高糖通过诱导自噬障碍促进心肌细胞H9c2凋亡

目的探讨自噬对高糖（HG）诱导的心肌细胞H9c2凋亡的影响。 方法MTT法检测H9c2细胞活力;hoechst33258染色法检测凋亡细胞;Western Blot检测H9c2细胞促凋亡蛋白Bax和自噬相关蛋白（Beclin-1和P62）的表达。各组的OD值和蛋白条带灰度值均采用析因设计的方差分析,各组间差异用单因素ANOVA分析。 结果HG能诱导H9c2细胞活力降低：12、24、48 mmol/L的HG细胞活力分别为Control组（100%）的[（79.5±2.23）%]（t = 3.143,P = 0.043）、[（54.6±3.08）%]（t = 12.425,P = 0.000）和[（37.2±2.59）%]（t = 13.761,P = 0.000）;与Control组（100%）比较,甘露醇等渗对照组的细胞活力值为[（101.0±1.27）%]（t = 0.012,P = 0.094）。HG诱导H9c2细胞hoechst33258阳性细胞增加,且能诱导促凋亡蛋白Bax表达增加：与Control组比较,12、24、48 mmol/L的HG处理组凋亡蛋白Bax/β-actin灰度值分别为（1.29±0.25,t = 2.32,P = 0.045）、（1.42±0.23,t = 10.247,P = 0.000）和（1.81±0.29,t = 16.324,P = 0.000）。HG诱导自噬障碍：与Control组比较,自噬相关蛋白Beclin-1/β-actin灰度值分别为（0.82±0.16,t = 4.243,P = 0.032）、（0.78±0.19,t = 11.341,P = 0.000）和（0.62±0.11,t = 13.455,P = 0.000）,P62蛋白/β-actin蛋白灰度值分别为（1.29±0.25,t = 4.442,P = 0.014）、（1.42±0.23,t = 13.341,P = 0.000）和（1.81±0.29,t = 15.851,P = 0.000）。自噬诱导剂雷帕霉素可逆转HG诱导的hoechst33258阳性细胞增加,且逆转HG诱导的Bax表达升高：与control组比较,HG组、HG和雷帕霉素共处理组、雷帕霉素组的Bax/β-actin灰度值分别为（1.51±0.31,t = 14.342,P = 0.000）、（1.42±0.23,t = 9.621,P = 0.004）和（1.81±0.12,t = 0.172,P = 0.124）。 结论HG可促进心肌细胞H9c2凋亡,且能诱导自噬障碍,自噬诱导剂的运用逆转了HG对H9c2细胞的凋亡作用,表明自噬障碍是HG诱导H9c2细胞凋亡的重要机制。     

二氢杨梅素通过下调JNK信号拮抗高糖诱导的PC12细胞凋亡

本文探讨二氢杨梅素(dihydromyricetin,DHM)是否通过下调JNK信号拮抗高糖诱导的PC12细胞凋亡.使用四甲基偶氮唑盐法(MTT)检测PC12细胞活力;流式细胞仪检测PC12细胞早、晚期凋亡及死亡细胞率;Hoechst 33258染色观察凋亡细胞核变化;蛋白质印迹法(Western blotting)检测PC12细胞凋亡相关蛋白(Bax、Bcl-2、cleaved-Caspase-3)和p-JNK蛋白的表达.结果发现,不同浓度的葡萄糖(4.5、9.0、13.5、18.0 g/L)分别处理PC12细胞24、48、72、96 h后,发现浓度为13.5 g/L的高糖处理PC12细胞72 h可明显改变细胞形态、降低细胞活力、增加细胞凋亡率,同时促凋亡蛋白(Bax、Caspase-3)表达增加、抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达降低,提示:长时间高糖处理可诱导PC12细胞凋亡.DHM(15μmol/L)预处理能明显改善高糖诱导的PC12细胞凋亡,降低高糖诱导的PC12细胞中JNK和p-JNK蛋白的表达;进一步用JNK激动剂(茴香霉素)处理能取消DHM对高糖诱导PC12细胞凋亡的保护作用.综上,得出结论:DHM通过下调JNK信号拮抗高糖诱导的PC12细胞凋亡.     

