抑制PI3K信号通路促进TRAIL诱导人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡

肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand,TRAIL)对癌细胞有独特的细胞毒性作用,而对正常细胞没有影响.但乳腺癌细胞耐受TRAIL诱导凋亡.本研究探索磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K)信号通路对人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞耐受TRAIL的影响.采用MTT法、显微照相以及DAPI染色观察TRAIL对MCF-7细胞生长的抑制作用以及诱导细胞凋亡状况;流式细胞分析细胞凋亡的情况;激光共聚焦显微镜观察多聚ADP核糖多聚酶-1(poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1,PARP-1)的迁移和定位;Western印迹分析死亡受体、caspase-3/8、磷酸化的AKT[pAKT(Ser473)]、Src和PARP-1等蛋白质表达.结果显示,小剂量TRAIL(80 nmol/L)和Ly294002(40μmol/L)对MCF-7细胞生长没有显著的抑制作用,但是大剂量TRAIL(160 nmol/L)和Ly294002(80μmol/L)则能抑制MCF-7细胞生长;低剂量Ly294002协同TRAIL抑制MCF-7细胞生长,并诱导细胞凋亡;Ly294002和TRAIL共同作用能促进PARP-1从胞浆进入细胞核;蛋白质表达分析显示,MCF-7细胞均表达死亡受体DR4、DR5、诱骗受体DcR1和DcR2、以及caspase-8,但是不表达caspase-3;Ly294002和TRAIL共同作用也能抑制pAKT(Ser473)和Src的表达,并且导致PARP-1断裂.本研究结果提示,抑制PI3K信号可增加MCF-7细胞对TRAIL诱导的敏感性;MCF-7细胞通过PI3K/AKT途径促进Src的表达耐受TRAIL的细胞毒性作用;Ly294002联合TRAIL是一种新的药物组合方式治疗乳腺癌.     

脱氧核酶抑制Akt1基因对MCF-7乳腺癌细胞生长的影响

目的应用脱氧核酶抑制Akt1的表达,观察MCF-7乳腺癌细胞生长及凋亡情况。方法采用噻唑蓝比色法（MTT）检测脱氧核酶抑制MCF-7乳腺癌细胞增殖作用;DAPI染色法分析细胞凋亡形态学的变化;流式细胞术检测脱氧核酶对MCF-7乳腺癌细胞凋亡的影响;运用蛋白免疫印迹检测分析Akt1、pro—caspase-3、pro-caspase-9的变化。结果Aktl脱氧核酶对MCF-7乳腺癌细胞在体外的生长具有抑制作用;DRz1组的细胞早期凋亡率显著高于未处理组;荧光显微镜下可见典型的凋亡形态学变化;脱氧核酶作用后,免疫印迹检测Aktl蛋白表达降低,pro—caspase-3、9均被活化。结论AktlDRzl能有效下调MCF-7乳腺癌细胞Akt1的蛋白表达水平,抑制MCF-7细胞的生长,且凋亡途径可能依赖于caspase-3、9的相关的线粒体凋亡途径。     

