PPAR家族及其与代谢综合征的关系

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors,PPARs)是配体激活的转录因子核受体超家族成员之一。目前已知有三种亚型：PPARα、-β／δ和-γ。它们在脂肪生成、脂质代谢、胰岛素敏感性、炎症和血压调节中起着关键作用,因而近年来倍受关注。越来越多的研究表明,PPARs与代谢综合征,包括胰岛素抵抗、糖耐量受损、2型糖尿病、肥胖、高脂血症、高血压病、动脉粥样硬化和蛋白尿之间存在因果关系。重要的是,PPARα的激动剂如贝丁酸类降脂药(Fibrate)和PPARγ的激动剂如噻唑烷二酮(Thiazolidinedione,TZD)均已被证实有改善代谢综合征的作用。此外,三种PPAR亚型在2型糖尿病及糖尿病肾病的发展中均有重要作用。不断增加的证据提示,PPARs有可能成为代谢综合征及其相关并发症的潜在治疗靶点。本文将就PPARs的生物学活性、配体选择性和生理学功能作一综述,并对其在代谢综合征发病机制中的作用和PPAR配体对2型糖尿病的治疗效用进行重点讨论。     

PPAR基因与脂肪代谢调控

过氧化物酶体增值剂激活受体(PPARs)基因属于类固醇/甲状腺/维甲酸受体超家族,有3个亚型,即：PPAR-α、PPAR-β和PPAR-γ。PPARs具有多种生物学功能,如增强机体对胰岛素敏感性,调节体内糖平衡等,尤其在脂肪分化、生成等多方面起到重要作用,是目前的研究热点,文章从PPARs基因的结构,表达及功能等方面讨论了其与脂肪代谢调控的关系。     

脂质过氧化物体增殖物激活受体研究概况

脂质过氧化物体增殖物激活受体(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors,PPARs)家族由PPARα、PPARβ／δ和PPARγ三种核受体组成。PPARs是配体调节的转录因子,与另外一种核受体视黄醛衍生物X受体(RXR)形成异二聚体,结合到靶基因启动子区的特异反应元件(PPRE)上,从而发挥重要的调节基因表达的作用。现在已知有多种天然及合成的PPARs配体,其中,合成药物fibrates(PPARα配体)及thiazolidinediones(PPARγ配体)分别能有效地治疗血脂异常及2型糖尿病。利用这些配体对PPARs进行研究,揭示了PPARs在脂肪形成、脂质代谢、糖稳态、胰岛素敏感性、细胞生长及分化、动脉粥样硬化、炎症及肿瘤等多种生理及病理生理过程中的重要作用。本文对PPARs的结构、组织分布、主要配体,以及它们在健康和疾病状态下的作用进行综述。     

PPAR-δ在动脉粥样硬化中的作用

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPARs)是一类配体依赖的核受体超家族转录因子,包括α、β/δ和γ三种亚型.近年研究表明:PPAR-δ不仅在调节细胞生长、分化及组织损伤、修复过程中起重要作用,还参与脂质代谢、转运及胰岛素信号,并具有重要的血管生物学效应.因此,PPAR-δ可能成为代谢综合征及动脉粥样硬化病的潜在治疗靶点.     

封面说明

<正>"胎儿代谢编程假说"认为生命早期包括孕期和(或)哺乳期营养不良对子代有长远影响,能显著增加成年期患代谢性疾病如肥胖、糖尿病、心血管疾病的风险。过氧化物酶增殖物激活受体(PPARs)是核受体超家族成员之一,其中PPARy被认为是肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、糖尿病、代谢综合征等疾病防治的重要靶点。而是否会在生命早期就出现     

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体与动脉粥样硬化

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体 (peroxisomeproliferator activatedreceptors ,PPARs)是核受体超家族中的一类配体依赖的核转录因子 ,包括α、β/δ和γ三种亚型 ,在脂肪细胞分化、能量代谢和炎症过程中都发挥重要的作用。最近的研究显示 ,PPARs的活化不仅可以改善包括糖尿病、高血压和肥胖等在内的胰岛素抵抗综合征 ,而且还直接作用于血管壁 ,从而减缓动脉粥样硬化的进程。本综述将就PPARs的结构、功能、与动脉粥样硬化发病机制和治疗相关的最新研究进展进行简要介绍。     

脂质过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体在心脏生理与病理中的作用

心肌能量代谢状况是其结构与功能的重要决定因素,调节能量代谢是心脏疾病的有效疗法之一.脂质过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPARs)是一组具有复杂功能的核受体超家族成员,与脂肪形成、糖脂代谢、炎症及肿瘤发生等多种生物过程有关.PPARs可通过调控编码脂肪酸与糖类氧化相关酶的基因转录而调节心肌代谢,在心脏多种疾病病理过程中其表达与活性均有明显变化,因此已被作为心脏病的治疗靶点之一.本文对PPARs在心脏生理与病理中的作用进行简要介绍.     

