Flood‐Pulse Effects on Zooplankton Assemblages in a River‐Floodplain System (Gemenc Floodplain of the Danube,Hungary)

We studied the structure and population dynamics of zooplankton assemblages in the water bodies (eu‐, para‐, plesiopotamal and conjunctive water bodies) of a temperate floodplain during flood events. Here we report differences in the species composition of these water bodies in the two stages of flood pulses: rising vs. receding. During the receding period the proportion of larger and tychoplanktonic species increased. Similarity among zooplankton assemblages of these floodplain water bodies increased during the rising and decreased during the receding period. Species richness, diversity and population density values of zooplankton assemblages increased during the receding period in all types of water bodies except the eupotamal. The guild ratio of rotifer assemblages showed characteristic, but somewhat ambiguous changes. We conclude that the hydrological regime affects the structure and dynamics of zooplankton assemblages on the floodplain. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Nutrient and plankton dynamics in a Mediterranean salt marsh dominated by incidents of flooding. Part 2: Response of the zooplankton community to disturbances

The composition of the zooplankton community which colonizessome temporary basins in the salt marshes of the Aiguamollsde 1'Empord– (NE Spain) was studied. The structure ofthe zooplankton community depends mainly on natural and anthropogenicdisturbances, which are irregular and highly variable both intheir nature and intensity. Six environmental situations witha regular community structure have been identified by meansof correspondence analysis (CA) (each dominated by a characteristicspecies or taxon). The temporal pattern is described by thetemporal positioning sequence of each basin in the C A and ismodelled as displacements between the six aforementioned situations.The first three CA axes relate to, respectively, the intensityof inundation (i.e. the entry of external energy), the complexityof the zooplankton community, and special conditions of waterconfinement. As the natural hydric dynamics lead the systemtowards desiccation (situation of minimum external energy),the CA community representation tends to converge towards theorigin of the coordinates. On the other hand, disturbances canbe considered as supplies of external energy. By their effecton the zooplankton community structure, disturbances producethree main divergent displacements in the CA factor space dependingon the nature and intensity of the disturbance (pulse, pressor desiccation).     

上升流和水团对浙江中部近海浮游动物生态类群分布的影响

依据2010年4月、7月和11月对浙江中部近海上升流海域进行的海洋调查资料,运用定量、定性方法,探讨了上升流对该海域浮游动物生态类群分布的影响.结果表明:3个季节共鉴定浮游动物64种,桡足类占主要优势,包括5个生态类群,分别是暖温带近海种、暖温带外海种、亚热带近海种、亚热带外海种和热带大洋种.在种类数组成上,春季以暖温带近海种为主,夏季则是亚热带近海种和亚热带外海种居多,秋季也是亚热带种居多,其中夏季暖温带种种类数要高于春季和秋季,这一现象与同时期东黄海沿海有所不同,主要是由于上升流将一些在海洋底部度夏的暖温种带至海洋表面造成的.此外,3个季节生态类群都是以近海种为主,表明沿岸流是影响这一海域的最主要的水团.在丰度组成上,4月暖温带近海种占总丰度的98.79％,7月暖温带近海种也是组成丰度的重要部分,10月则是亚热带近海种丰度最高.丰度组成所反映的规律与种类数组成规律一致.上升流的存在导致夏季近海暖温带种大量出现,是影响这一海域浮游动物生态类群组成的重要因素;受长江径流和椒江径流的影响,近海种成为主要生态类群,是这一海域浮游动物的一个重要的生态特征.     

The current state of zooplankton in the lake system of Bol’shezemel’skaya tundra

The current state of zooplankton in the large lake system of Bol??shezemel??skaya tundra was determined in comparison with data from the 1960s. It was found that the annual dynamics of plankton communities took place, but their composition and structure were saved. However, some current features of tundra-lake zooplankton can be indicative of the directed development of ecosystems and the start of their eutrophication. These processes take place against the background of the attenuation of the anthropogenic impact on water bodies and certain trends in climate change. The studied lakes were oligo- and mesotrophic.     