抑制c-FLIP基因促进TRAIL诱导的乳腺癌细胞凋亡

目的：探讨抑制c-FLIP的表达对TRAIL诱导乳腺癌细胞MCF-7凋亡的影响。方法：重组腺病毒Ad-c-FLIP-siRNA和Ad-sTRAIL单独及联合感染对TRAIL耐药的乳腺癌细胞MCF-7,应用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应（Real-time PCR）检测病毒感染后各组细胞内c-FLIP和TRAIL的mRNA表达变化;MTT法和结晶紫染色法检测MCF-7细胞活性,Hoechst 33258荧光染色检测各组细胞的凋亡情况。结果：与阴性对照组比较,c-FLIP-siRNA组和c-FLIP-siRNA＋TRAIL组c-FLIP的mRNA相对表达量分别是（0.32±0.16）和（0.39±0.48）倍;TRAIL组和c-FLIP-siRNA＋TRAIL组TRAIL的mRNA相对表达量分别是（96.21±1.54）和（87.33±1.66）倍;TRAIL组、c-FLIP-siRNA组及c-FLIP-siRNA＋TRAIL组的抑制率（%）分别为（60.27±1.25）、（11.34±1.74）及（74.91±2.12）。对比阴性对照组的凋亡率（3.12±1.54）,TRAIL组（12.79±2.46）和c-FLIP-siRNA＋TRAIL组（25.50±3.17）组的凋亡率明显增高（P〈0.05）,c-FLIP-siRNA组（6.85±2.82）的凋亡率变化不明显,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：siRNA抑制c-FLIP基因的表达能显著促进TRAIL对乳腺癌细胞MCF-7凋亡的诱导作用。     

bFGF对乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7细胞增殖与凋亡的影响

目的观察碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（bFGF）对体外培养人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞增殖和凋亡的影响,初步探讨bFGF作用机制。方法在饥饿培养的MCF-7细胞中加入bFGF和PD98059处理,以MTT法、吖啶橙染色及流式细胞术观察细胞生长与凋亡情况;并用Western blot检测caspase-3蛋白含量。结果对照组细胞形态发生改变：核质固缩、有凋亡小体形成;细胞凋亡率较高;Western blot分析表明,caspase-3蛋白明显表达。bFGF处理后,细胞变饱满,凋亡现象减少;细胞增殖比明显增加;与对照组相比凋亡细胞比例下降,并诱导细胞进入S期;随着bFGF浓度增加,caspase-3蛋白表达水平降低,在一定范围内呈剂量依赖性。加入PD98059可抑制bFGF的这些作用。结论bFGF可以促进细胞增殖,加速人乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7细胞的细胞周期进程,抵抗无血清饥饿诱导的凋亡,其作用部分可能是通过Ras-Raf-ERK1/2途径介导的。     

SmacN7诱导乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-157凋亡的作用及其机制*

目的:探讨SmacN7对乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-157凋亡的作用及机制。方法:将0-20 μmol/L的SmacN7应用于乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-157,用MTS法检测细胞增殖活性,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡、细胞周期,hoechst33342染色观察细胞核型变化,JC-1染色检测线粒体膜电位,LDH释放实验检测药物细胞毒性,qPCR检测各基因转录水平,并通过抑瘤实验证实该药抑制乳腺癌增殖的作用。结果:应用SmacN7后,乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-157增殖抑制率和细胞凋亡率均增加(P＜0.01),核型发生显著变化,细胞线粒体膜电位降低,LDH释放量增加,并上调TRAIL、DR4、DR5、p53、PARP-1、Bax、Bid、BAK、caspase-3、caspase-8、caspase-9基因的转录水平(P＜0.01),下调 Ras、PI3K、AKT、mTOR、Bcl2、Bcl-xL、MCL-1、Survivin、cIAP-1、cIAP-2基因的转录水平(P＜0.01)。结论:SmacN7可通过TRAIL介导的死亡受体途径和线粒体介导的内源性凋亡途径诱导乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-157凋亡,发挥抗乳腺癌的作用。     

抑制survivin表达对软骨多糖诱导乳腺癌细胞凋亡的增敏作用

目的:研究靶向抑制survivin表达对软骨多糖诱导乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡的影响.方法:将survivin-siRNA转染乳腺癌MCF-7细胞.用定量PCR和Western-blotting检测转染后细胞内survivin基因表达水平,流式细胞仪和Hochest染色检测细胞凋亡的改变.结果:软骨多糖可抑制MCF-7细胞的生长,其生长抑制率与药物浓度和作用时间呈依赖关系;软骨多糖作用MCF-7细胞后,survivin表达降低;转染survivin-siRNA能促进软骨多糖诱导MCF-7细胞凋亡.结论:靶向抑制survivin表达对软骨多糖诱导乳腺癌细胞凋亡具有增敏作用.     

