜗牛.分析11个采集点生物多样性指数结果表明,Margalef丰富度指数(dMA)范围为0～6.2345;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数( H ′)范围为0～3.5676;Pielou均匀度指数( Jsw )范围为0～1.3610.环境越复杂,种类组成越丰富;物种分布越均匀的地区,陆生贝类多样性指数就越高.     

陕西屋梁山自然保护区鸟兽物种多样性初步研究

2005年对秦岭西段南坡的屋梁山自然保护区的鸟兽物种多样性进行了初步调查.在保护区内发现有166种鸟类和68种兽类.其中29种是中国特有种,37种是国家重点保护动物,21种鸟兽具有灭绝风险.在区系组成方面,南方动物区系占有优势,但鸟类的过渡性特征更明显.根据海拔和生境划分的三个垂直分布带,每个分布带鸟兽的多样性组成都不相同.基于对鸟兽物种多样性的评价,表明屋梁山保护区具有较高的保护价值.     

陕西佛坪自然保护区小型兽类的组成与分布

2008年7～8月利用夹日法对位于秦岭山脉中段南坡的佛坪自然保护区小型兽类进行了调查.共设置采集点5个.1248夹日中共捕获小型兽类247只,隶属于3目 6科11 属20 种(另有3只竹鼠和1只鼢鼠系挖洞捕获), 总捕获率达19.79 %.其中,采集到的小眼姬鼠在佛坪自然保护区属新分布记录.对捕获的20种小型兽类的生态和垂直分布进行分析的结果表明:佛坪自然保护区5个群落的Shannon-Weiner多样性指数在1.8608～3.2509之间,Pielou均匀性指数在0.6776～0.8515之间.利用Whittaker指数分析了各群落的相似性,结果表明农耕带和针叶林的相似性指数最低,其余3个群落的相似性指数在60%以上.     

贵州梵净山国家级自然保护区蝴蝶多样性

2010年11月—2012年11月对梵净山及周边区域蝶类资源进行调查,共采集蝴蝶446号,隶属于10科60属86种。其中,个体数量以凤蝶科最多(164号),蛱蝶科次之(132号);各科蝶类的种多样性指数以蛱蝶科最高(2.654),凤蝶科次之(2.377),珍蝶科最低;属多样性指数同样以蛱蝶科最高(2.338),灰蝶科次之(1.906),珍蝶科最低。在该区域内,灌丛、林缘、森林内、草坡及田地等5种不同生境中,蝶类物种丰富度和等级多样性都依次降低,相应蝴蝶种类数量依次分别为56、39、12、8和8。在蝶类物种构成方面,灌丛和林缘最为相似(相似性系数为0.218),草坡和灌丛相似性次之,田地与其他生境类型的相似性系数较低。     

江西都昌保护区越冬水鸟群落多样性及种多度

2015年12月至2016年1月,采用定点直接计数法对江西都昌保护区越冬期湿地水鸟群落的物种多样性和种多度进行了监测分析。结果显示:1)共记录在都昌保护区越冬的湿地水鸟6目11科28种,以雁形目、鸻形目、鹳形目鸟类为主(75.00%),其次为鹤形目、??目(21.42%);古北种占绝对优势(78.57%),其次为东洋种(14.29%);冬候鸟为主(78.57%),其次为留鸟(21.43%);涉禽(57.14%)和游禽(39.29%)居多;绝大部分湿地水鸟种类受到关注,35.71%的鸟种处于受胁状态,57.14%的鸟种已引起关注并被列入保护名录中;2)鸟类群落的多样性指数为0.758,均匀度指数为0.228;3)对数正态分布模型模拟的鸟类群落的种多度关系呈对数正态分布,符合鸟类群落常见性与罕见性分布的特性。     

福建万木林自然保护区森林群落物种多样性

福建万木林自然保护区森林群落物种多样性朱锦懋姜志林郑群瑞蒋伟（南京林业大学森林资源与环境学院,２１００３７）（福建省建瓯市林委,３５３１００）ＳｐｅｃｉｅｓＤｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｉｎｔｈｅＦｏｒｅｓｔＣｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙｏｆＷａｎｍｕｌｉｎＮａｔｕｒｅＲｅ...     