高糖通过诱导HT22细胞衰老和凋亡抑制细胞生长

目的探讨高糖(High glucose,HG)对小鼠海马神经元细胞HT22细胞的生长抑制作用,分析其是否通过HG诱导细胞衰老以及凋亡而实现。方法采用台盼蓝染色计数法检测细胞生长状况并绘制生长曲线,β-半乳糖苷酶(Senescence associated acidic-β-galactosidas,SA-β-Gal)染色法检测衰老的HT22细胞,Hoechst 33258染色法检测HT22细胞凋亡形态。结果(1)HG(13.5、27、40.5mg/ml,48h)能显著抑制HT22细胞生长(P0.05,P0.01);(2)HG(13.5、27、40.5mg/ml)处理48h可明显诱导SA-β-Gal染色阳性率增加(P0.001);(3)HG(13.5、27、40.5mg/ml,48h)能诱导HT22细胞发生凋亡(P0.001),且呈浓度依赖性。结论 HG可通过诱导HT22细胞衰老和凋亡而抑制HT22细胞生长。     

高糖通过线粒体途径诱导成骨细胞凋亡

线粒体途径是细胞凋亡的重要途径之一. 在特定的刺激下,例如高糖条件,可以通过caspase依赖性和非依赖性两种途径诱导多种细胞凋亡.但线粒体凋亡途径在高糖引起成骨细胞凋亡中所起的作用,目前尚不清楚.本研究证明,高糖可以通过线粒体凋亡途径诱导成骨细胞凋亡.Annexin V-FITC/PI流式细胞学检测显示,高糖可诱导MC3T3-E1细胞凋亡.Western印迹检测发现,不同浓度D-葡萄糖（11,22,33 mmol/L）可以引起线粒体中Bax蛋白表达的增加,使Bax蛋白由细胞质中易位到线粒体,激活了线粒体凋亡途径.JC-1荧光探针检测证实,高糖处理成骨细胞后,线粒体膜电位明显降低,表明线粒体途径被激活.而细胞质中的细胞色素c、凋亡诱导因子（AIF）表达增加,细胞色素c和AIF从线粒体中释放到细胞质中,释放到细胞质中的细胞色素c使caspase-3、caspase-9剪切活化,从而激活了caspase依赖性凋亡途径.因此,线粒体凋亡途径可能是高糖诱导成骨细胞凋亡过程中一个重要的途径.     

小檗碱通过JNK通路调控柯萨奇病毒B3感染心肌细胞凋亡的作用

小檗碱是具有细胞保护作用的生物碱,能够在柯萨奇病毒B3(CVB3)感染引起的病毒性心肌炎小鼠中发挥心肌保护作用,但具体的机制未阐明。在内皮细胞中,小檗碱通过c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)通路抑制细胞凋亡,因此本研究将分析小檗碱通过JNK通路调控CVB3感染心肌细胞凋亡的作用。H9c2心肌细胞分为对照组(不含药物的DMEM处理)、模型组(含CVB3的DMEM处理)、小檗碱组(含CVB3及小檗碱的DMEM处理)、小檗碱+JNK质粒组(含CVB3、小檗碱、JNK质粒的DMEM处理),检测细胞凋亡率、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)、活性氧(ROS)、丙二醛(MDA)的含量、p-JNK、cleaved caspase-3、bax、bcl-2的表达量。结果显示,模型组的细胞凋亡率、TNF-α、IL-6、ROS、MDA的含量、p-JNK、cleaved caspase-3、bax的表达量高于对照组,bcl-2的表达量低于对照组(P<0.05);小檗碱组的细胞凋亡率、TNF-α、IL-6、ROS、MDA的含量、p-JNK、cleaved caspase-3、bax的表达量低于模型组,bcl-2的表达量高于模型组(P<0.05);小檗碱+JNK质粒组的细胞凋亡率、TNF-α、IL-6、ROS、MDA的含量、p-JNK、cleaved caspase-3、bax的表达量高于小檗碱组,bcl-2的表达量低于小檗碱组(P<0.05)。以上结果表明小檗碱对CVB3感染心肌细胞的凋亡具有抑制作用,抑制JNK通路是介导这一作用可能的分子机制。     