抑制c-FLIP基因促进TRAIL诱导的乳腺癌细胞凋亡(英文)

目的:探讨抑制c-FLIP的表达对TRAIL诱导乳腺癌细胞MCF-7凋亡的影响。方法:重组腺病毒Ad-c-FLIP-siRNA和Ad-sTRAIL单独及联合感染对TRAIL耐药的乳腺癌细胞MCF-7,应用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(Real-time PCR)检测病毒感染后各组细胞内c-FLIP和TRAIL的mRNA表达变化;MTT法和结晶紫染色法检测MCF-7细胞活性,Hoechst 33258荧光染色检测各组细胞的凋亡情况。结果:与阴性对照组比较,c-FLIP-siRNA组和c-FLIP-siRNA+TRAIL组c-FLIP的mRNA相对表达量分别是(0.32±0.16)和(0.39±0.48)倍;TRAIL组和c-FLIP-siRNA+TRAIL组TRAIL的mRNA相对表达量分别是(96.21±1.54)和(87.33±1.66)倍;TRAIL组、c-FLIP-siRNA组及c-FLIP-siRNA+TRAIL组的抑制率(%)分别为(60.27±1.25)、(11.34±1.74)及(74.91±2.12)。对比阴性对照组的凋亡率(3.12±1.54),TRAIL组(12.79±2.46)和c-FLIP-siRNA+TRAIL组(25.50±3.17)组的凋亡率明显增高(P0.05),c-FLIP-siRNA组(6.85±2.82)的凋亡率变化不明显,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:siRNA抑制c-FLIP基因的表达能显著促进TRAIL对乳腺癌细胞MCF-7凋亡的诱导作用。     

二烯丙基二硫诱导人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡及机制的研究

目的:研究二烯丙基二硫(DADS)诱导人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞凋亡及其分子机制。方法:AO／EB荧光染色法、流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率;Western blot法检测DADS对caspase-3剪切片断的影响,及对MAPKs通路相关蛋白,包括p-JNK、JNK表达的影响。结果:DADS对乳腺癌细胞株MCF-7生长具有明显的抑制作用,经AO／EB形态变化分析,可见明显的细胞凋亡特征;DADS处理MCF-7细胞6、12、24、48 h,流式细胞仪检测细胞的凋亡率分别为3．74％、9．22％、20.2％、42％,而对照组细胞的凋亡率仅为3．03％(P<0．05);不同浓度的DADS作用于MCF-7细胞24 h后,Western blot法检测发现caspase-3出现断裂片断,并随着浓度的增加断裂更明显。进一步研究发现,DADS处理MCF-7细胞后,JNK磷酸化水平明显升高。结论:DADS能诱导乳腺癌细胞株MCF-7细胞凋亡,JNK信号通路抑制可能是DADS诱导其调亡的分子机制之一。     

胃癌细胞TRAIL受体的表达与其对TRAIL敏感性的关系

目的:探讨胃癌细胞表面TRAIL受体表达水平及其与TRAIL敏感性的关系.方法:PI染色、流式细胞仪检测TRAIL诱导BGC-823及SGC-7901细胞的凋亡率,流式细胞仪检测细胞膜表面四种TRAIL受体-R1、R2、R3、R4的表达情况.结果:TRAIL诱导胃癌细胞凋亡具有剂量和时间依赖性,BGC-823较SGC-7901对TRAIL诱导的凋亡更敏感,TRAIL(100μg·L-1)作用24h的细胞凋亡率分别是59.9%、24.3%.死亡受体TRAIL-R1/DR4、TRAIL-R2/DR5在BGC-823细胞膜表面表达的阳性率高达97.87%和99.42%,而在SGC-7901分别为7.03%和95-31%,诱骗受体TRAIL-R3/DcR1、TRAIL-R4/DcR2在两株细胞膜表面极少表达.结论:胃癌细胞对TRAIL诱导凋亡的敏感性差异可能与细胞膜表面死亡受体有关,尤其与DR4的表达有关.     