Bacterioplankton and Bacteriobenthos of Three Floodplain Lakes in the Lower Course of the Amur River

The main structural and functional characteristics of bacterioplankton and bacteriobenthos of three lakes in the lower course of the Amur River are presented: the total number of bacteria (TNB), biomass, the numbers of bacteria of certain aerobic and anaerobic groups; the intensities of methanogenesis (MG), methane oxidation (MO), assimilation of ¹⁴C-compounds, sulfate reduction (SR); and gross estimate of organic matter decomposition (D). Depending on the reservoir type and the anthropogenic load, TNB constituted (2.27 to 16.1) × 10⁶ cells/ml in water and (1.06 to 10.35) × 10⁹cells/cm³ in sediments; MO was 0 to 0.28 ml CH₄/(l day) in water and 0 to 8.4 ml CH₄/(dm³ day) in sediments; MG in sediments was 0.001 to 40 ml CH₄/(dm³ day); SR varied from 0.001 to 24.8 mg S/(dm³ day); D was 0.3 to 25 g C/(m² day) in water and 0.2 to 4.9 g C/(m² day) in sediments. The role of anaerobic microbial processes of organic matter decomposition was shown to increase with an increase in the anthropogenic load, attaining 95% of the total D in the ecosystem of an accumulating pond.     

Likeability of Garden Birds: Importance of Species Knowledge & Richness in Connecting People to Nature

Interacting with nature is widely recognised as providing many health and well-being benefits. As people live increasingly urbanised lifestyles, the provision of food for garden birds may create a vital link for connecting people to nature and enabling them to access these benefits. However, it is not clear which factors determine the pleasure that people receive from watching birds at their feeders. These may be dependent on the species that are present, the abundance of individuals and the species richness of birds around the feeders. We quantitatively surveyed urban households from towns in southern England to determine the factors that influence the likeability of 14 common garden bird species, and to assess whether people prefer to see a greater abundance of individuals or increased species richness at their feeders. There was substantial variation in likeability across species, with songbirds being preferred over non-songbirds. Species likeability increased for people who fed birds regularly and who could name the species. We found a strong correlation between the number of species that a person could correctly identify and how connected to nature they felt when they watched garden birds. Species richness was preferred over a greater number of individuals of the same species. Although we do not show causation this study suggests that it is possible to increase the well-being benefits that people gain from watching birds at their feeders. This could be done first through a human to bird approach by encouraging regular interactions between people and their garden birds, such as through learning the species names and providing food. Second, it could be achieved through a bird to human approach by increasing garden songbird diversity because the pleasure that a person receives from watching an individual bird at a feeder is dependent not only on its species but also on the diversity of birds at the feeder.     

湖南乌云界蝴蝶物种多样性及区系特点研究

2008～2010年,采用路线法对湖南省乌云界国家级自然保护区的蝶类物种多样性进行了为期近3年的调查,共记录蝴蝶147种,隶属于10科94属。蛱蝶科Nymphalidae Swainson,1827种类最多,弄蝶科Hesperiidae Latreille,1809的多样性指数最大。凤蝶属Papilio Linnaeus,1758对属多样性指数贡献值相对较大。记录国家保护种4种(宽尾凤蝶Agehana elwesi、中华虎凤蝶Luehdorfia chinensis、箭环蝶Stichophthalma howqua、大伞弄蝶Bibasis miraculata),其中中华虎凤蝶属于国家二级重点保护动物;湖南省新纪录种3种(金斑剑凤蝶Pazala alebion、报喜斑粉蝶Delias pasithoe和泰环蛱蝶Neptis thestias);宽边黄粉蝶Eurema hecabe采集数量最多(69头),是该保护区优势种群。蝶类昆虫区系主要以东洋成分为主,兼有古北和广布成分。     