PUMA对高糖诱导的大鼠H9C2心肌细胞凋亡的作用及机制

目的:观察促凋亡蛋白p53上调凋亡调控因子(PUMA)在高糖所致H9C2心肌细胞凋亡中的作用及机制。方法:H9C2心肌细胞随机分为对照组(使用5.5mmol/L葡萄糖作用于细胞)和高糖组(使用35 mmol/L葡萄糖作用于细胞,HG组)分别刺激6 h, 12 h, 24 h和48 h,每组设复孔5个,TUNEL染色检测细胞凋亡率;RT-PCR及Western blot法分别测定PUMA mRNA及蛋白表达情况;JC-1法检测线粒体膜电位;Western blot测定caspase-3表达和细胞色素c(Cyt C)释放。H9C2细胞随机分为四组,对照组、高糖(35 mmol/L)、HG+si-scramble组(使用si-scramble转染心肌细胞24 h,使用35mmol/L葡萄糖作用于细胞)和Si-PUMA组(使用si-PUMA转染心肌细胞24 h,使用35mmol/L葡萄糖作用于细胞),观察抑制PUMA表达对高糖诱导细胞凋亡率、线粒体膜电位、Cyt C的影响。结果:与对照组相比,高糖刺激心肌细胞组TUNEL染色阳性率、活化caspase-3和PUMA表达明显升高(P<0.0...     

过表达CREG抑制高糖诱导的人脐静脉内皮细胞凋亡

目的：探讨E1A激活基因阻遏子（Cellular repressor of ElA-stimulated genes,CREG）在高糖引起的人脐静脉内皮细胞（Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells,HUVECs）损伤中的作用,为寻找糖尿病血管病变新的治疗靶点提供实验依据。方法：采用胶原酶消化法分离原代HUVECs,并用内皮细胞标志物CD31免疫荧光染色进行鉴定。分别用含有5．5mmol／1葡萄糖（正常糖对照组）、5．5mmol／1葡萄糖＋27．5mmol／1甘露醇（渗透压对照组）或33mmol／l葡萄糖（高糖组）的培养液培养HUVECs48h。WesternBlot检测剪切体caspase-3表达;AnnexinV／PI双染后流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。通过感染表达CREG基因的腺病毒获得CREG过表达的HUvECs,WesternBlot及流式细胞术评价CREG过表达对HUVECs凋亡的影响。结果：高糖处理48h后,HUVECs内剪切体caspase-3的蛋白表达增加,细胞凋亡率增加;过表达CREG后,高糖处理的HUVECs内剪切体Caspase-3表达和凋亡细胞比例均明显降低,但仍高于正常糖对照组。结论：CREG过表达可抑制高糖引起的HUVECs凋亡。     

线粒体乙醛脱氢酶2(ALDH2)通过AMPK/FOXO3a通路改善高糖导致的心肌细胞凋亡

目的:观察乙醛脱氢酶2(ALDH2)对高糖诱导的H9C2心肌细胞存活及凋亡的影响,并探讨腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)/FOXO3a信号通路在高糖导致的心肌细胞凋亡中的调控作用。方法:以30 mmol/L葡萄糖诱导培养H9C2心肌细胞48 h,经ALDH2激动剂Alda-1及AMPK抑制剂Compound C干预后,用MTT法检测细胞的存活情况,TUNEL试剂盒检测细胞凋亡情况,Western blot检测ALDH2、磷酸化AMPK和FOXO3a蛋白的表达水平。结果:与对照组相比,高浓度葡萄糖培养H9C2心肌细胞后,细胞的存活率显著降低、凋亡指数明显升高,磷酸化AMPK的表达水平明显上调,ALDH2和磷酸化FOXO3a的蛋白表达显著降低(P0.05)。ALDH2的激动剂Alda-1处理可显著提高高糖诱导的H9C2心肌细胞的存活率、降低其凋亡率,减少磷酸化AMPK的蛋白表达,增加ALDH2的表达和FOXO3a蛋白的磷酸化;而进一步采用AMPK的抑制剂Compound C处理,可显著抑制Alda-1对高糖诱导的H9C2心肌细胞的这些影响。结论:ALDH2的激动剂Alda-1对高糖诱导的心肌细胞凋亡具有保护作用,可能与其激活AMPK,进而抑制心肌细胞FOXO3a的活性有关。     