紫丁香苷调控PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路诱导乳腺癌细胞凋亡的研究

目的 研究紫丁香苷的抗乳腺癌作用及分子机制，为紫丁香苷的临床应用提供理论依据。方法 MTT检测紫丁香苷对乳腺癌细胞增殖的抑制作用；台盼蓝、TUNEL和Annexin V-FITC/PI染色检测细胞的凋亡状况，Western bolt检测Caspase-3的活化情况，判断细胞凋亡是否发生；检测凋亡相关蛋白B淋巴细胞瘤2（Bcl-2）的表达，结合JC-1染色探讨紫丁香苷对线粒体凋亡途径的影响；运用PI3K激动剂Recilisib做对比，qRT-PCR和Western bolt检测紫丁香苷调控PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路诱导癌细胞凋亡的作用。结果 紫丁香苷对乳腺癌细胞的增殖具有时间和剂量依赖的抑制作用，能诱导癌细胞发生凋亡。进一步研究发现，紫丁香苷处理后，细胞内Caspase-3被激活，Bcl-2表达下降，线粒体膜电位明显丧失，PI3K、Akt和mTOR的mRNA与蛋白质水平表达无明显变化，但蛋白质磷酸化水平明显下降；Recilisib处理后部分抵消了紫丁香苷对乳腺癌细胞凋亡的作用。结论 紫丁香苷对乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231和MCF-7具有良好的抑制作用，其通过抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路的活化来抑制细胞增殖并诱导细胞发生线粒体途径的凋亡。紫丁香苷是具有开发潜力的抗乳腺癌药物。     

Receptor-selective mutants of apoptosis-inducing ligand 2/tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand reveal a greater contribution of death receptor (DR) 5 than DR4 to apoptosis signaling

Apoptosis-inducing ligand 2 (Apo2L), also called tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), triggers programmed cell death in various types of cancer cells but not in most normal cells. Apo2L/TRAIL is a homotrimeric protein that interacts with five receptors: death receptor 4 (DR4) and DR5 mediate apoptosis activation, whereas decoy receptor 1 (DcR1), DcR2, and osteoprotegerin counteract this function. Many cancer cell lines express both DR4 and DR5, and each of these receptors can initiate apoptosis independently of the other. However, the relative contribution of DR4 and DR5 to ligand-induced apoptosis is unknown. To investigate this question, we generated death receptor-selective Apo2L/TRAIL variants using a novel approach that enables phage display of mutated trimeric proteins. Selective binding to DR4 or DR5 was achieved with three to six-ligand amino acid substitutions. The DR4-selective Apo2L/TRAIL variants examined in this study showed a markedly reduced ability to trigger apoptosis, whereas the DR5-selective variants had minimally decreased or slightly increased apoptosis-inducing activity. These results suggest that DR5 may contribute more than DR4 to Apo2L/TRAIL-induced apoptosis in cancer cells that express both death receptors.     

DR4-selective tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) variants obtained by structure-based design

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a potential anticancer agent that selectively induces apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells by interacting with death receptors DR4 and DR5. TRAIL can also bind to decoy receptors (DcR1, DcR2, and osteoprotegerin receptor) that cannot induce apoptosis. Different tumor types respond either to DR4 or to DR5 activation, and chemotherapeutic drugs can increase the expression of DR4 or DR5 in cancer cells. Thus, DR4 or DR5 receptor-specific TRAIL variants would permit new and tumor-selective therapies. Previous success in generating a DR5-selective TRAIL mutant using computer-assisted protein design prompted us to make a DR4-selective TRAIL variant. Technically, the design of DR4 receptor-selective TRAIL variants is considerably more challenging compared with DR5 receptor-selective variants, because of the lack of a crystal structure of the TRAIL-DR4 complex. A single amino acid substitution of Asp at residue position 218 of TRAIL to His or Tyr was predicted to have a favorable effect on DR4 binding specificity. Surface plasmon resonance-based receptor binding tests showed a lowered DR5 affinity in concert with increased DR4 specificity for the designed variants, D218H and D218Y. Binding to DcR1, DcR2, and osteoprotegerin was also decreased. Cell line assays confirmed that the variants could not induce apoptosis in DR5-responsive Jurkat and A2780 cells but were able to induce apoptosis in DR4-responsive EM-2 and ML-1 cells.     