替米沙坦对非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠肝组织PPARs及脂联素受体2表达的影响

目的探讨替米沙坦对非酒精性脂肪肝大鼠肝组织PPARs及脂联素受体2表达的影响。方法 40只雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组(NC,n=15)、高脂对照组(FC,n=15)、高脂+替米沙坦干预组(FT,n=10)。NC组给予普通饲料,FC和FT组予高脂饲料喂养。12周末时随机取NC组和FC组各5只做正葡萄糖高胰岛素嵌夹实验和肝组织HE染色,确定造模成功后,FT组给予替米沙坦5 mg/(kg·d)灌胃,NC和FC组以等容量生理盐水灌胃,共4周。16周时应用高胰岛素正葡萄糖嵌夹实验技术稳态葡萄糖输注速率测定胰岛素敏感性,检测血清转氨酶、血脂及空腹血糖水平;应用逆转录聚合酶链反应法测定肝组织中过氧化物本酶体增殖活化受体(PPARs)、脂联素受体2(AdipoR2)和血管紧张素II 1型受体(AT1R)的表达。结果与NC组相比,FC组肝组织PPARα、PPARγ、AdipoR2 mRNA表达显著下降(P0.01),AT1R mRNA表达较NC组升高(P0.01);FT组PPARα、PPARγ、AdipoR2 mRNA表达较FC组升高(P0.01);FT组血清转氨酶、血脂及空腹血糖水平较FC组改善。结论替米沙坦能降低NASH大鼠的体重和肝指数,调节糖脂代谢并改善胰岛素抵抗状态,对NASH大鼠肝脏具有保护作用。     

胰岛素抵抗与糖尿病脑病

胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)指胰岛素分泌量在正常水平时刺激靶细胞对葡萄糖的利用率减弱,或维持正常生理效应时需超常量的胰岛素,其主要机制是胰岛素信号通路敏感性下降。糖尿病脑病(diabetic encephalopathy,DE)是由糖尿病引起的认知功能障碍和大脑神经生理及结构的改变,目前认为胰岛素抵抗在糖尿病脑病的发生发展中起重要作用,本文从IR与DE的关系以及IR在DE中的主要作用机制作一综述.     

内蒙古地区汉族多囊卵巢综合征患者临床特征研究

目的:分析总结多囊卵巢综合(Polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS)合并不育患者的临床及内分泌代谢特征,为PCOS的临床诊治提供依据.方法:回顾性分析120例PCOS患者(其中肥胖型73例,非肥胖型47例)的临床特征及内分泌、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)等检查指标.用稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、稳态模型胰岛素分泌指数(HOMA-IS)、空腹胰岛素敏感指数(ISI)评估胰岛素敏感性.结果:两组患者睾酮(T)、黄体生成素(LH)、卵泡刺激素(FSH)、LH/FSH无显著差别.肥胖组的FPG和FINS水平明显高于非肥胖组.两组胰岛素抵抗(IR)发生率分别为86.30%和51.06%.肥胖组的IR、ISI均明显高于非肥胖组.结论:PCOS患者肥胖发生率较高,肥胖型PCOS患者较非肥胖型患者存在更严重的代谢紊乱.减重、改善IR不仅可以改善PCOS不育情况,更是预防2型糖尿病、心血管疾病等远期并发症的关键.     

Monitoring Solution Structures of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor β/δ upon Ligand Binding

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have been intensively studied as drug targets to treat type 2 diabetes, lipid disorders, and metabolic syndrome. This study is part of our ongoing efforts to map conformational changes in PPARs in solution by a combination of chemical cross-linking and mass spectrometry (MS). To our best knowledge, we performed the first studies addressing solution structures of full-length PPAR-β/δ. We monitored the conformations of the ligand-binding domain (LBD) as well as full-length PPAR-β/δ upon binding of two agonists. (Photo-) cross-linking relied on (i) a variety of externally introduced amine- and carboxyl-reactive linkers and (ii) the incorporation of the photo-reactive amino acid p-benzoylphenylalanine (Bpa) into PPAR-β/δ by genetic engineering. The distances derived from cross-linking experiments allowed us to monitor conformational changes in PPAR-β/δ upon ligand binding. The cross-linking/MS approach proved highly advantageous to study nuclear receptors, such as PPARs, and revealed the interplay between DBD (DNA-binding domain) and LDB in PPAR-β/δ. Our results indicate the stabilization of a specific conformation through ligand binding in PPAR-β/δ LBD as well as full-length PPAR-β/δ. Moreover, our results suggest a close distance between the N- and C-terminal regions of full-length PPAR-β/δ in the presence of GW1516. Chemical cross-linking/MS allowed us gaining detailed insights into conformational changes that are induced in PPARs when activating ligands are present. Thus, cross-linking/MS should be added to the arsenal of structural methods available for studying nuclear receptors.     