Baohuoside I Inhibits the Proliferation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via Apoptosis Signaling and NF-kB Pathway

Baohuoside I is a flavonoid isolated from Epimedium koreanum Nakai and has many pharmacological activities. However, its role in liver cancer remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of Baohuoside I on the Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) cell lines QGY7703, and underlying mechanisms. QGY7703 cells were used as the model to assess the function of Baohuoside I in vitro. The effects of Baohuoside I on QGY7703 cells’ growth, proliferation, and invasiveness were confirmed by CCK-8, lactate dehydrogenase release, and invasion assays. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry, and the levels of cleaved Caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 were quantified by western blot. Western blot analysis, nuclear translocation of NF-κB, and Q-PCR were used to measure the expression of affected molecules. In QGY7703 cells, Baohuoside I induced the expression of molecules related to NF-κB pathway. The toxicity of Baohuoside I on QGY7703 cells was also confirmed in vivo, in a tumor model. Baohuoside I had a significant toxic effect on QGY7703 cells from a concentration of 10 μM. This compound significantly inhibited the proliferation of QGY7703 cells by inducing apoptosis and downregulating NF-κB signaling pathway. Thus, Baohuoside I is a novel candidate drug and opens new possibilities of clinical strategies for HCC treatment.     

Effects of resveratrol on H2O2‐induced apoptosis and expression of SIRTs in H9c2 cells

Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in fruits, has been demonstrated to activate Sir2. Though many studies have demonstrated that resveratrol can activate SIRT1, whether it has effect on other sirtuins (SIRT2–7) are unknown. The present study shows that exposure of H9c2 cells to 50 µM H₂O₂ for 6 h caused a significant increase in apoptosis, as evaluated by TUNEL and flow cytometry (FCM), but pretreatment of resveratrol (20 µM) eliminated H₂O₂‐induced apoptosis. Resveratrol also prevented H₂O₂‐induced caspase‐3 activation. Exposure of cells to resveratrol caused rapid activation of SIRT1,3,4,7. Sirtuin inhibitor, nicotinamide (20 mM) attenuated resveratrol's inhibitory effect on cell apoptosis and caspase‐3 activity. These results suggest that resveratrol protects cardiomyocytes from H₂O₂‐induced apoptosis by activating SIRT1,3,4,7. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 741–747, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

波动性高糖对肾小管上皮细胞Wnt／β-catenin信号途径的影响

肾脏纤维化分为肾小球硬化和肾小管间质纤维化（tubular interstitial fibrosis,TIF）,而TIF过程与肾损伤具有密切的关系。TIF是由于细胞外基质的过度沉积造成的,肌成纤维细胞是TIF发生发展过程中产生细胞外基质的主要细胞,该过程被成纤维细胞激活,涉及上皮细胞向肌成纤维细胞的转分化^[1-2]。Wnt／β-catenin信号途径涉及细胞增殖、肿瘤发生与转移的调控。β-catenin是Wnt信号途径的关键分子,在细胞的生长与分化过程中起着重要的作用,     

Silencing SOX2 Expression by RNA Interference Inhibits Proliferation,Invasion and Metastasis,and Induces Apoptosis through MAP4K4/JNK Signaling Pathway in Human Laryngeal Cancer TU212 Cells

SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 2 (SOX2) plays an important role in tumor cell metastasis and apoptosis. Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), responsible for 1.5% of all cancers, is one of the most common head and neck malignancies. Accumulating evidence shows that SOX2 is overexpressed in several human tumors, including lung cancer, esophageal carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, breast cancer, ovarian carcinoma and glioma. Our study aimed to investigate the silencing effects of SOX2 expression using RNA interference (RNAi) on various biological processes in laryngeal cancer TU212 cells, including proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis. We also studied the involvement of the MAPK/JNK signaling pathway in the biological effects of SOX2 siRNA in TU212 cells. We found that silencing SOX2 decreased the proliferation, migration, and invasion of TU212 cells, and induced apoptosis. This effect of silencing SOX2 could be reversed by silencing MAP4K4. Therefore, we consider SOX2 as a key regulator of the upstream MAP4K4/JNK signaling pathways that could be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of patients with or prevention of laryngeal cancer.     