Generation of new TRAIL mutants DR5-A and DR5-B with improved selectivity to death receptor 5

TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor (TNF) related apoptosis-inducing ligand) has been introduced as an extrinsic pathway inducer of apoptosis that does not have the toxicities of Fas and TNF. However, the therapeutic potential of TRAIL is limited because of many primary tumor cells are resistant to TRAIL. Despite intensive investigations, little is known in regards to the mechanisms underlying TRAIL selectivity and efficiency. A major reason likely lies in the complexity of the interaction of TRAIL with its five receptors, of which only two DR4 and DR5 are death receptors. Binding of TRAIL with decoy receptors DcR1 and DcR2 or soluble receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) fail to induce apoptosis. Here we describe design and expression in Escherichia coli of DR5-selective TRAIL variants DR5-A and DR5-B. The measurements of dissociation constants of these mutants with all five receptors show that they practically do not interact with DR4 and DcR1 and have highly reduced affinity to DcR2 and OPG receptors. These mutants are more effective than wild type TRAIL in induction of apoptosis in different cancer cell lines. In combination with the drugs targeted to cytoskeleton (taxol, cytochalasin D) the mutants of TRAIL induced apoptosis in resistant Hela cells overexpressing Bcl-2. The novel highly selective and effective DR5-A and DR5-B TRAIL variants will be useful in studies on the role of different receptors in TRAIL-induced apoptosis in sensitive and resistant cell lines. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Plasminogen activator urokinase expression reveals TRAIL responsiveness and supports fractional survival of cancer cells

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL/TNFSF10/Apo2L) holds promise for cancer therapy as it induces apoptosis in a large variety of cancer cells while exerting negligible toxicity in normal ones. However, TRAIL can also induce proliferative and migratory signaling in cancer cells resistant to apoptosis induced by this cytokine. In that regard, the molecular mechanisms underlying the tumor selectivity of TRAIL and those balancing apoptosis versus survival remain largely elusive. We show here that high mRNA levels of PLAU, which encodes urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), are characteristic of cancer cells with functional TRAIL signaling. Notably, decreasing uPA levels sensitized cancer cells to TRAIL, leading to markedly increased apoptosis. Mechanistic analyses revealed three molecular events taking place in uPA-depleted cells: reduced basal ERK1/2 prosurvival signaling, decreased preligand decoy receptor 2 (DcR2)-death receptor 5 (DR5) interaction and attenuated recruitment of DcR2 to the death-inducing signaling complex upon TRAIL challenge. These phenomena were accompanied by increased FADD and procaspase-8 recruitment and processing, thus guiding cells toward a caspase-dependent cell death that is largely independent of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Collectively, our results unveil PLAU mRNA levels as marker for the identification of TRAIL-responsive tumor cells and highlight a key role of uPA signaling in ‘apoptosis versus survival'' decision-making processes upon TRAIL challenge.     