Zooplankton community changes between forest and meadow sections in small headwater streams, NW Poland

Headwater streams are important resources in production of organic matter, but zooplankton of headwater streams has rarely been studied. In the present study spatial changes in zooplankton communities between upper headwater forest section and downstream meadow section of four small streams were examined (NW Poland). The environmental conditions of stream riparian zone, e.g., the presence of leaf litter, pools, slackwaters and wetlands had a great influence on the spatial changes in zooplankton. Low gradient of stream bed, longer water residence time and larger surfaces of wetlands and slackwaters also positively affected zooplankton communities, especially in the meadow section. Along the streams, from the stream headwater to the downstream-meadow section, significant spatial changes in zooplankton communities were observed. Significantly higher number of taxa and density of zooplankton were observed in meadow sections than in headwater forest sections. In the forest sections, there was a definite domination of benthic and littoral rotifers in the zooplankton composition, while in the meadow sections, planktonic rotifers dominated. Cladocerans were observed only in downstream meadow section; two littoral species Coronatella rectangula and Peracantha truncata and one planktonic Daphnia magna which probably were washed from close pools of small stagnant water bodies. Copepods were noted along the entire length of streams. The occasional presence of planktonic rotifers in the forest section was probably caused by their washout from a few small stagnant water bodies.     

Drainage and Elevation as Factors in the Restoration of Salt Marsh in Britain

Intertidal restoration through realignment of flood defenses has become an important component of the U.K. coastal and estuarine management strategy. Although experimentation with recent deliberate breaches is in progress, the long‐term prognosis for salt marsh restoration can be investigated at a number of sites around Essex, southeast England where salt marshes have been reactivated (unmanaged restoration) by storm events over past centuries. These historically reactivated marshes possess higher creek densities than their natural marsh counterparts. Both geomorphology and sedimentology determine the hydrology of natural and restored salt marshes. Elevation relative to the tidal frame is known to be the primary determinant of vegetation colonization and succession. Yet vegetation surveys and geotechnical analysis at a natural marsh, where areas with good drainage exist in close proximity to areas of locally hindered drainage at the same elevation, revealed a significant inverse relationship between water saturation in the root zone and the abundance of Atriplex portulacoides, normally the physiognomic dominant on upper salt marsh in the region. Elsewhere in Essex natural and restored marshes are typified by very high sediment water contents, and this is reflected in low abundance of A. portulacoides. After a century of reestablishment no significant difference could be discerned between the vegetation composition of the storm‐reactivated marshes and their natural marsh counterparts. We conclude that vegetation composition may be restored within a century of dike breaching, but this vegetation does not provide a reliable indicator of ecological functions related to creek structure.     

中国近海浮游动物群落结构及季节变化

2006年7-8月、12月-2007年2月、2007年4-5月、2007年10-12月,对中国近海进行了4个航次生物、化学和水文等专业综合调查.根据采集的浮游动物样品分析鉴定结果,对中国近海浮游动物群落结构、种类组成及优势种的季节变化进行研究.结果表明,中国近海浮游动物有1330种,隶属于7门19大类群,浮游幼体47类,其中,节肢动物为最优势类群,有782种,占58.80％,其次为刺胞动物,有324种,占24.36％.在浮游动物群落结构中,4个海区均以桡足类和水母类的种类和数量占绝对优势.中国近海4个海区浮游动物种类数有明显季节变化,渤海和黄海,浮游动物种类数夏、秋季多于春、冬季;东海和南海,浮游动物种类数春、夏季多于秋、冬季.中国近海浮游动物群落大体可划分为6个主要生态类群:近岸低盐类群、低温高盐类群、高温高盐类群、低温广盐类群、高温广盐类群和广温广盐类群.结合同步调查的其它生物、水文、化学环境参数的分析结果,对中国近海浮游动物群落种类丰度与环境因子进行生物与环境变量关系分析,结果表明,浮游动物群落结构与水温、盐度、水深、溶解氧、硝酸盐和pH存在明显相关关系.水温和盐度是影响浮游动物群落结构最重要的两个环境因子.     

Relationships between Sediment Microbial Communities and Pollutants in Two California Salt Marshes

Salt marshes are important ecosystems whose plant and microbial communities can alter terrestrially derived pollutants prior to coastal water discharge. However, knowledge regarding relationships between anthropogenic pollutant levels and salt marsh microbial communities is limited, and salt marshes on the West Coast of the United States are rarely examined. In this study, we investigated the relationships between microbial community composition and 24 pollutants (20 metals and 4 organics) in two California salt marshes. Multivariate ordination techniques were used to assess how bacterial community composition, as determined by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and phospholipid fatty acid analyses, was related to pollution. Sea urchin embryo toxicity measurements and plant tissue metabolite profiles were considered two other biometrics of pollution. Spatial effects were strongly manifested across marshes and across channel elevations within marshes. Utilizing partial canonical correspondence analysis, an ordination technique new to microbial ecology, we found that several metals were strongly associated with microbial community composition after accounting for spatial effects. The major patterns in plant metabolite profiles were consistent with patterns across microbial community profiles, but sea urchin embryo assays, which are commonly used to evaluate ecological toxicity, had no identifiable relationships with pollution. Whereas salt marshes are generally dynamic and complex habitats, microbial communities in these marshes appear to be relatively sensitive indicators of toxic pollutants.     

