Reliability of health information for the public on the World Wide Web: systematic survey of advice on managing fever in children at home.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability of healthcare information on the world wide web and therefore how it may help lay people cope with common health problems. METHODS: Systematic search by means of two search engines, Yahoo and Excite, of parent oriented web pages relating to home management of feverish children. Reliability of information on the web sites was checked by comparison with published guidelines. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Minimum temperature of child that should be considered as fever, optimal sites for measuring temperature, pharmacological and physical treatment of fever, conditions that may warrant a doctor''s visit. RESULTS: 41 web pages were retrieved and considered. 28 web pages gave a temperature above which a child is feverish; 26 pages indicated the optimal site for taking temperature, most recommending rectal measurement; 31 of the 34 pages that mentioned drug treatment recommended paracetamol as an antipyretic; 38 pages recommended non-drug measures, most commonly tepid sponging, dressing lightly, and increasing fluid intake; and 36 pages gave some indication of when a doctor should be called. Only four web pages adhered closely to the main recommendations in the guidelines. The largest deviations were in sponging procedures and how to take a child''s temperature, whereas there was a general agreement in the use of paracetamol. CONCLUSIONS: Only a few web sites provided complete and accurate information for this common and widely discussed condition. This suggests an urgent need to check public oriented healthcare information on the internet for accuracy, completeness, and consistency.     

Developmental arrest during embryonic development of the common chameleon (Chamaeleo chamaeleon) in Spain

Embryonic development of the common chameleon, Chamaeleo chamaeleon, was monitored from oviposition to hatching at a field site in southwestern Spain and in the laboratory under five experimental temperature regimes. Embryos were diapausing gastrulae at the time of oviposition; developmental arrest in the field continued as cold torpor during winter. Postarrest development in the field commenced in April, and hatching occurred in August, for a total incubation period of 10.5 mo. In the laboratory, one group of eggs was incubated at a constant warm (26 degrees C) temperature. The remaining treatments simulated field conditions and consisted of initial periods of warm temperature of 0, 27, 46, and 71 d, a subsequent 4-mo period of cold winter (16 degrees C) temperature, and a final period of warm (26 degrees C) temperature. Embryos in the constant warm temperature treatment were in diapause an average of 3 mo, with clutch means ranging from 2 to 4 mo. Hatching among clutches occurred over 2 mo. In contrast, for field and experimental eggs that experienced cold winter conditions, hatching within treatments occurred over 2-14 d; "winter" conditions synchronized development. The length of time between the end of cold conditions and hatching did not differ among treatments; development thus resumed as soon as temperature was suitable regardless of the initial period of warm temperature. Diapause in nature thus insures that embryos remain gastrulae after oviposition despite nest temperatures that may be warm enough to support development.     

Increased air temperature during simulated autumn conditions does not increase photosynthetic carbon gain but affects the dissipation of excess energy in seedlings of the evergreen conifer Jack pine

Temperature and daylength act as environmental signals that determine the length of the growing season in boreal evergreen conifers. Climate change might affect the seasonal development of these trees, as they will experience naturally decreasing daylength during autumn, while at the same time warmer air temperature will maintain photosynthesis and respiration. We characterized the down-regulation of photosynthetic gas exchange and the mechanisms involved in the dissipation of energy in Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) in controlled environments during a simulated summer-autumn transition under natural conditions and conditions with altered air temperature and photoperiod. Using a factorial design, we dissected the effects of daylength and temperature. Control plants were grown at either warm summer conditions with 16-h photoperiod and 22 degrees C or conditions representing a cool autumn with 8 h/7 degrees C. To assess the impact of photoperiod and temperature on photosynthesis and energy dissipation, plants were also grown under either cold summer (16-h photoperiod/7 degrees C) or warm autumn conditions (8-h photoperiod/22 degrees C). Photosynthetic gas exchange was affected by both daylength and temperature. Assimilation and respiration rates under warm autumn conditions were only about one-half of the summer values but were similar to values obtained for cold summer and natural autumn treatments. In contrast, photosynthetic efficiency was largely determined by temperature but not by daylength. Plants of different treatments followed different strategies for dissipating excess energy. Whereas in the warm summer treatment safe dissipation of excess energy was facilitated via zeaxanthin, in all other treatments dissipation of excess energy was facilitated predominantly via increased aggregation of the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II. These differences were accompanied by a lower deepoxidation state and larger amounts of beta-carotene in the warm autumn treatment as well as by changes in the abundance of thylakoid membrane proteins compared to the summer condition. We conclude that photoperiod control of dormancy in Jack pine appears to negate any potential for an increased carbon gain associated with higher temperatures during the autumn season.     