Plantainoside D protects adriamycin-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiac muscle cells via the inhibition of ROS generation and NF-kappaB activation

Plantainoside D (PD), was isolated from the leaves of Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Scrophulariaceae). The anti-oxidative activity of PD was evaluated based on scavenging effects on hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anion radicals. Adriamycin (ADR) is a potent anti-tumor drug known to cause severe cardiotoxicity. Although ADR generates free radicals, the role of free radicals in the development of cardiac toxicity has not been understood. This study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect of PD against ADR-induced apoptosis. In vitro, ADR caused dose-dependent toxicity in H9c2 cardiac muscle cells. Pre-treatment of the cardiac muscle cells with PD significantly reduced ADR-induced apoptosis of cardiac muscle cells. PD inhibited the ROS produced by ADR in the cardiac muscle cells. As well, PD increased GSH(glutathione), compared with ADR. In response to ADR, NF-kappaB was activated in H9c2 cells. However the treatment of PD reduced the activation of NF-kappaB. We also observed that the NF-kappaB inhibitor, PDTC, inhibited the cytotoxic effect on ADR-induced apoptosis in cardiac muscle cells. In parallel, IkappaBalpha-dominant negative plasmid-overexpression abrogated ADR-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiac muscle cells. In conclusion, these results suggest that Plantaionoside D can inhibit ADR-induced apoptosis in H9C2 cardiac muscle cells via inhibition of ROS generation and NF-kappaB activation. The pure compound PD can be a potential candidate agent which protects cardiotoxicity in ADR-exposed patients.     

Tomatidine inhibits iNOS and COX-2 through suppression of NF-kappaB and JNK pathways in LPS-stimulated mouse macrophages

We use the LPS-stimulated macrophage as a model of inflammation to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of tomatidine and solasodine, whose structures resemble glucocorticoids. We found that tomatidine exhibited a more potent anti-inflammatory effect than solasodine. Tomatidine could decrease inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression through suppression of I-kappaBalpha phosphorylation, NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and JNK activation, which in turn inhibits c-jun phosphorylation and Oct-2 expression. Here, we demonstrate that tomatidine acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by blocking NF-kappaB and JNK signaling, and may possibly be developed as a useful agent for the chemoprevention of cancer or inflammatory diseases.     

Phosphorylation of Glutathione S-Transferase P1 (GSTP1) by Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Promotes Formation of the GSTP1-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) Complex and Suppresses JNK Downstream Signaling and Apoptosis in Brain Tumor Cells

Under normal physiologic conditions, the glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) protein exists intracellularly as a dimer in reversible equilibrium with its monomeric subunits. In the latter form, GSTP1 binds to the mitogen-activated protein kinase, JNK, and inhibits JNK downstream signaling. In tumor cells, which frequently are characterized by constitutively high GSTP1 expression, GSTP1 undergoes phosphorylation by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) at tyrosine residues 3, 7, and 198. Here we report on the effect of this EGFR-dependent GSTP1 tyrosine phosphorylation on the interaction of GSTP1 with JNK, on the regulation of JNK downstream signaling by GSTP1, and on tumor cell survival. Using in vitro and in vivo growing human brain tumors, we show that tyrosine phosphorylation shifts the GSTP1 dimer-monomer equilibrium to the monomeric state and facilitates the formation of the GSTP1-JNK complex, in which JNK is functionally inhibited. Targeted mutagenesis and functional analysis demonstrated that the increased GSTP1 binding to JNK results from phosphorylation of the GSTP1 C-terminal Tyr-198 by EGFR and is associated with a >2.5-fold decrease in JNK downstream signaling and a significant suppression of both spontaneous and drug-induced apoptosis in the tumor cells. The findings define a novel mechanism of regulatory control of JNK signaling that is mediated by the EGFR/GSTP1 cross-talk and provides a survival advantage for tumors with activated EGFR and high GSTP1 expression. The results lay the foundation for a novel strategy of dual EGFR/GSTP1 for treating EGFR+ve, GSTP1 expressing GBMs.