中国滨海盐沼湿地碳收支与碳循环过程研究进展

滨海盐沼湿地由于其较高的初级生产力和较缓慢的有机质降解速率而成为缓解全球变暖的有效蓝色碳汇,近年来引起全球范围内的热切关注.我国滨海盐沼湿地分布较广,国内学者对滨海盐沼湿地碳循环及碳收支研究取得了一定进展,深入研究滨海盐沼湿地碳循环有助于对全球碳循环及全球变化的理解,并为利用滨海湿地进行碳的增汇减排提供科学依据.主要从我国滨海盐沼湿地碳循环主要观测方法、碳收支与碳循环过程及特点、碳库的组成与影响因素、气态碳的输入输出、潮汐作用对其碳收支的影响这5个方面出发,对国内的滨海盐沼湿地碳循环与碳收支的研究进展进行了归纳总结,并对今后的研究方向给出如下建议:(1)加强滨海盐沼湿地土壤碳库在深度上和广度上的研究;(2)标准化滨海盐沼湿地碳储量、碳通量的量化方法和观测技术;(3)在研究尺度上要宏观、微观并重,同时加强长期原位监测湿地碳通量的变化与室内模拟研究;(4)量化在潮汐影响下滨海盐沼湿地碳与邻近生态系统之间的横向交换通量.只有对我国滨海盐沼湿地碳库收支进行更准确的评估和长期的碳库动态变化监测,方可进一步认识我国盐沼湿地对全球气候变化的影响及其反馈作用,这对于预测全球变化及制定湿地碳储备功能的提升策略具有重要的意义.     

三沙湾浮游动物生态类群演替特征

根据2010年6月-2011年5月三沙湾海域5个航次海洋综合调查资料,对三沙湾浮游动物种群特征进行分析,并与我国不同纬度海湾生态类群结构进行比较.探讨三沙湾海域浮游动物生态类群季节变化特征及其受水团季节变化的影响.研究结果表明:4月和5月三沙湾海域主要受到浙闽沿岸流影响,生物多样性H'指数分别为2.03和2.02;种类数分别仅为17种和19种,明显低于6月、8月和10月;浮游动物生态类群以暖温带近海种为主;优势种种类数少,单一优势种优势性明显,4月中华哲水蚤丰度占浮游动物总丰度的65.03％;群落结构特征与同期我国长江口浮游动物区系特征相似.6月三沙湾海域受到浙闽沿岸流和台湾暖流共同影响,同时因闽北雨季导致大量大陆径流汇入,使得该月浮游动物种群结构复杂,生物多样性指数和种类数全年最高,为3.12和45种,与5月相比,种类更替明显,物种更替率为69.39％;亚热带近海种丰度百分比最高(73.03％),亚热带外海种种类数百分比次之(48.89％),是海域浮游动物生态类群由以暖温带近海种为主向以亚热带外海种为主的过渡时期.8月和10月浙闽沿岸流消失,三沙湾海域受台湾暖流控制,海水温度和盐度升高,生物多样性指数和种类数均略低于6月;生态类群结构以亚热带外海种为主;优势种特征表现为种类数多而各个优势种丰度较低;浮游动物群落结构特征与南海北部海域浮游动物组成极为相似.     

The biogeochemistry and zoogeography of lakes and rivers in arctic Alaska

Water samples from 45 lakes and 8 rivers in arctic Alaska were analyzed for major anions, cations, nutrients, chlorophyll, zooplankton, and benthos. The waters were dilute (conductivities of 30 to 843 μS cm⁻¹), and their composition varied from Na-Ca-Cl waters near the Arctic Ocean to Ca-Mg-HCO₃ waters further inland. Sea salt input in precipitation was important in determining the chemistry of coastal lakes, partly because of low groundwater flow and less time for water to react with shallow unfrozen soils. Further inland, variations in water chemistry among sites were related mainly to differences in bedrock, the age of associated glacial drift, and the input of wind blown sediment. Variations in zooplankton species composition among the lakes were related more to latitude, lake morphometery, and biotic interactions than to water chemistry. The presence of fish as predators mostly determined the overall size structure of the zooplankton community. The chironomid taxa identified have been previously reported from the Neararctic, except for Corynocera oliveri which is a new record. The abundance of the widely distributed chironomid Procladius appears to be controlled by sculpin predation.     