Manganese Treatment Modulates the Expression of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptors in Astrocytoma and Neuroblastoma Cells

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play roles in neural cells by regulating energy balance, cell proliferation and anti-oxidant responses although the molecular mechanisms underlying such roles are unclear. Chronic exposure to excess manganese (Mn) leads to neurotoxicity, although Mn-induced neurotoxic mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized Mn neurotoxicity differentially alters the expression of PPARs. We investigated the effects of manganese chloride treatment (0.01–4 mM) on protein expression of PPAR isoforms (α, β, and γ) in human astrocytoma (U87) and neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cells. The two cell types expressed the 3 PPAR isoforms differentially: their expression of the PPARs was altered by Mn-treatment. Furthermore, nuclear and cytosolic fractions derived from the 2 cell types, with and without Mn-treatment, exhibited marked differences in the protein content of PPARs. Our results constitute the first demonstration that the PPAR signaling pathway may assume pathophysiological importance in Mn neurotoxicity.     

Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor isoforms in the rat uterus during early pregnancy

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play an important role in different compartments of the female reproductive system in rodents and humans. However, expressional profiles and physiological functions of PPARs in the endometrium prior to the placentation are not well understood. In this study, we determined expressional profiles of the PPARs during early pregnancy. Immunocytochemistry revealed that both PPARα and PPARβ/δ were strongly detected in the endometrial stroma on days 4.5–6.5 of pregnancy, which is just a starting time of implantation. Delayed implantation animal model showed that the expressions of PPARα and PPARβ/δ occurred after the initiation of implantation in the endometrial stroma. Moreover, an in vitro decidualization model further revealed that the expression of PPARα increased in the cultured rat endometrial stromal cells at 24 h after the decidualization treatment, but the expression of PPARβ/δ was delayed and increased at 48 h after the treatment. PPARγ was expressed in the endometrial stroma and its expression decreased significantly at 2.5 days post-coitum and maintained a low level of expression during the period of implantation. These results indicate that PPARα is expressed and induced by the initiation of implantation, prior to the expression of PPARβ/δ in decidualized endometrium. Increasing expression of PPARγ during fertilization and its decline during the period of implantation further suggest that PPARs may play important roles during early pregnancy.     

过氧化物酶体增长因子活化受体（PPARs）与microRNAs

在细胞中,过氧化物酶体增长因子活化受体（PPARs）和microRNAs相互制约和调控从而影响相关细胞、组织和器官的功能,在脂肪细胞分化与代谢、炎症、癌症和心血管疾病等生理和病理过程中发挥重要作用.本文首先简要总结了PPARs发挥作用的分子机制;并分别以PPARs家族每一个成员（PPARα、PPARβ和PPARγ）为对象,分析了PPARs调控下的microRNAs表达及功能,探讨了microRNAs调控下的PPARs表达活性变化,并归纳了PPARs与microRNAs之间的调控关系;最后对PPARs相关microRNAs的应用前景进行了简单探讨.研究PPARs与microRNAs间的网络调控关系,可以为PPARs与microRNAs在理论和实践中的深入研究和应用提供参考.     

Docosahexaenoic acid suppresses the activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in a colon tumor cell line

Fatty acids are generally considered as agonists for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Fatty acids have been shown to bind to and transactivate PPARs; it is not known whether fatty acids act as generalized agonists for PPARs in different cell types, and thus, stimulate the expression of PPAR-regulated target genes. Here, we investigated the potency of unsaturated fatty acids on transactivation of PPRE, DNA-binding activity of PPARs, and the expression of a PPAR-regulated gene product, CD36. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) suppressed the basal and PPAR agonist-induced transactivation of PPRE, and DNA binding of PPARs in colon tumor cells (HCT116). The suppression of PPAR transactivation by DHA leads to reduced expression of CD36 in HCT116 cells and human monocytic cells (THP-1) as determined by promoter reporter gene assay and flow cytometric analysis. Our results demonstrate that DHA and other unsaturated fatty acids act as antagonists instead of agonists for transactivation of PPRE and PPAR-regulated gene expression in the cell lines tested. These results suggest that PPAR-mediated gene expression and cellular responses can be dynamically modulated by different types of dietary fatty acids consumed.