亚硫酸氢钠对光合机构及其运转的影响

NaHSO_2在不同的浓度范围内,可以影响光合、光呼吸、气孔开度和膜脂过氧化等,但在1～2mmol/L时常能提高净光合强度和增加作物产量。这可能与促进RuBP羧化酶/加氧酶活性及光合磷酸化有关。低浓度的NaHSO_3对RuBP羧化酶/加氧酶两种活性都有促进作用。0.1mmol/L NaHSO_3对弱光下测定的光合磷酸化稍有促进。NaHSO_3对植物的影响可能在某些方面与α-羟基磺酸类似,但有时也许能以其它形式影响植物,而不一定要变成α-羟基磺酸。     

苜蓿二磷酸核酮糖(RuBP)羧化酶体内活化作用的调节

苜蓿RuBP羧化酶的初活性和活化作用在不饱和光强下与光合速率一样随光强增加而增加。缺硫培养苜蓿叶片的光合速率和RuBP羧化酶的含量、初活性及总活性均比对照有不同程度的降低,其中酶的初活性与光合速率两者减少的趋势比较接近,说明RuBP羧化酶的初活性可能在光合CO_2固定作用中具有决定作用。然而,缺硫植株中酶的活化作用比对照明显增高。酶的活化作用与叶片中的叶绿素,6-PG,NADPH及ATP相对酶含量的比值成正比,与体内的酶量成反比。     

两种木兰科植物叶片光合作用的光驯化

测定了生长在全日、54%和21%日光强下需光植物火力楠(Michelia meachurei)和耐荫植物华东拟单性木兰(Parakmerialotungensis)叶片气体交换参数,用以估测降低光强对光合作用的限制和对低光的光驯化.生长在全日光强下火力楠的光饱和光合速率较华东拟单性木兰高.当日光强降低到54%,火力楠叶片光合速率降低幅度较华东拟单性木兰大.当日光降低至21%,华东拟单性木兰的表观量子产率和光能转换率较火力楠高.在全日光强下,火力楠的Vcmax较华东拟单性木兰高.随着日光强降低,两种木兰植物的Vcmax降低,当日光强降低至54%和21%,火力楠的Vcmax降幅较华东拟单性木兰大,火力楠Vcmax对光强降低较华东拟单性木兰敏感.生长光强降低,两种木兰植物内部CO2传导度(gi)降低.在低光强下火力楠仍保持较华东拟单性木兰高的gi.生长光强降低到全日光强的54%,火力楠gi对光合速率限制(Li)与在全日光强的条件下没有区别(p＞0.05),表现火力楠gi对54%日光强的驯化;在54%的光条件下,华东拟单性木兰的呼吸速率对光合速率的限制(Lr)与全日光照无差别(p＞0.05),显示呼吸速率对低光的驯化.两种木兰植物气孔导度对光合速率的限制(Ls)随光强降低而增大.在遮荫条件下种间叶特性差别明显,这亦反映出两种植物物种光合驯化的差异.火力楠gi对低光驯化,而华东拟单性木兰叶片对较高光强驯化更甚于对低光强.     

芦苇与外来植物互花米草在不同CO2浓度下的光合特性比较

以上海崇明东滩湿地外来植物互花米草与本地种芦苇为研究对象,对两者在不同CO2浓度条件下的光合/呼吸-CO2响应机制,光合作用进程及光合特性指标进行比较研究.结果表明：（1）随CO2浓度的增加,互花米草与芦苇的净光合速率增加,暗呼吸速率下降;（2）互花米草与芦苇的光合/呼吸-CO2响应机制不同,互花米草表现出更高的表观羧化效率（CE）和暗呼吸速率（R）;（3）互花米草的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）及蒸腾速率（Tr）在400μmol/mol CO2浓度下均高于芦苇,在1000μmol/molCO2浓度下则显著下降,表现出对设定环境因子和高CO2浓度胁迫的光合生理响应.本项研究通过对入侵植物互花米草与本地种芦苇的在特定时间段内的光合特性比较研究,将有助于揭示互花米草和芦苇的CO2-光合适应机制,为解释互花米草生长迅速,生产力高,竞争性强的生理生态学特性提供实验依据.     