Differential inhibition of TRAIL-mediated DR5-DISC formation by decoy receptors 1 and 2

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF family that induces cancer cell death by apoptosis with some selectivity. TRAIL-induced apoptosis is mediated by the transmembrane receptors death receptor 4 (DR4) (also known as TRAIL-R1) and DR5 (TRAIL-R2). TRAIL can also bind decoy receptor 1 (DcR1) (TRAIL-R3) and DcR2 (TRAIL-R4) that fail to induce apoptosis since they lack and have a truncated cytoplasmic death domain, respectively. In addition, DcR1 and DcR2 inhibit DR4- and DR5-mediated, TRAIL-induced apoptosis and we demonstrate here that this occurs through distinct mechanisms. While DcR1 prevents the assembly of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) by titrating TRAIL within lipid rafts, DcR2 is corecruited with DR5 within the DISC, where it inhibits initiator caspase activation. In addition, DcR2 prevents DR4 recruitment within the DR5 DISC. The specificity of DcR1- and DcR2-mediated TRAIL inhibition reveals an additional level of complexity for the regulation of TRAIL signaling.     

TRAIL pathway components and their putative role in granulosa cell apoptosis in the human ovary

Extensive apoptotic oocyte reduction occurs during fetal ovarian development. The regulatory pathways responsible for oocyte selection to programmed cell death are, however, poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential involvement of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and its death receptors TRAIL-R1/DR4 and TRAIL-R2/DR5 and decoy receptors TRAIL-R3/DcR1 and TRAIL-R4/DcR2 in the apoptotic process characterizing human fetal and adult ovaries. For this purpose, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were applied to human fetal and adult ovarian samples to study the mRNA and protein expression of TRAIL pathway components, and a human granulosa cell tumor-derived cell line (KGN) was used to elucidate functional effects of TRAIL on apoptosis. TRAIL was expressed in human fetal ovary from the 11th week until term. The pro-apoptotic TRAIL-R2/DR5 and the anti-apoptotic TRAIL-R4/DcR2 were also expressed in human ovaries throughout the fetal period. Among the different ovarian cell types, these TRAIL pathway components were mainly localized in the oocytes, and their expression increased towards term. Expression of TRAIL-R1/DR4 and TRAIL-R3/DcR1 was negligible in all of the fetal ovaries studied. Adult ovaries expressed TRAIL, TRAIL-R2/DR5, TRAIL-R3/DcR1 and TRAIL-R4/DcR2 in granulosa cells and oocytes of small primary/secondary follicles as well as in granulosa and theca cells of more developed antral follicles. In KGN cells, TRAIL efficiently induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, and this was blocked by a caspase inhibitor. The results indicate a role of the TRAIL pathway components in the regulation of granulosa cell apoptosis in in vitro and suggest that these factors may have a role in regulating ovarian apoptosis also in vivo.     

Membrane expression of DR4, DR5 and caspase-8 levels, but not Mcl-1, determine sensitivity of human myeloma cells to Apo2L/TRAIL

The improved recombinant form of the death ligand Apo2L/TRAIL (Apo2L/TRAIL.0) is not cytotoxic for normal human cells and is a good candidate for the therapy of multiple myeloma (MM), a B-cell neoplasia that remains incurable. We have analyzed the molecular determinants of myeloma sensitivity to Apo2L/TRAIL.0 in a number of MM cell lines, the mechanisms of resistance and a possible way of overcoming it. Expression of one death receptor for Apo2L/TRAIL (DR4 or DR5) is sufficient to transduce death signals, though DR5 was more efficient when both receptors were present. Membrane expression of decoy receptors (DcR1, DcR2) and intracellular levels of c-FLIP(L), XIAP and Mcl-1 were not predictive of resistance to Apo2L/TRAIL. Inhibition of Mcl-1 degradation did not prevent Apo2L/TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In IM-9 cells, resistance was associated to a reduced caspase-8 expression. U266 cells, though expressing significant levels of DR4 and caspase-8, were nevertheless resistant to Apo2L/TRAIL. This resistance could be overcome by co-treatment with valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor. VPA caused the redistribution of DR4 to plasma membrane lipid rafts and restored DR4 signaling. Overexpression of Mcl-1 in U266 cells did not prevent Apo2L/TRAIL cytotoxicity in VPA-sensitized cells. These results, taken together, support the possible use of Apo2L/TRAIL.0 in the treatment of MM.