Growth and survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 under acidic conditions.

The effect of pH reduction with acetic (pH 5.2), citric (pH 4.0), lactic (pH 4.7), malic (pH 4.0), mandelic (pH 5.0), or tartaric (pH 4.1) acid on growth and survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in tryptic soy broth with 0.6% yeast extract held at 25, 10, or 4 degrees C for 56 days was determined. Triplicate flasks were prepared for each acid treatment at each temperature. At 25 degrees C, populations increased 2 to 4 log10 CFU/ml in all treatments except that with mandelic acid, whereas no growth occurred at 10 or 4 degrees C in any treatments except the control. However, at all sampling times, higher (P < 0.05) populations were recovered from treatments held at 4 degrees C than from those held at 10 degrees C. At 10 degrees C, E. coli O157:H7 was inactivated at higher rates in citric, malic, and mandelic acid treatments than in the other treatments. At the pH values tested, the presence of the organic acids enhanced survival of the pathogen at 4 degrees C compared with the unacidified control. E. coli O157:H7 has the ability to survive in acidic conditions (pH, > or = 4.0) for up to 56 days, but survival is affected by type of acidulant and temperature.     

PISA. The effect of paracetamol (acetaminophen) and ibuprofen on body temperature in acute stroke: Protocol for a phase II double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial [ISRCTN98608690]

Background

During the first days after stroke, one to two fifths of the patients develop fever or subfebrile temperatures. Body temperature is a strong prognostic factor after stroke. Pharmacological reduction of temperature in patients with acute ischaemic stroke may improve their functional outcome. Previously, we studied the effect of high dose (6 g daily) and low dose (3 g daily) paracetamol (acetaminophen) in a randomised placebo-controlled trial of 75 patients with acute ischemic stroke. In the high-dose paracetamol group, mean body temperature at 12 and 24 hours after start of treatment was 0.4°C lower than in the placebo group. The effect of ibuprofen, another potent antipyretic drug, on body-core temperature in normothermic patients has not been studied.

Aim

The aim of the present trial is to study the effects of high-dose paracetamol and ibuprofen on body temperature in patients with acute ischaemic stroke, and to study the safety of these treatments.

Design

Seventy-five (3 × 25) patients with acute ischaemic stroke confined to the anterior circulation will be randomised to treatment with either: 400 mg ibuprofen, 1000 mg acetaminophen, or with placebo 6 times daily during 5 days. Body-temperatures will be measured with a rectal electronic thermometer at the start of treatment and after 24 hours. An infrared tympanic thermometer will be used to monitor body temperature at 2-hour intervals during the first 24 hours and at 12-hour intervals thereafter. The primary outcome measure will be rectal temperature at 24 hours after the start of treatment. The study results will be analysed on an intent-to-treat basis, but an on-treatment analysis will also be performed. No formal interim analysis will be carried out.     

高、低温胁迫对牡丹叶片PSⅡ功能和生理特性的影响

以牡丹‘肉芙蓉’离体叶片为试材,以25 ℃为对照,研究了强光(1400 μmol·m-2·s-1)下高温(40℃)和低温(15℃)处理对牡丹叶片PSⅡ光化学活性和生理特性的影响.结果表明:随处理时间的延长,各处理叶片的PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光量子效率(φPsⅡ)和光下开放的PSⅡ反应中心激发能捕获效率(Fv’/Fm’)均持续降低.暗恢复4h后,对照和15℃处理叶片的Fv/Fm基本上完全恢复,而40℃处理叶片仅恢复到处理前的75.5％,即使15 h后也不能完全恢复;强光下40℃处理使PSⅠ和PSⅡ间的激发能分配严重偏离平衡状态.强光下40 ℃处理抑制了超氧化物歧化酶活性,加剧了O2、H2O2、丙二醛的产生,导致叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量不断下降.说明强光下40℃高温胁迫对牡丹叶片光合机构造成了不可逆的破坏,而15℃低温处理对其光合机构的影响相对较弱.     

Evaluation of sponging to reduce body temperature in febrile children

A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of sponging as a way of reducing body temperature in febrile children. Of 130 children 73 received antipyretic medication and sponging and 57 received antipyretic medication alone. No difference in temperature reduction was noted between the two groups. It is therefore suggested that sponging be abandoned as a mode of temperature reduction in febrile children whose increased temperature is due to an infectious process.     