大豆叶片RuBP含量测定及其应用

RuBP(1,5-二磷酸核酮糖)是植物光合碳代谢的重要中间产物。经RuBPCase/Oase的催化,RuBP可与CO_2羧化,行光合碳还原途径(C_3环);也可与O_2作用,行光合碳氧化循环(C_2环)。植物光合器官中RuBP含量可调节和影响光合,光呼吸的强弱,改变Calvin循环的运转状况。因此,测定植物光合器官中的RuBP含量在光合与光呼吸研究中具有重要意义。     

温室茄子（Solanum melongena L.）光合数学模型与光合生化模型模拟分析

针对植物光合与内外环境因子间的关系以及光合“午睡”现象中的气孔限制与非气孔限制问题,以温室茄子‘茄杂一号’为试材,对叶室温光组合方式下测定的净光合速率Pn对胞间CO2浓度Ci响应曲线,和人工增施CO2处理下测定的Pn日变化进程,进行了光合数学模型和Farquhar、von Caemmerer和Berry的光合生化动力学模型（简称为FvCB模型）模拟分析。采用美国思爱迪生态仪器有限公司的CI-301PS光合作用测定仪进行净光合速率（Pn）、光合有效辐射（PAR）、气温（Ta）、叶温（Tl）、环境二氧化碳浓度（Ca）、胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）和空气相对湿度（Hr）参数测定。其结果表明,无论是Pn对Ci的响应曲线还是光合日进程中,数学模型对Pn的拟合度明显优于为FvCB模型。因此,通过数学模型可以解析出光合日进程受单一环境因子（PAR、Ta、Ca、Hr）及其复合环境因子的综合影响。然而,FvCB模型模拟结果显示出,温光组合下受Rubisco（即RuBP羧化/加氧酶）数量与活性及动力学特性限制的羧化速率Ac、受RuBP（1,5-二磷酸核酮糖）再生限制的羧化速率Aj以及受TPU（磷酸丙糖）可利用量限制的羧化速率Ap对Ci响应的主控作用呈现交替变化趋势。其交替变化转折点胞间二氧化碳浓度Cicj在强光高温组合中较高,而在弱光低温组合中较低;同时还发现,Cicj和Cijp受叶温的影响强于光照。光合日进程中的FvCB模型模拟分析揭示出,早晨和傍晚弱光下为Aj限制时段;晴天上午和中午前后的充足日照下为Ac限制时段。多云和阴天下Aj的限制时段延长。增施CO2会延长Aj的限制时段,同时相应缩短Ac的限制时段;冬季2次增施CO2的出现了Ap限制时段。     

烤烟旺长期气孔和非气孔限制对水分胁迫的反应

烤烟NC89、LJ851、LJ911在旺长期生长迅速,耗水量大。烟株生长的最适宜土壤相对含水量应保持在75%~85%,此土壤水分条件下的中午光合速率的下降是气孔限制所致。当土壤相对含水量低于75%,光合非气孔限制因素开始出现。当土壤相对含水量低于65%时,非气孔限制逐渐成为光合下降主导因子,并可能导致光合器官受到损伤。     

冰冻对珊瑚树(Viburnum odoratissimum)叶片光合效率的影响

光合作用的冰冻伤害研究大多利用离体叶片、原生质体,甚至叶绿体类囊体进行人工冰冻预处理,关于室外自然温度下出现的植物光合作用冰冻伤害,特别是冰冻影响光合量子效率的研究报告还很少。虽然光合碳同化受抑是最早可以测到的冰冻伤害征状,但其机理迄今不清楚(Krause等1982,Krause和Klosson1983)。     