Patterns of Species Richness and Composition in Re-Created Grassland

The success of many prairie restorations is not well documented. A restoration begun in 1975 at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory near Chicago, Illinois allows assessment of restoration efforts as well as changes through time. Data are presented on species richness and composition for 13 restorations planted in successive years between 1975 and 1990 and two remnant prairies. Presence of species was recorded using a stratified random design. Species richness at several scales and non‐metric multidimensional scaling ordination were used to assess trends in the vegetation. Species richness declined through time at all scales examined and was always less in the restored prairies than that found in the remnant prairies. Species composition changed with time but not in the direction of the composition found in the remnants. Our understanding of the maintenance of species richness is not sufficient to allow the re‐creation of patterns of species found in remnant grassland communities.     

五鹿山国家级自然保护区油松群落优势种生态位研究

根据五鹿山国家级自然保护区油松群落57个样地调查资料,通过TWINSPIN聚类分析对该群落类型进行了划分,将划分群丛类型作为资源轴,计算了乔木和灌木树种Shannon-Wiener和Hurbert生态位宽度及Morisita重叠指数。结果表明：油松群落共划分为7个群丛。乔木层油松、辽东栎、茶条槭的生态位宽度（Shannon-Wiener和Hurbert生态位宽度）较大,LB和HB分别是1.656、1.404、1.047和0.948、0.735、0.386。灌木层水栒子、土庄绣线菊、陕西荚蒾的生态位宽度较大,LB和HB分别是1.562、1.401、1.300和0.512、0.447、0.389。乔木层生态位高度重叠的占6%(>0.8),中度重叠的占10%(0.6~0.8),小于0.6的低度重叠的占84%,灌木层高度重叠者占7%(>0.8),中度重叠者占10.39%(0.6~0.8),小于0.6的低度重叠者占82.25%。说明油松群落组成植物对当地环境具有较高的适应性和资源环境利用能力,种间竞争较小,有些物种的生态位明显趋于特化,群落处于共摊阶段。     

湖南小溪国家级自然保护区两栖爬行动物多样性与区系特征

本底资源是保护区建设与发展的基础,也是生物多样性深入研究与保护重要的参考资料。湖南小溪国家级自然保护区是我国中南地区具有代表性的原始次生林区,生物资源相对丰富。自2014年以来,对区内的两栖爬行动物资源、多样性及区系进行了较为系统的调查与研究。结果表明:区内现有两栖爬行动物2目16科40属63种,其中两栖动物1目7科15属33种,爬行动物1目9科25属30种;无声囊泛树蛙Polypedates mutus和老山树蛙Rhacophorus laoshan是湖南省两栖动物新记录;核心区的物种多样性指数和均匀度指数均高于缓冲区和实验区;动物区系成分缺乏古北界种类,以东洋界种类为主(48种,占76.2%),广布种有15种(23.8%);平均动物区系相似性比较发现,其与湖南省内其他6个保护区(森林公园)属于周缘关系。鉴于保护区两栖爬行动物资源的丰富性、典型性与代表性,应加强研究和保护。     

Habitat Characteristics and Lemur Species Richness in Madagascar1

In the extant lemur communities of Madagascar the number of lemur species increases with increasing number of tree species. In forests with few tree species lemurs use patches with higher number of tree species than average. However, in forest plots with high number of tree species, lemurs stay in places with lower number of tree species than average. At low tree species diversity a minimum number of different tree species seems to be required within the animals' home range to assure year-round food availability. At high tree species diversity tree species essential for survival might be diluted by resources which are of no use for lemurs, thus increasing energetic expenses for traveling between suitable patches. According to the present analyses, structural diversity is of subordinate importance to the number of tree species as a correlate of lemur species richness. Within limits of disturbance intensity and on a small geographic scale, disturbances increase forest productivity. Lemurs reach higher species numbers and population densities in slightly disturbed areas compared with undisturbed sites. This peaked curve of the number of lemur species over disturbance, however, may not only be a consequence of “resource dilution” in undisturbed sites and higher food abundance in slightly disturbed areas, but also a consequence of selective extinction of lemur species which were unable to cope with the disturbance regime exaggerated by human interference over the last few hundred or thousand years.