The effects of different types of syringes on equine spermatozoa

Control extender was incubated at 4 degrees C for 24 hours. Rubber or plastic syringe plungers were separately incubated in semen extender for 24 hours at 4 degrees C. Following incubation, the extender was stored at -20 degrees C until the time of semen collection. The treatments consisted of the following: Group A = equine semen plus control extender; Group B=equine semen plus extender incubated with rubber plungers and Group C=equine semen plus extender incubated in plastic plungers; Group D=equine semen plus control extended in rubber plunger syringes and Group E=equine semen plus control extender in plastic plunger syringer. Each group contained a 5-ml volume of semen and extender at a concentration of 1.0 x 10(8) sperm/ml. The number of live spermatozoa, percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa and rate of progressive motility were taken following collection and every 15 minutes for 1 hour following application of treatments. In experiment 2, treatments were allowed to incubate with semen for 45 minutes, then the extender was removed and was replaced with fresh extender. The rate of progressive motility and the percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa were taken immediately, at 45 minutes, and then every 15 minutes for 1 hour. In experiment 1, the number of live spermatozoa was not affected among the 5 groups. However, there was a decrease (P<0.01) in the rate of progressive motility and in the percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa in Group B compared with the remaining 4 treatment groups at 30, 45 and 60 minutes, with no differences noted when semen was held in syringes with a rubber or a plastic plunger. In experiment 2, the percentage of progressively motile spermatozoa increased after the addition of the control extender.     

Depression of sublingual temperature by cold saliva.

Sublingual and oesophageal temperatures were compared at various air temperatures in 16 subjects. In warm air (25-44 degrees C) sublingual temperatures stabilized within plus or minus 0-45 degrees C of oesophageal temperatures, but in air at room temperature (18-24 degrees C) they were sometimes as much as 1-1 degrees C below and in cold air (5-10 degrees C) as much as 4-4 degrees C below oesophageal readings. The sublingual-oesophageal temperature difference in cold air was greatly reduced by keeping the face warm, but it was not reduced in two patients breathing through tracheostomies and thereby eliminating cold air flow from the nose and pharynx. Parotid saliva temperature was low and saliva flow high during exposure, and cold saliva seemed to be mainly responsible for the erratic depression of sublingual temperature in the cold. These results indicate hazards in the casual use of sublingual temperatures, and indicate that external heat may have to be supplied to enable them to give reliable clinical assessments of body temperature.     

Core temperature is regulated, although at a lower temperature, in rats exposed to hypergravic fields

1. In rats acclimated to 23 degrees C (RT rats) or 5 degrees C (CA rats), core temperature (Tc), tail temperature (Tt) and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured during exposure to a hypergravic field. 2. Rats were exposed for 5.5 h to a 3 g field while ambient temperature (Ta) was varied. For the first 2 h, Ta was 25 degrees C; then Ta was raised to 34 degrees C for 1.5 h. During this period of warm exposure, Tc increased 4 degrees C in both RT and CA rats. Finally, Ta was returned to 25 degrees C for 2 h, and Tc decreased toward the levels measured prior to warm exposure. 3. In a second experiment at 3 g, RT and CA rats were exposed to cold (12 degrees C) after two hours at 25 degrees C. During the one hour cold exposure, Tc fell 1.5 degrees C in RT and 0.5 degree C in CA rats. After cold exposure, when ambient temperature was again 25 degrees C, Tc of RT and CA rats returned toward the levels measured prior to the thermal disturbance. 4. Rats appear to regulate their temperature, albeit at a lower level, in a 3 g field.     

Changes of China agricultural climate resources under the background of climate change: IX. Spatiotemporal change characteristics of China agricultural climate resources