倍增CO2分压对水稻和矶子草冠层光合潜力的影响

倍增CO2分压增高水稻的光饱和光合速率、表观量子产率和光能转换效率,而在倍增CO2分压下矶子草的相关光合参数降低,既水稻对高CO2分压表现为正响应,而矶子草在高CO2下光合作用下调。在倍增CO2分压下,水稻的Rubisco羧化速率和氧化速率均见增高,而矶子草在高CO2分压下,Rubisco羧化速率降低,而氧化速率略见增高。倍增CO2分压并不明显改变水稻的不包括光呼吸的CO2补偿点г^*,但矶子草г^*略见增高。在高CO2分压下可能改变矶子草Rubisco生化特性。倍增CO2分压降低两种供试植物的光下呼吸速率。水稻在倍增CO2分压下其Rubisco最大羧化速率(Vc max)和最大电子传递速率(Jmax)分别增高9．3％和20．7％,而矶子草在高CO2分压下则分别降低5．7％和3％。在倍增CO2分压下水稻的净光合量增高约5％,而矶子草则降低13％,植物种的不同特性可能影响植物在倍增CO2下的碳积累。随着全球气候变化和大气CO2,分压增高,将有利于发挥水稻高光合产率的优势,由于矶子草在高CO2分压下碳积累减少,从而可能限制其生长。大气CO2分压增高可能改变目前的水稻与杂草的生态关系而有利于控制杂草和改善田间耕作。     

水稻叶片生育过程中RubisCO活性与光合,光呼吸的关系

水稻生育过程中，ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶活性与光合速率，ＲｕＢＰ加氧酶活性与光呼吸速率、ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶活性与加氧酶活性以及光合速率与光呼吸速率之间是相关的。籼型品种与粳型品种间酶活性的高低及光合、光呼吸速率的高低基本一致，籼型三系杂交稻无明显的光合优势。酶的羧化活性搞低只在一定范围内与光合速率的高低平行，在正常生育条件下，酶蛋白的数量不是水稻光合速率的限制因子。     

Use of an analytical model to study limitations on net photosynthesis in Arbutus unedo under field conditions

Summary From field gas-exchange measurements on Arbutus unedo growing in Portugal, parameter values necessary to apply an analytical, physiologicallybased model of C ₃ photosynthesis were obtained. The model successfully simulated measured diurnal photosynthetic responses in Arbutus during periods without water stress, under both natural and CO₂-saturating conditions. The model was used to analyze those factors limiting primary productivity during each of the experimental days. Due to a large investment in ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration capacity, irradiance was rarely limiting, even during cloudy periods, but the limitation imposed by stomatal conductance was quite large, averaging over 30%. The fact that experimental leaves were maintained in a horizontal position is at least partially responsible for these results. Possible other reasons for this apparent excess of RuBP regeneration capacity visa-vis RuBP carboxylase-oxygenase concentration are discussed.     

茉莉酸甲酯对水稻幼苗光合作用的影响

２．５×１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ茉莉酸甲酯处理水稻（ＯｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａＬ．）幼苗叶片,可明显地降低Ｃｈｌａ、Ｃｈｌｂ的含量及叶片的光合速率,抑制ＲｕＢＰＣａｓｅ的活性,抑制幼苗叶片中ＲｕｂｉｓＣＯ大亚基的合成,降低小亚基的含量。对幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量、叶片的光合速率及ＲｕＢＰＣａｓｅ的活性没有影响。     

Regulation of photosynthesis in Eucalyptus nitens (Deane and Maiden) Maiden following green pruning