Relationship between trophic state and plankton community structure in 21 Sicilian dam reservoirs

The relationship between the trophic state of 21 Sicilian dam reservoirs and their taxonomic community structure of phytoplankton (87 taxa) as well as zooplankton (45 taxa) have been examined by means of cluster analysis performed using annual average biomass values. The phytoplankton community structure was closely connected with the trophic state of the reservoirs, whereas the zooplankton community structure was related to hydrological regimes peculiar to the individual water bodies and not to the trophic state.     

Growth of pike larvae: effects of prey, turbidity and food quality

We studied experimentally the effects of turbidity and prey composition on pike larval growth and hypothesized that pike larval growth varies with turbidity and food quality. We reared the first-feeding pike larvae (Esox lucius) in laboratory tanks with (1) clear or (2) turbid water provided with zooplankton rations from (3) an inner and (4) an outer archipelago site. The sites differ in physical features, salinity, eutrophication status, zooplankton community structure and density. Pike larvae showed the highest weight increase in clear water with zooplankton from the outer site and the poorest weight increase in turbid water with zooplankton as prey from the inner site. Our fatty acid analysis revealed that unsaturated fatty acid levels were highest in the outer site. The relative percentage of copepods was also higher in the outer site. This study supports the hypothesis that turbidity weakens the ability of pike larvae to capture certain prey. Further, zooplankton community composition matters in turbid water, but is not a primary factor in clear water.     

鸭绿江口近岸海域水质环境对冬季浮游动物群落结构的影响

定量分析滨海湿地近岸海域水质环境与浮游动物群落结构之间的关系对揭示海水水质环境健康状态具有重要意义。2019年12月在鸭绿江口湿地国家级自然保护区近岸海域开展了浮游动物和水环境因子调查,运用冗余分析和结构方程模型等方法探讨了水质环境对冬季浮游动物群落结构的影响。研究区共鉴定出浮游动物14种以及浮游幼虫5大类,桡足类最多占比52.63%;保护区不同功能分区间浮游动物群落结构总体差异不大,多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数平均值分别为1.34、0.51和0.59;浮游动物的种群分布与海水化学需氧量、溶解性无机氮、浮游植物群落多样性指数和铜元素含量关系显著;结构方程模型模拟结果表明,海水富营养化水平对浮游动物丰富度的效应系数为-0.26,具有显著的直接影响(P=0.01),重金属污染水平通过影响浮游植物丰富度(效应系数为-0.41,P<0.001)间接对浮游动物丰富度产生作用(间接效应系数为-0.2)。研究结果将有助于深化对海水环境和浮游动物群落结构协同演变过程的认识,为滨海湿地近岸海洋生态系统科学管理提供理论支撑。     

Zooplankton in hollow-pools (using raised bogs in Vologda oblast, Russia, as an example)

Data on the biodiversity, structure, and seasonal dynamics of zooplankton communities in hollowpools of raised bogs in Vologda oblast are presented for the first time. The fauna of zooplankton communities in hollow-pools totals 38 species of plankton invertebrates (Rotatoria, 12; Cladocera, 19; and Copepoda, 7), and is mainly presented by acidophilic and sphagnophilic species. The water bodies are characterized by a high abundance and biomass of zooplankton organisms. The diversity and productivity of the zooplankton community increase with an increase in the area and depth of hollow-ponds. The seasonal dynamics of the abundance and biomass of zooplankton is similar in all groups of hollow-pools and depends on changes in the dominant complex of invertebrates.     