Based on the 1961-2007 ground surface meteorological data from 558 meteorological stations in China, this paper analyzed the differences of agricultural climate resources in China different regions, and compared the change characteristics of the agricultural climate resources in 1961-1980 (period I) and 1981-2007 (period II), taking the year 1981 as the time node. As compared with period I, the mean annual temperature in China in period II increased by 0.6 degrees C, and the > or = 0 degrees C active accumulated temperature in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops and the > or = 10 degrees C active accumulated temperature in the growth periods of thermophilic crops increased averagely by 123.3 degrees C x d and 125.9 degrees C x d, respectively. In 1961-2007, the mean annual temperature increased most in Northeast China, and the > or = 10 degrees C active accumulated temperature in the growth periods of thermophilic crops increased most in South China. The whole year sunshine hours and the sunshine hours in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops and of thermophilic crops in period II decreased by 125.7 h, 32.2 h, and 53.6 h, respectively, compared with those in period I. In 1961-2007, the annual sunshine hours decreased most in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, while the sunshine hours in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops and of thermophilic crops decreased most in North China and South China, respectively. In the whole year and in the growth periods of chimonophilous and thermophilic crops, both the precipitation and the reference crop evapotranspiration in this country all showed a decreasing trend, with the largest decrement in the precipitation in the whole year and in the growth periods of chimonophilous and thermophilic crops in North China, the largest decrement in the reference crop evapotranspiration in the whole year and in the growth periods of thermophilic crops in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, and the largest decrement in the reference crop evapotranspiration in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops in Northwest China. In 1961-2007, the climate in China in the whole year and in the growth periods of thermophilic crops showed an overall tendency of warm and dry, and the climate in the growth periods of thermophilic crops became warm and dry in Southwest China, North China, and Northeast China, but warm and wet in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, Northwest China, and South China, whereas the climate in the growth periods of chimonophilous crops became warm and dry in North China, but became warm and wet in Northwest China.     

Effect of delivery temperature on endocrine stimulation of thermoregulation in lambs born by cesarean section.

We examined the hypothesis that exogenous stimulation with physiological doses of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T(3)) and/or norepinephrine at birth can improve thermoregulation in near-term lambs delivered by cesarean section. This was achieved by investigating the effect of delivery temperature [i.e., warm (30( degrees )C) vs. cool (15( degrees )C) ambient temperatures] on hormonal stimulation on uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) abundance in brown adipose tissue. In vivo measurements of temperature control (i. e., colonic temperature, oxygen consumption, and incidence of shivering) were made over the first 2.5 h after birth. Each lamb was injected with saline with or without T(3), norepinephrine, or T(3) plus norepinephrine. Irrespective of delivery temperature, abundance of UCP1 increased and incidence of shivering decreased by all hormonal treatments, but this only reduced the rate of decline in colonic temperature of cool-delivered lambs. Oxygen consumption was higher in cool-delivered lambs that were able to fully restore body temperature, an adaptation not observed in controls or any warm-delivered groups. Exogenous administration of endocrine stimulatory factors can enhance the abundance of UCP1 in cesarean-section-delivered lambs with the magnitude of thermoregulatory response being greater at cool than warm delivery temperatures.     

Influence of long-term changes in incubation temperature on catecholamine levels in plasma of chicken embryos (Gallus gallus f. domestica)

Catecholamine concentrations were determined from day 18 to 21 of incubation (D18, D21) in developing chicken embryos. The control group was continuously incubated at 37.5 degrees C. The eggs of the two other groups were incubated at 37.5 degrees C until day 14. In the cold group, temperature was decreased to 35.0 degrees C and in the warm group, incubation temperature was increased to 38.5 degrees C for the remainder of incubation. Plasma catecholamine concentrations were measured in eggs exposed to a change in incubation temperature for 4, 5, 6 and 7 days. Embryos in the warm group had dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) concentrations that were significantly higher than in the control group. On the contrary, eggs incubated at the cooler temperature had hormone levels that were significantly lower than in the control group. Adrenaline (A) levels in the two experimental treatments were significantly lower compared to control eggs. Temperature modulated the time needed for development. Chicken embryos are supposed to hatch on day 21. However, on day 20, NA concentration in the cold-incubated group was too low to fulfill its essential physiological function, whereas in the warm group, the NA concentration seems to be sufficient. Long-term exposure to altered incubation temperature affects the quantitative catecholamine concentration during development, but the relative proportion of each catecholamine remained constant.     