 Green pruning was used to induce source limitation in 1-year-old Eucalyptus nitens (Deane and Maiden) Maiden plants in an investigation of regulation of net CO₂ assimilation (A). The pruning regimes involved removal of 0, 50% or 70% of the length of green crown, equivalent to 0, 78% or 95% of leaf area respectively. Gas exchange measurements were made on fully-expanded leaves at 80% of crown height prior to pruning, and at weekly intervals over the 8 weeks following pruning. An increase in A was observed in response to pruning a week after treatment. In 50%-pruned plants this increase in A was observed for 6 weeks, but in 70%-pruned plants it was still evident at the end of the experiment. While leaf conductance (g) increased considerably following pruning, stomatal limitation was unaffected, indicating that the most important changes in conductance of CO₂ were in the mesophyll. Both carboxylation efficiency (C _e ) and RuBP regeneration capacity (V _j ) increased following pruning. The magnitude and duration of changes increased with pruning severity. There was evidence that A was primarily limited by V _j , although in 70%-pruned plants C _e may have been the main limitation early in the experiment. The response of A to low p(O₂) indicated that A was not limited by rates of triose phosphate utilisation (TPU), and that, at more severe pruning levels, rates of TPU may have increased in the short term. Apparent quantim yield was unaffected by pruning, suggesting no change in the production or consumption of ATP or NADPH₂. There was a negative linear relationship between A and the ratio of leaf area to above-ground dry mass, and a positive linear relationship between A and specific leaf area. Both suggested a link between rates of assimilation of the level of source limitation. The capacity of E. nitens to regulate photosynthesis in response to pruning increases the potential for maintaining a balance between assimilation and utilisation of carbon, thereby mimimising the impact of pruning on growth. However there will be a level of source limitation at which photosynthesis is limited by the rate of one or more biochemical reactions, and above which complete compensation is not possible. At such levels growth will usually be affected. In this experiment diameter growth was slightly reduced by 50%-pruning, but both height and diameter increment were substantially reduced by 70%-pruning. Received: 20 August 1997 / Accepted: 4 December 1997     

Computational analysis of the oscillatory dynamics in the processes of CO₂ assimilation and photorespiration

The computational analysis of the model system consisting of the processes of CO₂ assimilation and photorespiration shows the appearance of sustained oscillations in the system which might reflect their presence in photosynthesizing cells. Concentrations of CO₂ and O₂ oscillate in opposite phases causing Rubisco switching continuously between the carboxylase (CO₂ assimilation) and the oxygenase (photorespiration) reactions. The results of modeling are consistent with carbon isotopic and other observed data. They show that the oscillation period varies from about 1 s to 3 s depending on the values of parameters taken. Too high concentrations of O₂ suppress the oscillations.     

A comparison between the coupled spectrophotometric and uncoupled radiometric assays for RuBP carboxylase

The coupled spectrophotometric assay for RuBP carboxylase was compared with the conventional radiometric assay to assess the validity of its use in the measurement of initial and total activities in crude leaf extracts. At high magnesium concentrations both assays gave the same absolute values of initial and total activities, and resolved similarly the changes of total activity and activation state (ratio of initial to total activity) which occurred when the water status and light environment of leaves was altered prior to sampling. Although the magnesium concentration supporting the maximum rate of initial activity in soybean extracts was similar in the two assays, substantial differences of initial activity were observed at sub-optimal concentrations of magnesium. At low magnesium concentrations reaction rates in the spectrophotometric assay exhibited an initial phase of non-linearity which subsequently gave way to a linear rate. In contrast, reaction rates at low magnesium were linear from the time of initiation in the radiometric assay. Inclusion of EDTA in the reaction medium did, however, induce non-linear rates in the radiometric assay. The pre-addition of RUBP to extract immediately prior to dilution into the reaction medium did not eliminate the non-linearity in either assay system. The significance of these observations is discussed briefly in relation to the use of the spectrophotometric assay.     