烟台四十里湾浮游动物群落特征及与环境因子的关系

2009年3月—2010年12月在烟台四十里湾海域对浮游动物群落结构及其环境因子进行了连续20个航次的综合调查,记录到浮游动物8大类共计64种(类)。浮游动物主要类群为桡足类和浮游幼虫,分别发现22种、18类,占总种(类)数34%、28%;其次为水螅水母类,发现13种,占20%;毛颚动物和栉水母类各发现1种。浮游动物的优势种为中华哲水蚤(Y=0.183)、腹针胸刺水蚤(Y=0.078)、强壮箭虫(Y=0.078)和洪氏纺锤水蚤(Y=0.026)。浮游动物的生态类型主要为温带近岸种和广布性种。四十里湾海域浮游动物群落结构的季节变化较为明显,春、夏、秋、冬四季之间群落结构有显著性差异(P0.05),同一季节内群落结构相似度较高,达55%以上。浮游动物丰度中位值在5月份达到最高(546.3个/m~3);种类数、多样性指数中位值均在8月达到最高,分别为18种、3.20;浮游动物生物量呈现出双峰变化模型,5月份达到第1峰值(中位值870.4 mg/m~3),10月份为第2峰值(中位值362.0 mg/m~3)。浮游动物种类数高值区主要分布在养马岛北部海域,而丰度高值区主要分布在近岸尤其是辛安河口海域。浮游动物种类数及多样性指数与水温、化学需氧量、硅酸盐显著正相关(P0.01),与盐度、溶解氧、无机氮显著负相关(P0.01);水温和盐度是影响浮游动物分布的主要环境因子,其次是硅酸盐、叶绿素a和化学需氧量,活性磷酸盐、溶解氧、透明度以及无机氮对浮游动物分布的影响较小。     

Impact of chemical weapon destruction on the structure of lake zoohydrobiont community

Community structure of zoohydrobionts in the lake affected by chemical weapon destruction was studied for the first time. Low pH favored species specific to acidic water bodies as well as bidominant zooplankton community. The long-term effects of chemical pollution determined the stage of community succession, namely, the absence of the key predator (fishes), abundance of detritus consumers in the zoobenthic community (dipteran larvae), diversity of amphibiotic insects, and low species diversity in the zooplankton community with the prevalence of cladocerans and rotifers. Unbalanced composition of higher trophic levels results in an unstable functioning of the lake and accumulation of significant amounts of detritus, which is utilized by the abundant microzoobenthic component of the ecosystem.     

长江口及邻近海域浮游动物群落结构及季节变化

根据2006—2007年长江口及其邻近海域(29°30'N—32°30'N,120°00'E—127°30'E)150个站位4个季节的调查资料,对长江口海域浮游动物群落结构、种类组成、优势种及其季节变化进行研究。结果表明,长江口及其邻近海域浮游动物群落物种多样性丰富,四季共鉴定浮游动物460种,隶属7个门,246属,此外,另有54类浮游幼体。其中,桡足类是最优势类群,有193种,占41.96%;端足类为第二优势类群,有51种,占11.09%;水螅水母为第三优势类群,有34种,占7.39%。长江口及其邻近海域浮游动物的物种多样性呈现明显季节变化,其特征为:夏季(317种)秋季(309种)春季(230种)冬季(138种)。中华哲水蚤和百陶带箭虫为长江口及其邻近海域的四季优势种。长江口及其邻近海域浮游动物大体可划分为5种生态类群:近岸低盐类群、广温广盐类群、低温高盐类群、高温广盐类群和高温高盐类群。结合同步调查的水文和水化学数据,进行浮游动物群落丰度与环境因子的相关分析表明:盐度是影响长江口及其邻近海域的浮游动物群落丰度的主要环境因子。     

Characterizing the role benthos plays in large coastal seas and estuaries: A modular approach

Ecologists studying coastal and estuarine benthic communities have long taken a macroecological view, by relating benthic community patterns to environmental factors across several spatial scales. Although many general ecological patterns have been established, often a significant amount of the spatial and temporal variation in soft-sediment communities within and among systems remains unexplained. Here we propose a framework that may aid in unraveling the complex influence of environmental factors associated with the different components of coastal systems (i.e. the terrestrial and benthic landscapes, and the hydrological seascape) on benthic communities, and use this information to assess the role played by benthos in coastal ecosystems. A primary component of the approach is the recognition of system modules (e.g. marshes, dendritic systems, tidal rivers, enclosed basins, open bays, lagoons). The modules may differentially interact with key forcing functions (e.g. temperature, salinity, currents) that influence system processes and in turn benthic responses and functions. Modules may also constrain benthic characteristics and related processes within certain ecological boundaries and help explain their overall spatio-temporal variation. We present an example of how benthic community characteristics are related to the modular structure of 14 coastal seas and estuaries, and show that benthic functional group composition is significantly related to the modular structure of these systems. We also propose a framework for exploring the role of benthic communities in coastal systems using this modular approach and offer predictions of how benthic communities may vary depending on the modular composition and characteristics of a coastal system.