Response of superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) during thermo-acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus

Seedlings of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. Amalia were grown in a growth chamber under a photoperiod of 16 h light at 25 degrees C and 8 h dark at 20 degrees C. Five different treatments were applied to 30-day-old plants: Control treatment (plants maintained in the normal growth conditions throughout the experimental time), heat acclimation (plants exposed to 35 degrees C for 4 h in dark for 3 days), dark treatment (plants exposed to 25 degrees C for 4 h in dark for 3 days), heat acclimation plus heat shock (plants that previously received the heat acclimation treatment were exposed to 45 degrees C air temperature for 3 h in the light) and dark treatment plus heat shock (plants that previously received the dark treatment were exposed to 45 degrees C air temperature for 3 h in the light). Only the heat acclimation treatment increased the thermotolerance of the photosynthesis apparatus when the heat shock (45 degrees C) was imposed. In these plants, the CO(2) assimilation rate was not affected by heat shock and there was a slight and non-significant reduction in maximum carboxylation velocity of Rubisco (V(cmax)) and maximum electron transport rate contributing to Rubisco regeneration (J(max)). However, the plants exposed to dark treatment plus heat shock showed a significant reduction in the CO(2) assimilation rate and also in the values of V(cmax) and J(max). Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements showed increased thermotolerance in heat-acclimated plants. The values of maximum chlorophyll fluorescence (F(m)) were not modified by heat shock in these plants, while in the dark-treated plants that received the heat shock, the F(m) values were reduced, which provoked a significant reduction in the efficiency of photosystem II. A slight rise in the total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was found in the plants that had been subjected to both heat acclimation and heat shock, and this SOD activity was significantly higher than that found in the plants subjected to dark treatment plus heat shock. The activity of Fe-SOD isoenzymes was most enhanced in heat-acclimated plants but was unaltered in the plants that received the dark treatment. Total CuZn-SOD activity was reduced in all treatments. Darkness had an inhibitory effect on the Mn-SOD isoenzyme activity, which was compensated by the effect of a rise in air temperature to 35 degrees C. These results show that the heat tolerance of tomatoplants may be increased by the previous imposition of a moderately high temperature and could be related with the thermal stability in the photochemical reactions and a readjustment of V(cmax) and J(max). Some isoenzymes, such as the Fe-SODs, may also play a role in the development of heat-shock tolerance through heat acclimation. In fact, the pattern found for these isoenzymes in heat-acclimated Amalia plants was similar to that previously described in other heat-tolerant tomato genotypes.     

Temperature control of the crossing-over frequency in Drosophila melanogaster. Effect of infra- and super-optimal shock temperatures in early ontogenesis on the recombination frequency]

Effect of temperature shock treatments (0 and 37 degrees C) in early ontogenesis on recombination frequency was studied in two strains of Drosophila X1 and X2. Recombination frequency under treatment with temperature of 0 degrees C and 37 degrees C (shock treatment), as well as at 14 degrees C and 29 degrees C nonshock treatment was found to be dependent on strain genotype, the chromosomal segments under consideration, developmental stage and the age of individuals analysed. Shock treatments usually increase recombination frequency, whereas nonshock treatments lead to unstable and variable recombination frequencies. A concept of ontogenic homeostasis of recombination has been introduced. It is assumed that the effect of temperature treatments on recombination frequency is indirect--i.e. physiologically mediated.     

The ecological study of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa rmigera Hubner 1808) in Hungary

The cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hbn.) is a poliphagous pest. Caterpillars feed on flowers, crops and seeds. In 2001 the meaningful catching-period was in August (Szeoke, 2001). In 2003 we detected the swarming already in June. We observed many caterpillars on its nutritive crops. It caused significant economic damage in this year. 1ST EXAMINATION: We collected larvae and reared pupae out of it in a pot. We took it into the soil. The swarming of the moths from the pots was in June. The mortality was high, more than 90%. 2ND EXAMINATION: We made cold tests with pupae. We examined 5 x 10 pupae in three treatments. In the first treatment we reduced the temperature to -2 degrees C for 4 weeks. 92% of the pupae survived this cold. In the second treatment we reduced the temperature to -2 degrees C for 3 weeks and to -7 degrees C for 1 week. 86% of the pupae survived this procedure. In the third treatment we reduced the temperature to -2 degreesbC for 3 weeks and -15 degrees C for 1 week. 100% of the pupae were perished. 3RD EXAMINATION: In the first treatment we raised caterpillars on 13 hours lighting and 24 degrees C. The swarming was from 20th April to 4th May 2004. In the second treatment we reared the worms on 20 hours lighting and 18 degrees C. The main swarming was on 3rd January 2004. So we could say that the cotton bollworm has diapause. The more effective factor of the diapause is the length of the lighting.     