水稻叶片生育过程中RubisCO活性与光合、光呼吸的关系

水稻生育过程中,ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶活性与光合速率、ＲｕＢＰ加氧酶活性与光呼吸速率、ＲｕＢＰ羧化酶活性与加氢酶活性以及光合速率与光呼吸速率之间是相关的。籼型品种与粳型品种间酶活性的高低及光合、光呼吸速率的高低基本一致,籼型三系杂交稻（Ｆ１）无明显的光合优势。酶的羧化活性的高低只在一定范围内与光合速率的高低平行。在正常生育条件下,酶蛋白的数量不是水稻光合速率的限制因子。     

BSD2 is a Rubisco‐specific assembly chaperone,forms intermediary hetero‐oligomeric complexes,and is nonlimiting to growth in tobacco

The folding and assembly of Rubisco large and small subunits into L₈S₈ holoenzyme in chloroplasts involves many auxiliary factors, including the chaperone BSD2. Here we identify apparent intermediary Rubisco‐BSD2 assembly complexes in the model C₃ plant tobacco. We show BSD2 and Rubisco content decrease in tandem with leaf age with approximately half of the BSD2 in young leaves (~70 nmol BSD2 protomer.m²) stably integrated in putative intermediary Rubisco complexes that account for <0.2% of the L₈S₈ pool. RNAi‐silencing BSD2 production in transplastomic tobacco producing bacterial L₂ Rubisco had no effect on leaf photosynthesis, cell ultrastructure, or plant growth. Genetic crossing the same RNAi‐bsd2 alleles into wild‐type tobacco however impaired L₈S₈ Rubisco production and plant growth, indicating the only critical function of BSD2 is in Rubisco biogenesis. Agrobacterium mediated transient expression of tobacco, Arabidopsis, or maize BSD2 reinstated Rubisco biogenesis in BSD2‐silenced tobacco. Overexpressing BSD2 in tobacco chloroplasts however did not alter Rubisco content, activation status, leaf photosynthesis rate, or plant growth in the field or in the glasshouse at 20°C or 35°C. Our findings indicate BSD2 functions exclusively in Rubisco biogenesis, can efficiently facilitate heterologous plant Rubisco assembly, and is produced in amounts nonlimiting to tobacco growth.     

Regulation of RuBP carboxylase activity associated with photo-inhibition of wheat

Detached wheat leaves were illuminated in air until a steady rate of photosynthesis was established. Then the gas was changed to 1% O₂, 99% N₂ and after 2.5 h further illumination the capacity of the leaves for photosynthesis in air was decreased to approximately 50%. Measurement of RuBP carboxylase activity in extracts showed that inhibition of photosynthesis was accompanied by 70% inactivation of this enzyme. The capacity for photosynthesis and the activity of RuBP carboxylase were recovered when leaves were returned to normal air. Extracts of the leaves made when photosynthesis and carboxylase activity were low, recovered most of the lost carboxylase activity when supplemented with bicarbonate and magnesium ions. The time courses for activation and inactivation of the RuBP carboxylase in these experiments suggests the operation of a mechanism that has not yet been elucidated.     

植物种群更新限制——从种子生产到幼树建成

更新限制是指种子由于各种原因,不能够萌发并生长成幼树。它作为解释生物多样性的理论,一直受到国内外群落生态学家关注。从种源限制、传播限制和建成限制3个角度,对更新限制机制研究进展进行了综述。从种源限制而言,时空因素是影响植物种群更新限制的重要因素,因为植物结实量存在明显时空变化,造成植物更新个体出现明显的时空规律。从传播限制而言,传播数量、距离和食果动物行为均限制植物种群更新。数量上,缺乏有限传播者势必减少传播数量,但如果种子拥有较高质量,则能逃脱数量限制;距离上,植物更新个体显示出明显的Janzen-Connell格局,但传播距离趋向稳定,形成植物种群的进化稳定对策;食果动物行为上,不同传播者对更新贡献存在差异,捕食者直接降低更新,融入两类动物行为的模型更能反映食果动物对更新的限制。从建成限制而言,环境因子制约植物生长。小尺度下,微生境的好坏对于植物幼苗建成至关重要;大尺度下,植物提供较好的广告效应则能摆脱生境限制。将传播者行为、捕食者行为与幼苗的空间分布格局、种子传播机理模型等结合,建立植物更新限制机理模型应是更新限制未来的研究热点。选择稀有种和古老种为主题的长期更新限制研究,为种群恢复提供指导,也是未来重要研究方向。