Entrainment of daily serum gonadotropin cycles in the goldfish to photoperiod, feeding, and daily thermocycles

Female fish were kept under 16L:8D/20 degrees C in November and April and the onset of light and/or feeding times were shifted by several hours in the experimental groups. Photoperiod and feeding entrained significant fluctuations in serum gonadotropin hormone (GTH) levels when the onset of light and the first daily feeding were 4 hr apart, but not when they were 10 hr apart. Fish were subjected to 16L:8D for 14-16 days in February, and to either a constant warm (20 degrees C) or a diurnal sinusoidal (12-20 degrees C) temperature regime, the warmth being imposed during photophase or scotophase. While relatively high, uniform serum GTH levels were found throughout the 24-hr period in fish subjected to constant warmth, warm temperature during the day promoted fluctuations in serum GTH levels, and warmth during night resulted in relatively low, uniform serum GTH levels.     

A second postcooling afterdrop: more evidence for a convective mechanism.

An attempt was made to demonstrate the importance of increased perfusion of cold tissue in core temperature afterdrop. Five male subjects were cooled twice in water (8 degrees C) for 53-80 min. They were then rewarmed by one of two methods (shivering thermogenesis or treadmill exercise) for another 40-65 min, after which they entered a warm bath (40 degrees C). Esophageal temperature (Tes) as well as thigh and calf muscle temperatures at three depths (1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 cm) were measured. Cold water immersion was terminated at Tes varying between 33.0 and 34.5 degrees C. For each subject this temperature was similar in both trials. The initial core temperature afterdrop was 58% greater during exercise (mean +/- SE, 0.65 +/- 0.10 degrees C) than shivering (0.41 +/- 0.06 degrees C) (P < 0.005). Within the first 5 min after subjects entered the warm bath the initial rate of rewarming (previously established during shivering or exercise, approximately 0.07 degrees C/min) decreased. The attenuation was 0.088 +/- 0.03 degrees C/min (P < 0.025) after shivering and 0.062 +/- 0.022 degrees C/min (P < 0.025) after exercise. In 4 of 10 trials (2 after shivering and 2 after exercise) a second afterdrop occurred during this period. We suggest that increased perfusion of cold tissue is one probable mechanism responsible for attenuation or reversal of the initial rewarming rate. These results have important implications for treatment of hypothermia victims, even when treatment commences long after removal from cold water.     

Protein synthesis during acclimation of cold-blooded animals to various temperatures]

It was shown that the intensity of protein synthesis in cells of frogs, acclimated to 5 degrees C, is maintained at a high level, which is only 1.5-2 folds lower than that in animals acclimated to 20 C. In the process of acclimation to cold the intensity of synthesis decreases rapidly and already after 5 hours comprises one half of the value, which is characteristic of "warm" frogs, and the intensity of the process decreases more rapidly than the temperature of organs. On acclimation to warmth the intensity of protein synthesis increases and is getting stabilized at the level, characteristic of "warm" amphibia in 10-15 hours. It was shown that under various temperature conditions or conditions of acclimation specific proteins were synthesized against a background of the main groups of proteins.     

Confirmation and efficacy tests against codling moth and oriental fruit moth in peaches and nectarines using combination heat and controlled atmosphere treatments

Two high-temperature, forced air treatments under controlled atmosphere conditions, called CATTS for controlled atmosphere/temperature treatment system, were developed for control of all life stages of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), infesting peaches and nectarines (both Prunus spp.). These treatments were used in efficacy and confirmation tests to kill > 5,000 fourth instar oriental fruit moths and > 30,000 fourth instar codling moths with zero survivors. The treatments consist of linear heating rates of either 12 or 24 degrees C/h to a final chamber temperature under a 1% O2, 15% CO2, and > 90% RH atmosphere with air speed between 1.2 and 2.0 m/s. At a 12 degrees C linear chamber heating rate, treatment takes approximately 3 h to reach a final chamber temperature of 46 degrees C. The average lowest core temperatures of the fruit reached 43.8 degrees C within the last 30 min of the treatment. At a 24 degrees C linear chamber heating rate, it takes approximately 2.5 h to reach a final chamber temperature of 46 degrees C. The average lowest core temperatures of the fruit reached 44.6 degrees C for the last 15 min of the treatment. It also was determined that both treatments did not significantly alter the quality parameters that were evaluated to a degree that would have negatively influenced the marketability of the fruit. Positive benefits of treatment included a slower ripening of treated fruit and an inhibition of the loss of juiciness during storage in some cultivars. These treatments may be used to replacement to methyl bromide fumigation for conventional fruit or as a new treatment for organic fruit contingent upon importing country approval.